Search statement sent to Medline: F TI (GERIATRIC DEPRESSION SCALE)
Search result: 20 citations in the Medline database
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1. Chan AC. Clinical validation of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS):
Chinese version. Journal of Aging and Health, 1996 May, 8(2):238-53. (UI:
96714863)
Abstract
This study has attempted to validate the Geriatric Depression Scale
translated version (Chinese) with a psychiatric outpatient sample (N = 461)
of males and females aged 60 or above, from 10 government-maintained
psychiatric outpatient clinics between January 1992 and February 1993.
Reliabilities and validities were exceptional. Internal consistency
reliability was .89 (alpha), and the test-retest reliability was .85
(alpha). Criterion-related (psychiatrist diagnosis) validity was good at
.95, and concurrent validity (with CES-D) was .96. Item analysis also
confirmed consistency--all 30 items were significantly correlated with the
full GDS. However, its sensitivity (70.6%), specificity (70.1%), false
negatives (29.4%), and false positives (29.9%), though acceptable, were not
as impressive. The overall result has shown that the GDS is generally
applicable to the Chinese elderly population and is good for measuring
depressive symptoms. The scale can be easily applied in the community by
health care professionals. However, further follow-up studies are
recommended.
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2. Coleman PG; Philp I; Mullee MA. Does the use of the Geriatric Depression
Scale make redundant the need for separate measures of well-being on
geriatrics wards? Age and Ageing, 1995 Sep, 24(5):416-20. (UI:
96111041)
Abstract
Patients (n = 321) on geriatrics wards were asked to complete two or three
of four well-being measures: the Geriatric Depression Scale, Philadelphia
Geriatric Center Morale Scale, Southampton Self-esteem Scale and the
Bradburn Affect Balance Scale. Analyses, including factor analysis,
correlations and box-and-whisker plots, were carried out to investigate
similarities In patient profiles provided by the different scales. The GDS
showed similar profiles to the other measures, particularly the self-esteem
scale, discriminating at the 'high' as well as 'low well-being' ends of the
scales. These results indicate that, as far as clinical practice is
concerned, additional use of such well-being measures may be unnecessary.
Examination of different approaches to assessing well- being in clinical
practice is required, for example measures of 'life strengths'.
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3. Burke WJ; Roccaforte WH; Wengel SP; Conley DM; Potter JF. The reliability
and validity of the Geriatric Depression Rating Scale administered by
telephone. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1995 Jun,
43(6):674-9. (UI: 95294322)
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prospectively the reliability and validity of the
Geriatric Depression Scale administered by telephone (T-GDS) in patients
undergoing outpatient comprehensive geriatric assessment. SUBJECTS: A total
of 101 geriatric patients were evaluated in a 1-year period at the
outpatient Geriatric Assessment Center of the University of Nebraska Medical
Center.
METHODS: The 30-item GDS was completed by all patients on three occasions:
by telephone several days before their assessment, face-to-face during their
assessment visit, and several days later, again by phone. During their
assessment, all patients were evaluated by one of three geriatric
psychiatrists who were blind to all GDS results. The test-retest reliability
of the T-GDS was measured by comparing the results of the two phone
interviews. The construct validity of the T-GDS was estimated by comparing
the results of the initial T-GDS to the GDS obtained during the
comprehensive assessment. The criterion validity of the T-GDS was estimated
by comparing the results of the T-GDS with the clinical diagnosis of
depression assigned by the psychiatrists.
RESULTS: The individual items of the initial T-GDS showed substantial
concordance with the second T-GDS (kappa range 0.35-0.75, mean = 0.52), and
with the assessment GDS (kappa range 0.29-0.75, mean = 0.52). One item
showed evidence of bias when comparing the two T-GDSs, and two items when
comparing the initial T-GDS to the GDS done during the assessment. The mean
number of symptomatic responses was not significantly different for the
T-GDS versus assessment administration but did decline slightly when
comparing the two T-GDSs. ROC curve analyses showed good agreement between
the clinical diagnosis and the T-GDS.
CONCLUSION: The GDS appears to maintain its reliability and validity when
administered via telephone and thus may be useful for a variety of
epidemiological and clinical purposes.
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4. Morishita L; Boult C; Ebbitt B; Rambel M; Fallstrom K; Gooden T.
