Taoism and the Taoist Canon

Books

Kaltenmark, Max. 1969. Lao Tzu and Taoism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Kohn, Livia. 1992. Early Chinese Mysticism: Philosophy and Soteriology in the Taoist Tradition. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Kohn, Livia. 2001. Daoism and Chinese Culture. Cambridge, Mass.: Three Pines Press.

Kohn, Livia, ed. 2000. Daoism Handbook. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Lagerwey, John. 1991. Le continent des esprits: La Chine dans le miroir du taoïsme. Bruxelles: La Renaissance du Livre.

Pregadio, Fabrizio, ed., 2006. The Encyclopedia of Taoism: London: Routledge.

Robinet, Isabelle. 1997. Taoism: Growth of a Religion. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Schipper, Kristofer. 1993. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Schipper, Kristofer M., and Franciscus Verellen, eds. 2004. The Taoist Canon: A Historical Companion to the Daozang. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Essays

Baldrian, Farzeen. 1987. "Taoism: An Overview." In Mircea Eliade, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion, 14: 288-306. New York and London: MacMillan.

Barrett, Timothy. 2000. "Daoism: A Historical Narrative." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, xviii-xxvii. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Kaltenmark, Max. 1970. "Le taoïsme religieux." In Henri-Charles Puech, ed., Histoire des religions, 1 (Les religions antiques): 1216-48. Paris: Gallimard.

Kirkland, Russell. 2000. "Explaining Daoism." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, xi-xviii. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Lagerwey, John. 1986. "Ecriture et corps divin." In Charles Malamoud and Jean-Pierre Vernant, eds., Corps des dieux (Le temps de la réflexion, 7), 275-86. Paris: Gallimard.

Lagerwey, John. 1987. "The Taoist Religious Community." In Mircea Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, 14: 306-17. New York: Macmillan.

Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2005. "Daoism." In Maryanne Cline Horowitz, ed., New Dictionary of the History of Ideas, 535-39. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons.

Schipper, Kristofer. 2000. "The Story of the Way." In Stephen Little, Taoism and the Arts of China, 33-55. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago.

Seidel, Anna. 1997. "Taoism: The Unofficial High Religion of China." Taoist Resources 7.2: 39-72.

Surveys of Taoist studies

Barrett, Timothy. 1987. "Taoism: History of Study." In Mircea Eliade, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion, 14: 329-32. New York and London: MacMillan.

Ding Huang. 2000. "The Study of Daoism in China Today." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Kohn, Livia. 2000. "Research on Daoism." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, xxvii-xxxiii. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Seidel, Anna. 1989-90. "Chronicle of Taoist Studies in the West 1950-1990." Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 5: 223-347.

Verellen, Franciscus. 1995. "Taoism," in "Chinese Religions: The State of the Field." Journal of Asian Studies 54: 322-46.

Surveys of Taoist literature

Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 1986. "Taoist Literature. Part I: Through the T'ang Dynasty." In William H. Nienhauser, Jr., ed., The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 138-52. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Boltz, Judith M. 1986. "Taoist Literature. Part II: Five Dynasties to the Ming." In William H. Nienhauser, Jr., ed., The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, 152-74. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Boltz, Judith M. 1987. "Taoism: Taoist Literature." In Mircea Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, 14: 317-29. New York: Macmillan.

Boltz, Judith M. 1987. A Survey of Taoist Literature: Tenth to Seventeenth Centuries. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California. Repr. 1995, with corrigenda.

General perspectives

Kohn, Livia. 1992. Early Chinese Mysticism: Philosophy and Soteriology in the Taoist Tradition. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (Chapter 2: "The Foundations of Chinese Mysticism.")

Schipper, Kristofer. 1993. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Chapter 10: "Teaching without Words.")

Laozi (Daode jing)

Chan, Alan K. L. 2000. "The Daode jing and Its Tradition." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 1-29. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Henricks, Robert G. 1989. Lao-Tzu: Te-Tao Ching. A New Translation Based on the Recently Discovered Ma-wang-tui Texts. New York: Ballantine Books.