Concurrent validity of administering the Geriatric Depression Scale and the
physical functioning dimension of the SIP by telephone. Journal of the
American Geriatrics Society, 1995 Jun, 43(6):680-3. (UI: 95294323)
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5. van Marwijk HW; Wallace P; de Bock GH; Hermans J; Kaptein AA; Mulder JD.
Evaluation of the feasibility, reliability and diagnostic value of shortened
versions of the geriatric depression scale. British Journal of General
Practice, 1995 Apr, 45(393):195-9. (UI: 95336782)
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Many scales have been developed to assess depression, but they
are often too lengthy to be of practical use in general practice
consultations. AIM. A study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility,
reliability and diagnostic value of the geriatric depression scale and its
shorter versions for screening in general practice.
METHOD: A total of 586 consecutive consulting patients aged 65 years and
over were studied in nine general practices in the west of the Netherlands
(13 doctors). The 30-item version of the geriatric depression value was
compared with the diagnostic interview schedule as a reference
test.
RESULTS: The reference test indicated a major depression in six patients
while 27 patients had a dysthymic disorder (that is, a chronic mild
depression). Five per cent of patients required help for 50% of the
questions on the geriatric depression scale. The diagnostic value of the
30-item, 15-item, 10-item and four-item versions did not differ
significantly, but the one-item version performed no better than chance. Two
items discriminated best between patients who were and who were not
depressed (P < 0.05), only one of which was included in a previously
proposed four-item version of the scale. The reliability of the proposed
four-item version was 0.64, the reliability of the other versions ranging
from 0.70 to 0.87.
CONCLUSION: The results for the different versions of the geriatric
depression scale suggest the use of a 10-item or a four-item version. For
practical purposes, the smallest subset would be the most desirable: the
four-item version. These scales may be better suited for exclusion rather
than inclusion purposes. The feasibility of screening for depression in
elderly people in a general practice setting is discussed in the light of
the results of the study.
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6. Bach M; Nikolaus T; Oster P; Schlierf G. [Diagnosis of depression in the
elderly. The "Geriatric Depression Scale"]. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und
Geriatrie, 1995 Jan-Feb, 28(1):42-6. Language: German. (UI: 95292149)
Abstract
Psychiatric diseases are very common among elderly people. Depressions rank
before dementias in this age group. 2-2.5 million people aged over 65 years
are suffering from symptoms of depression in Germany. Patients with Mayor
Depression Disease (MDD) have a poor prognosis. MDD should therefore be
recognized and treated in community dwelling elderly, in nursing homes and
in hospitals. Underdiagnosis of MDD is well documented in the medical
literature. Only a quarter of patients with a MDD are detected. By a short
screening test for depression such as the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
depressed patients can be identified. With a sensitivity and specificity of
about 70%. The time needed to perform the short form of the GDS is only 5-7
min. The GDS is an important part of many assessment programs in England and
USA. It is also recommended in Germany by the "Geriatric Assessment" working
group.
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7. Chiu HF; Lee HC; Wing YK; Kwong PK; Leung CM; Chung DW. Reliability,
validity and structure of the Chinese Geriatric Depression Scale in a Hong
Kong context: a preliminary report. Singapore Medical Journal, 1994 Oct,
35(5):477-80. (UI: 95215892)
Abstract
Depression is one of the commonest psychiatric illness in the elderly.
Screening instruments of depression can greatly facilitate its
identification in the community, leading to early recognition and diagnosis.
The Geriatric Depression Scale was translated into Chinese and its
reliability, validity and factor structure examined in a population of
Chinese elderly in Hong Kong. One hundred and thirteen normal and 80
depressed elderly subjects were studied and a cut-off score of 15 on the
scale was found to be optimal. The scale's reliability and validity was
satisfactory and thus it is a promising instrument for screening geriatric
depression in Hong Kong.
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8. D'Ath P; Katona P; Mullan E; Evans S; Katona C. Screening, detection and
management of depression in elderly primary care attenders. I: The
acceptability and performance of the 15 item Geriatric Depression Scale
(GDS15) and the development of short versions. Family Practice, 1994 Sep,
11(3):260-6. (UI: 95145837)
Abstract
One-hundred and ninety-eight elderly subjects attending their general
practitioners (GPs) were asked to complete the 15 item Geriatric Depression
Scale (GDS15). Analysable results were obtained from 194 (98%). Of these, 67
(34%) scored above the GDS15 cut-off (4/5) for significant depressive
symptomatology. 87.6% found the questionnaire to be acceptable and only 3.6%
found it very difficult or very stressful. The GDS15 had a high level of
internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.80). All the individual items of
the GDS15 associated significantly (P < 0.01) with total score and
'caseness'. A single question "do you feel that your life is empty?"
identified 84% of 'cases'. In an attempt to devise short scales to screen
elderly primary care patients for depression, the data were subjected to
logistic regression analysis. Ten (GDS10), four (GDS4) and on (GDS1) item
versions were generated. Agreement between these short scales and the GDS15
in the original sample was 95, 91 and 79% respectively. Cronbach's alpha was
0.72 for the GDS10 and 0.55 for the GDS4. The short scales were then
validated in an independent sample of 120 patients in whom both GDS data and
the results of a detailed psychiatric interview (the Geriatric Mental Status
Schedule, GMS) were available. The sensitivity and specificity of the GDS10
against GMS caseness were 87 and 77% (cut-off 3/4); those of the GDS4 were
89 and 65% (cut-off 0/1) and 61 and 81% (cut-off 1/2). Sensitivity and
specificity for the GDS1 were 59 and 75%. It is concluded that these short
scales may be useful in helping GPs and practice staff to identify elderly
patients with significant depressive symptoms.
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9. Lesher EL; Berryhill JS. Validation of the Geriatric Depression
Scale--Short Form among inpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1994
Mar, 50(2):256-60. (UI: 94284359)
Abstract
Little is known about the diagnostic validity of the 15-item Geriatric
Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-SF), especially when compared to the
original 30-item version (Geriatric Depression Scale-Long Form; GDS-LF).
This study compared the GDS-SF and GDS-LF with a sample of depressed,
demented, and thought-disordered inpatients. The GDS-SF and GDS-LF were
found to be highly correlated (r = .89) and to have similar high sensitivity
rates. The specificity rates for both forms were similar, but lower than
desirable. Overall, the GDS-SF was found to be an adequate substitute for
the GDS-LF.
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10. Tollefson GD; Holman SL. Analysis of the Hamilton Depression Rating
Scale factors from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in
geriatric major depression. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 1993
Winter, 8(4):253-9. Pub type: Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Multicenter
Study; Randomized Controlled Trial. (UI: 94103604)
Abstract
Major depression during later life represents a clinical challenge.
Conventional antidepressant pharmacotherapy is relatively less well
tolerated in geriatric patients compared with younger patients. Despite the
striking impairments associated with this disorder, clinical investigations
into the relative risk-benefit ratio of various depression treatment
strategies have been limited. In this multicentre, placebo-controlled,
double-blind trial with fluoxetine, 671 major depressed
(DSM-III-R-compatible) outpatients aged 60 years or older were evaluated.
The 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD21) response (p = 0.014)
and remission (p = 0.008) criteria favoured fluoxetine over placebo.
Analysis of the treatment effect on change in the HAMD21 factors
(anxiety/somatization, cognitive disturbance, psychomotor retardation, and
sleep disturbance) revealed advantages for fluoxetine within the cognitive
disturbance and psychomotor retardation factors. Overall, the rate of
discontinuation for an adverse event between fluoxetine (11.6%) and placebo
(8.6%) was not statistically significant. Baseline HAMD21 factor scores were
not predictive of adverse events leading to premature treatment
discontinuation. Fluoxetine, 20 mg/day, is a well-tolerated and effective
treatment option in the management of geriatric major depression.
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11. Jackson R; Baldwin B. Detecting depression in elderly medically ill
patients: the use of the Geriatric Depression Scale compared with medical
and nursing observations. Age and Ageing, 1993 Sep, 22(5):349-53. (UI:
94055986)
Abstract
In a study of 59 elderly medically ill in-patients, 35% were found to have
significant depressive symptomatology, as detected by the Geriatric Mental
Status Schedule (GMSS). Of two screening methods, the Geriatric Depression
Scale (GDS) performed satisfactorily but detection by nurses was poor.