Lau, D. C. 1982. Tao Te Ching. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

Schwartz, Benjamin. 1985. "The Thought of the Tao-te-ching." In The World of Thought in Ancient China, 186-254. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Waley, Arthur. 1934. The Way and its Power: A Study of the Tao Te Ching and its Place in Chinese Thought. London: George Allen and Unwin.

Zhuangzi

Graham, A. C. 1981. Chuang-tzu: The Seven Inner Chapters and Other Writings. London: Allen and Unwin.

Mair, Victor H. 2000. "The Zhuangzi and its Impact." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 30-52. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Watson, Burton. 1968. The Complete Works of Chuang-tzu. New York: Columbia University Press.

Pre-Han and Han background

Csikszentmihalyi, Mark. 2000. "Han Cosmology and Mantic Practices." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 53-73. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

DeWoskin, Kenneth. 1983. Doctors, Diviners, and Magicians of Ancient China. New York: Columbia University Press.

Harper, Donald J. 1999. "Warring States Natural Philosophy and Occult Thought." In Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy, eds., The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins to 221 B.C., 813-84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Harper, Donald J. 1996. "Spellbinding." In Donald S. Lopez, ed., Religions of China in Practice, 241-50. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Kroll, Paul W. 1996. "An Early Poem of Mystical Excursion." In Donald S. Lopez, ed., Religions of China in Practice, 156-65. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Loewe, Michael. 1982. Chinese Ideas of Life and Death: Faith, Myth, and Reason in the Han Period (202 BC-AD 220). London: Allen and Unwin. (Chapters 5-7.)

Roth, Harold D. 1987. "Fang-shih." In Mircea Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, 5: 282-84. New York: Macmillan.

Seidel, Anna. 1969-70. "The Image of the Perfect Ruler in Early Taoist Messianism: Lao-tzu and Li Hung." History of Religions 9: 216-47.

Seidel, Anna. 1983. "Imperial Treasures and Taoist Sacraments: Taoist Roots in the Apocrypha." In Michel Strickmann, ed., Tantric and Taoist Studies in Honour of Rolf A. Stein, 2: 291-371. Bruxelles: Institut Belge des Hautes études Chinoises.

Seidel, Anna. 1983. "Taoist Messianism." Numen 31: 161-74.

Seidel, Anna. 1987. "T'ai-p'ing." In Mircea Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, 14: 251-52. New York: Macmillan.

Yates, Robin D. S. 1997. Five Lost Classics: Tao, Huanglao, and Yin-yang in Han China. New York: Ballantine Books. (Pp. 3-43.)

Deification of Laozi

Boltz, Judith M. 1987. "Lao-tzu." In Mircea Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, 8: 454-59. New York: Macmillan.

Kohn, Livia. 1996. "Laozi: Ancient Philosopher, Master of Immortality, and God." In Donald S. Lopez, ed., Religions of China in Practice, 52-63. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Kohn, Livia. 1998. God of the Dao: Lord Lao in History and Myth. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.

Kohn, Livia. 1998. "The Lao-tzu Myth." In Livia Kohn and Michael LaFargue, eds., Lao-tzu and the Tao-te-ching, 41-62. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Schafer, Edward H. 1997. "The Scripture of the Opening of Heaven by the Most High Lord Lao." Taoist Resources 7.2: 1-20.

Seidel, Anna. 1969. La divinisation de Lao tseu dans le Taoïsme des Han. Paris: école Fran�aise d'Extrême-Orient.

Tianshi dao (Way of the Celestial Masters)

Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 1997. "The Xiang'er Commentary to the Laozi." In Early Daoist Scriptures,, 29-148. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Hendrischke, Barbara. 2000. "Early Daoist Movements." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 134-64. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Kobayashi, Masayoshi 1995. "The Establishment of the Taoist Religion (Tao-chiao) and its Structure." Acta Asiatica 68: 19-36.

Kohn, Livia. 2000. "The Northern Celestial Masters." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 283-308. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Nickerson, Peter. 2000. "The Southern Celestial Masters." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 256-82. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

The "Southern Tradition"

Barrett, T. H. 1987. "Ko Hung." In Mircea Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, 8: 359-60. New York: Macmillan.

Campany, Robert F. 2002. To Live as Long as Heaven and Earth: A Translation and Study of Ge Hong's Traditions of Divine Transcendents. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2006. Great Clarity: Daoism and Alchemy in Early Medieval China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Ware, James. 1966. Alchemy, Medicine and Religion in the China of A.D. 320: The Nei P'ien of Ko Hung (Pao-p'u tzu). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Shangqing (Highest Clarity)

Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 1997. "The Upper Scripture of Purple Texts Inscribed by the Spirits." In Early Daoist Scriptures, 275-372. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Robinet, Isabelle. 1984. La révélation du Shangqing dans l'histoire du taoïsme. 2 vols. Paris: école Fran�aise d'Extrême-Orient.

Robinet, Isabelle. 1993. Taoist Meditation: The Mao-shan Tradition of Great Purity. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Robinet, Isabelle. 2000. "Shangqing: Highest Clarity." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook: 196-224. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Lingbao (Numinous Treasure)

Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 1997. "The Wondrous Scripture of the Upper Chapters on Limitless Salvation." In Early Daoist Scriptures, 373-438. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Kaltenmark, Max. 1960. "Ling-pao: Note sur un terme du taoïsme religieux." Mélanges publiés par l'Institut des Hautes études Chinoises, Collège de France 2: 559-88. Paris: Institut des Hautes études Chinoises, Collège de France.

Lagerwey, John. 2004. "Deux écrits taoïstes anciens." Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 14: 139-171.

Nickerson, Peter S. 1996. "Abridged Codes of Master Lu for the Daoist Community." In Donald S. Lopez, ed., Religions of China in Practice, 347-59. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Yamada Toshiaki. 2000. "The Lingbao School." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 225-55. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Tang Taoism

Barrett, Timothy H. 1996. Taoism under the T'ang: Religion and Empire during the Golden Age of Chinese History. London: Wellsweep Press.

Bokenkamp, Stephen R. 1994. "Time After Time: Taoist Apocalyptic History and the Founding of the Tang Dynasty." Asia Major, Third Series, 7: 59-88.

Kirkland, Russell. 1997-98. "Dimensions of Tang Taoism: The State of the Field at the End of the Millennium." T'ang Studies 15-16: 79-123.

Kohn, Livia, and Russell Kirkland. 2000. "Daoism in the Tang." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 339-83. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Kohn, Livia. 1992. Early Chinese Mysticism: Philosophy and Soteriology in the Taoist Tradition. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (Chapter 7: "The Tang Synthesis.")

Verellen, Franciscus. 1989. Du Guangting (850-933): Taoïste de cour à la fin de la Chine médiévale. Paris: Collège de France, Institut des Hautes études Chinoises.

Song Taoism

Boltz, Judith M. 1993. "Not by the Seal of Office Alone: New Weapons in the Battle with the Supernatural." In P. Ebrey and P. Gregory, eds., Religion and Society in T'ang and Sung China, 241-305. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Davis, Edward L. 2001. Society and the Supernatural in Song China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Skar, Lowell. 2000. "Ritual Movements, Deity Cults, and the Transformation of Daoism in Song and Yuan Times." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 413-63. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Strickmann, Michel. 1978. "The Longest Taoist Scripture." History of Religions 17: 331-54.

Quanzhen (Complete Perfection)

Goossaert, Vincent. 2001. "The Invention of an Order: Collective Identity in Thirteenth-Century Quanzhen Taoism." Journal of Chinese Religions 29: 111-38.

Marsone, Pierre. 2001. "Accounts of the Foundation of the Quanzhen Movement: A Hagiographic Treatment of History." Journal of Chinese Religions 29: 95-110.

Reiter, Florian. 1984-85. "'Ch'ung-yang Sets Forth his Teachings in Fifteen Discourses': A Concise Introduction to the Taoist Way of Life of Wang Che." Monumenta Serica 36: 33-54.