Acknowledgement of depression in medical casenotes was low. Training of
nurses might improve detection; otherwise a mood-rating scale such as the
GDS should be incorporated into routine practice.
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12. Brink TL. Statistical impact of truncated sampling or alteration of
administration: the case of the Geriatric Depression Scale [letter;
comment]. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1993 Apr, 41(4):465-6.
Pub type: Comment; Letter. (UI: 93217103)
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13. Loas G. [Unidimensionality of the Yesavage and Brink Geriatric
Depression Scale (letter; comment)]. Encephale, 1993 Mar-Apr, 19(2):123.
Language: French. Pub type: Comment; Letter. (UI: 94102145)
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14. Burke WJ; Nitcher RL; Roccaforte WH; Wengel SP. A prospective evaluation
of the Geriatric Depression Scale in an outpatient geriatric assessment
center. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1992 Dec,
40(12):1227-30. (UI: 93077860)
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) in
cognitively intact and impaired patients undergoing outpatient geriatric
assessment. SUBJECTS: One hundred ninety-four geriatric patients evaluated
in a 1-year period. SETTING: The outpatient Geriatric Assessment Center of
the University of Nebraska Medical Center. MEASUREMENTS: The 30-item GDS was
completed by all patients. The patients were then evaluated by one of three
geriatric psychiatrists who were blind to the GDS results. The prospective
clinical diagnosis of major depression was compared to the GDS results.
Patients were categorized as cognitively impaired or intact on the basis of
the Mini-Mental State Examination. Data were analyzed using ROC curves. An
optimal cutoff was identified which was the total score on the GDS with the
highest combined sensitivity and specificity.
RESULTS: ROC curve analyses showed good agreement between the clinical
diagnosis and the GDS in both cognitively intact and impaired subjects.
Cognitively intact, euthymic patients reported a mean of 8.4 symptoms, while
cognitively impaired, euthymic patients, reported a mean of 8.7. Cognitively
intact, depressed patients reported a mean of 14.7 symptoms, while
cognitively impaired, depressed patients reported a mean of 15.0.
CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further evidence that the GDS is as
accurate a screening test for depression in cognitively impaired as in
intact patients.
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15. Salamero M; Marcos T. Factor study of the Geriatric Depression Scale.
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1992 Oct, 86(4):283-6. (UI: 93089081)
Abstract
A sample of 234 people between the ages of 60 and 95 was studied using the
Brink-Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The GDS has good concurrent
validity with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression with the Melancholia
Scale (r = 0.77), which confirms the clinical utility of this scale. A
factor analysis of principal components with an oblimin rotation was
performed. The results obtained imply that structural validation cannot be
made in relation to Beck's cognitive model of depression. It can be
concluded that the elimination of the somatic items does not add any
theoretical correspondence with the model, as the factors tend to group the
various items into one dimension.
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16. Cialdella P; Guillaud-Bataille JM; Gausset MF; Terra JL; Gerin P;
Palliard E; Jouishomme JC. [Study of the uni-dimensionality of the
Yesavage-Brinck geriatric depression scale. Comparison between classical
methods and Rasch's model (see comments)]. Encephale, 1992 Sep-Oct,
18(5):537-44. Language: French. (UI: 94062592)
Abstract
The authors present a contribution to the french validation of the
self-rating questionnaire of the depression in the elderly proposed by
Yesavage and Brink (1982), the Geriatric Depression Scale (30 items). This
study focusses on the assessment of the homogeneity and of the
unidimensionality of this scale. 99 aged women living in old-people homes or
attending a geriatric somatic day-hospital, not known to be psychiatrically
ill, filled the GDS and were interviewed by either a psychiatrist or by a
clinical psychologist. This interview yielded 44 cases of Major Depressive
Disorder or of Dysthymia (DSM III). Firstly, we have applied the classical
correlational methods of assessment of scale Reliability and Construct
Validity: Cronbach's coefficient alpha and item-total correlations
(homogeneity) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) without rotation. Then,
we have performed a Rasch Model Analysis: this method which belongs to the
general frame of Latent Trait Theory relies on a probabilistic model of
subject's response to individual questions. In the Rasch model, the response
probability of a given subject to a given item is a logistic function of the
difference between the item location parameter and the subject location
parameter along a single continuous latent dimension. Our results have shown
that the Cronbach's alpha was very high (.902) and that the item-total
correlations were quite satisfactory (mean .470), thus giving a strong
impression of homogeneity (similar to unidimensionality for many
authors).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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17. Feher EP; Larrabee GJ; Crook TH 3d. Factors attenuating the validity of
the Geriatric Depression Scale in a dementia population [see comments].