Yao Tao-chung. 2000. "Quanzhen: Complete Perfection." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 565-93. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Ming and Qing Taoism

de Bruyn, Pierre-Henri. 2000. "Daoism in the Ming (1368-1644)." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 594-622. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Esposito, Monica. 2000. "Daoism in the Qing (1644-1911)." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 623-58. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

General perspectives

Csikszentmihalyi, Mark. 2000. "Han Cosmology and Mantic Practices." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 53-73. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Despeux, Catherine. 2000. "Talismans and Sacred Diagrams." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 498-540. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Graham, A. C. 1989. Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court. (Pp. 330-56.)

Harper, Donald J. 1999. "Warring States Natural Philosophy and Occult Thought." In Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy, eds., The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins to 221 B.C., 813-84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cosmogony

Girardot, Norman J. 1976. "The problem of Creation Mythology in the Study of Chinese Religion." History of Religions 15: 289-318.

Girardot, Norman J. 1977. "Myth and Meaning in the Tao te ching: Chapters 25 and 42." History of Religions 16: 294-328.

Girardot, Norman J. 1978. "'Returning to the Beginning' and the Arts of Mr. Hun-tun in the Chuang-tzu." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 5: 21-69.

Girardot, Norman J. 1983. Myth and Meaning in Early Taoism: The Theme of Chaos (hun-tun). Berkeley: University of California Press.

Kaltenmark, Max. 1959. "La naissance du monde en Chine." In La naissance du monde (Sources orientales 1), 453-68. Paris: Editions du Seuil.

Robinet, Isabelle. 1995. "Un, deux, trois: Les différentes modalités de l'Un et sa dynamique." Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie, 8: 175-220.

Robinet, Isabelle. 1997. "Genèses: Au début, il n'y a pas d'avant." In Jacques Gernet and Marc Kalinowski, eds., En suivant la Voie Royale: Mélanges en hommage à Léon Vandermeersch, 121-40. Paris: école Fran�aise d'Extrême-Orient

Correlative cosmology

Graham, A. C. 1986. Yin-Yang and the Nature of Correlative Thinking. Singapore: The Institute of East Asian Philosophies.

Graham, A. C. 1989. Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court. ("Correlative Thinking and Correlative Cosmos-Building," pp. 319-25.)

Kalinowski, Marc. 1991. Cosmologie et divination dans la Chine ancienne: Le Compendium des Cinq Agents (Wuxing dayi, VIe siècle). Paris: école Fran�aise d'Extrême-Orient. ("La doctrine des Cinq Agents dans le Compendium," 57-74.)

Major, John S. 1987. "Yin-yang Wu-hsing." In Mircea Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, 15: 515-16. New York: Macmillan.

Major, John S. 1993. Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought: Chapters Three, Four and Five of the Huainanzi. With an appendix by Christopher Cullen. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Needham, Joseph. 1956. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. II: History of Scientific Thought. With the research assistance of Wang Ling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ("The Fundamental Ideas of Chinese Science," pp. 216-345 )

Robinet, Isabelle. 1994. "Le rôle et le sens des nombres dans la cosmologie et l'alchimie taoïstes." Extrême-Orient, Extrême-Occident 16: 93-120.

Schipper, Kristopher, and Wang Hsiu-huei. 1986. "Progressive and Regressive Time Cycles in Taoist Ritual." In J. T. Fraser, N. Lawrence, and F. C. Haber, eds., Time, Science, and Society in China and the West (The Study of Time, V), 185-205. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

Schwartz, Benjamin. 1985. The World of Thought in Ancient China. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ("Correlative Cosmology," pp. 350-82.)

Sivin, Nathan. 1995. "State, Cosmos, and Body in the Last Three Centuries B.C." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 55: 5-37.

The Yijing (Book of Changes)

Graham, A. C. 1989. Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court. (Pp. 358-70.)

Ho Peng Yoke. 1985. Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. (Pp. 34-51: "The System of Yijing.")

Lynn, Richard John. 1994. The Classic of Changes: A New Translation of the I Ching as Interpreted by Wang Bi. New York: Columbia University Press.

Shaughnessy, Edward L. 1996.. I Ching: The Classic of Changes. New York: Ballantine.

Wilhelm, Richard. 1950. The I-ching or Book of Changes. New York: Bollingen.

Deities

Boltz, Judith M. 1986. "In Homage to T'ien-fei." Journal of the American Oriental Society 106: 211-32.

Cahill, Suzanne E. 1993. Transcendence and Divine Passion: The Queen Mother of the West in Medieval China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Grootaers, Willem A. 1952. "The Hagiography of the Chinese God Chen-wu." Folklore Studies 11: 139-81.

Little, Stephen. 2000. Taoism and the Arts of China. With Shawn Eichman. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago. (Pp. 227-311.)

Loewe, Michael. 1987. "Hsi Wang Mu." In Mircea Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, 6: 479-80. New York: Macmillan.

Maspero, Henri. 1981. Taoism and Chinese Religion. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press. (Pp. 75-196, 364-72, 431-41.)

Seidel, Anna. 1987. "Huang-ti." In Mircea Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, 484-85. New York: Macmillan.

Seidel, Anna. 1987. "Yü-huang." In Mircea Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, 15: 541. New York: Macmillan.

Demons

Boltz, Judith M. 1993. "Not by the Seal of Office Alone: New Weapons in the Battle with the Supernatural." In Patricia Buckley Ebrey and Peter N. Gregory, eds., Religion and Society in T'ang and Sung China, 241-305. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Cedzich, Angelika. 1993. "Ghosts and Demons, Law and Order: Grave Quelling Texts and Early Taoist Liturgy." Taoist Resources 4.2: 23-35.

Mollier, Christine. 1997. "La méthode de l'Empereur du Nord du Mont Fengdu: Une tradition exorciste du taoïsme médiéval." T'oung Pao 83: 329-85.

Nickerson, Peter. 1994. "Shamans, Demons, Diviners, and Taoists: Conflict and Assimilation in Medieval Chinese Ritual Practice (c. A.D. 100-1000)." Taoist Resources 5.1: 41-66.

Schipper, Kristofer M. 1971. "Démonologie chinoise." In Génies, Anges, et Démons (Sources orientales 8), 405-27. Paris: éditions du Seuil.

Strickmann, Michel. 2002. Chinese Magical Medicine. Edited by Bernard Faure. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Temples and sacred sites

Goossaert, Vincent. 2000. Dans les temples de la Chine: Histoire des cultes, vie des communautés. Paris, Albin Michel.

Hahn, Thomas. 2000. "Daoist Sacred Sites." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 683-708. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Katz, Paul R. 1999. Images of the Immortal: The Cult of Lü Dongbin at the Palace of Eternal Joy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Little, Stephen. 2000. Taoism and the Arts of China. With Shawn Eichman. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago. (Pp. 147-61.)

Shatzman Steinhardt, Nancy. 2000. "Taoist Architecture." In Stephen Little, Taoism and the Arts of China, 57-75. Chicago: The Art Institute of Chicago.

Verellen, Franciscus. 1995. "The Beyond Within: Grotto-Heavens (dongtian) in Taoist Ritual and Cosmology." Cahiers d'Extreme Asie 8: 265-90.

Scriptures, talistams registers, charts

Chen Hsiang-ch'un. 1942. "Examples of Charms against Epidemics with Short Explanations." Folklore Studies 1: 37-54.

Despeux, Catherine. 2000. "Talismans and Sacred Diagrams." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 498-540. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Lagerwey, John. 1986. "Ecriture et corps divin." In Charles Malamoud and Jean-Pierre Vernant, eds., Corps des dieux (Le temps de la réflexion, 7), 275-86. Paris: Gallimard.

Legeza, Lazlo. 1975. Tao Magic: The Secret Language of Diagrams and Calligraphy. London: Thames and Hudson.