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1992 Sep, 40(9):906-9. (UI:
92381244)
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The validity of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) in
cognitively impaired patients has been questioned. We investigated possible
factors (memory loss, dementia severity, unawareness of illness) attenuating
the validity of the GDS in patients with dementia. PATIENTS: Eighty-three
patients who met research diagnostic criteria for "probable Alzheimer's
disease." Subjects with major depressive disorder were excluded. Dementia
severity ranged from mild to moderate. SETTING: Outpatient clinics,
including institutional settings and private research settings.
MEASUREMENTS: Depression--GDS; Hamilton Depression Scale. Memory--Wechsler
Memory Scale; Benton Visual Retention Test. Dementia severity--Mini-Mental
State Examination. Self-awareness of cognitive deficits--Difference score
between a self-report memory questionnaire and an informant-rated memory
questionnaire.
RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis revealed that Hamilton scores were the
major predictor of GDS scores. Memory scores and self-awareness scores were
also significant predictors. Dementia severity scores were not a significant
predictor.
CONCLUSIONS: The GDS is a valid measure of mild-to-moderate depressive
symptoms in Alzheimer patients with mild-to-moderate dementia. However,
Alzheimer patients who disavow cognitive deficits also tend to disavow
depressive symptoms, and the GDS should be used with caution in such
patients. Finally, the argument that memory impairment precludes accurate
self-report of recent mood is negated by our finding that many patients
accurately reported depressive symptoms and that worse memory was associated
with more self-reported depressive symptoms.
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18. Brink TL; Niemeyer L. Assessment of depression in college students:
Geriatric Depression Scale versus Center for Epidemiological Studies
Depression Scale. Psychological Reports, 1992 Aug, 71(1):163-6. (UI:
92409942)
Abstract
103 college students took the Geriatric Depression Scale and Center for
Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale along with five measures of life
satisfaction. The correlation between scores on the first scales was .66.
Both depression scales had moderate negative correlations (-.34 to -.71)
with each measure of life satisfaction. However, on every measure of life
satisfaction, the correlation with scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale
was higher than with those on the CES-Depression Scale.
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19. Lichtenberg PA; Marcopulos BA; Steiner DA; Tabscott JA. Comparison of
the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale:
detection of depression in dementia patients. Psychological Reports, 1992
Apr, 70(2):515-21. (UI: 92285383)
Abstract
The present longitudinal prospective study compared results from the
Geriatric Depression Scale with those from the Hamilton Depression Rating
Scale for 30 dementia patients. The criterion measure was presence of
depression as indicated by the psychiatric diagnosis. The psychiatrist and
physician's assistant made the Hamilton ratings while the psychology staff
administered the Geriatric Depression Scale. The two measures were
statistically unrelated from Times 1 and 2 (rs = .26 and .41). Eleven (37%)
patients were depressed and nine received antidepressant medications.
Sensitivity ratings were 82% and 9%, respectively, and specificity ratings
were 88% and 92%, respectively. Possible explanations for the success of the
Geriatric Depression Scale and lack of success of the Hamilton ratings in
detecting depression in this population are discussed.
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20. Jamison C; Scogin F. Development of an interview-based geriatric
depression rating scale. International Journal of Aging and Human
Development, 1992, 35(3):193-204. (UI: 93014303)
Abstract
The geriatric depression rating scale (GDRS) is a new interview-based
depression rating scale designed for use with adults 60 years of age or
older. The scale was developed to fill a need for an instrument that would
be sensitive to the problems encountered in assessing depression among older
adults. The GDRS was designed by using items from the self-report Geriatric
Depression Scale (GDS) as topic areas in a structured clinical interview
similar to that of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The
35-item rating scale was administered to 68 older individuals with a range
of affective disturbance. The scale was found to have internal consistency
and split-half reliability comparable to the HRSD and GDS. Concurrent
validity, construct validity, external criterion validity, sensitivity, and
specificity were all found to be acceptable.