Seidel, Anna. 1983. "Imperial Treasures and Taoist Sacraments: Taoist Roots in the Apocrypha." In Michel Strickmann, ed., Tantric and Taoist Studies in Honour of Rolf A. Stein, 2: 291-371. Bruxelles: Institut Belge des Hautes études Chinoises.

Priesthood

Benn, Charles. 2000. "Daoist Ordination and Zhai Rituals in Medieval China." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 309-39. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Kohn, Livia. 2001. "Daoist Monastic Discipline: Hygiens, Meals, and Etiquette." T'oung Pao 87: 153-93.

Lagerwey, John. 1987. "Taoist Priesthood." In Mircea Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, 11: 547-50. New York: Macmillan.

Schipper, Kristofer. 1993. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Chapter 4: "The Masters of the Gods.")

Yoshioka, Yoshitoyo. 1979. "Taoist Monastic Life." In Holmes Welch and Anna K Seidel, eds., Facets of Taoism: Essays in Chinese Religion, 9, 229-52. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Ritual

Andersen, Poul. 1995. "The Transformation of the Body in Taoist Ritual." In Jane Marie Law, Religious Reflections on the Human Body, 186-208. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Benn, Charles D. 1991. The Cavern-Mystery Transmission: A Taoist Ordination Rite of A.D. 711. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Benn, Charles. 2000. "Daoist Ordination and Zhai Rituals in Medieval China." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 309-39. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Dean, Kenneth. 2000. "Daoist Ritual Today." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 659-82. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Lagerwey, John. 1987. Taoist Ritual in Chinese Society and History. New York: Macmillan.

Schipper, Kristofer. 1974. "The Written Memorial in Taoist Ceremonies." In Arthur P. Wolf, ed., Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society, 309-24. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Schipper, Kristofer. 1985. "Vernacular and Classical Ritual in Taoism." Journal of Asian Studies 45: 21-57.

Schipper, Kristofer. 1993. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Chapter 5: "Ritual.")

General perspectives

Chen, Ellen Marie. 1973. "Is there a Doctrine of Physical Immortality in the Tao Te Ching?" History of Religions 12: 231-47.

Girardot, Norman J. 1987. "Hsien." In Mircea Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, 6: 475-77. New York: Macmillan.

Lagerwey, John. 1987. "Chen-jen." In Mircea Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, 3: 231-33. New York: Macmillan. New York: Macmillan.

Penny, Benjamin. 2000. "Immortality and Transcendence." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 109-33. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2004. "The Notion of 'Form' and the Ways of Liberation in Daoism." Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 14: 95�130.

Robinet, Isabelle. 1979. "Metamorphosis and Deliverance from the Corpse in Taoism." History of Religions 19: 37-70.

Seidel, Anna. 1987. "Afterlife: Chinese Concepts." In Mircea Eliade, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religion, 1: 124-27. New York: Macmillan.

Seidel, Anna. 1987. "Post-mortem Immortality, or: the Taoist Resurrection of the Body." In S. Shaked, D. Shulman, and G. G. Stroumsa,, eds., Gilgul: Essays on Transformation, Revolution and Permanence in the History of Religions, 223-37. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Hagiography

Berkowitz, Alan J. 1996. " Record of Occultists." In Donald S. Lopez, ed., Religions of China in Practice, 446-70. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Bumbacher, Stephan Peter. 2000. The Fragments of the Daoxue zhuan: Critical Edition, Translation and Analysis of a Medieval Collection of Daoist Biographies. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

Campany, Robert F. 2002. To Live as Long as Heaven and Earth: A Translation and Study of Ge Hong's Traditions of Divine Transcendents. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Pp. 52-60.)

Kaltenmark, Max. 1953. Le Lie-sien tchouan (Biographies légendaires des Immortels taoïstes de l'antiquité). Pékin: Université de Paris, Publications du Centre d'études Sinologiques de Pékin.

Despeux, Catherine. 1994. Taoïsme et corps humain: Le Xiuzhentu. Paris: Guy Trédaniel Editeur.

Despeux, Catherine. 1996. "Le corps, champ spatio-temporel, souche d'identité." L'Homme 137: 87-118.

Ishida, Hidemi. 1989. "Body and Mind: The Chinese Perspective." In Livia Kohn, ed., Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques, 41-71. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.

Kohn, Livia. 1991. "Taoist Visions of the Body." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 18: 227-52.

Lévi, Jean. 1989. "The Body: The Daoists' Coat of Arms." In Feher 1989, 105-26.

Schipper, Kristofer. 1993. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Sivin, Nathan. 1995. "State, Cosmos, and Body in the Last Three Centuries B.C." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 55: 5-37.

"Nourishing life" (yangsheng)

Despeux, Catherine. 1981. Taiki k'uan: technique de combat, technique de longue vie. Paris: Guy Trédaniel.

Despeux, Catherine. 1989. "Gymnastics: The Ancient Tradition." In Livia Kohn, ed., Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques, 225-61. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.

Engelhardt, Ute. 2000. "Longevity Techniques and Chinese Medicine." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 74-108. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Harper, Donald J. 1998. Early Chinese Medical Literature: The Mawangdui Medical Manuscripts. London and New York: Kegan Paul International.

Kohn, Livia, ed. 1989. Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques. Edited in cooperation with Yoshinobu Sakade. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.

Maspero, Henri. 1981. Taoism and Chinese Religion. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press. (Pp. 443-554.)

Schipper, Kristofer. 1993. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Chapters 6-8).

Meditation

Andersen, Poul. 1989-90. "The Practice of bugang." Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 5: 15-53.

Kohn, Livia. 1987. Seven Steps to the Tao: Sima Chengzhen's Zuowanglun. Nettelal: Steyler Verlag.

Kohn, Livia. 1989. "Guarding the One: Concentrative Meditation in Taoism." In Livia Kohn, ed. in cooperation with Yoshinobu Sakade, Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques, 125-58. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan.

Kohn, Livia. 1989. "Taoist Insight Meditation: the Tang Practice of Neiguan." In Livia Kohn, ed. in cooperation with Yoshinobu Sakade, Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques, 193-224. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan.

Kohn, Livia. 1992. Early Chinese Mysticism: Philosophy and Soteriology in the Taoist Tradition. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (Chapter 5.)

Lagerwey, John. 2004. "Deux écrits taoïstes anciens." Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 14: 139-171.

Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2005. "Early Daoist Meditation and the Origins of Inner Alchemy." In Benjamin Penny, ed., Daoist Books and Daoist Histories: Essays in Honour of Emeritus Professor Liu Ts'un-yan.

Robinet, Isabelle. 1989. "Visualization and Ecstatic Flight in Shangqing Taoism." In Livia Kohn, ed. in cooperation with Yoshinobu Sakade, Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques, 159-91. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan.

Robinet, Isabelle. 1993. Taoist Meditation: The Mao-shan Tradition of Great Purity. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Roth, Harold D. 1996. "The Inner Cultivation Tradition of Early Daoism." In Donald S. Lopez, ed., Religions of China in Practice, 123-48. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Schipper, Kristofer. 1993. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of California Press. (Chapters 6-8).

Schipper, Kristofer. 1995. "The Inner World of the Laozi zhongjing." In Huang Chun-chieh and Erik Zürcher, eds., Time and Space in Chinese Culture, 114-31. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Waidan (External alchemy)

Eliade, Mircea. 1978. The Forge and the Crucible. Second ed., Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. (See the chapter entitled "Chinese Alchemy.")

Ho Peng Yoke. 1985. Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to Science and Civilization in China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. (Pp. 171-217.)

Needham, Joseph. 1974, 1976, 1980. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. V: Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Parts 2-4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2000. "Elixirs and Alchemy." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 165-95. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2006. Great Clarity: Daoism and Alchemy in Early Medieval China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Sivin, Nathan. 1977. "Chinese Alchemy and the Manipulation of Time." Isis 67: 513-527. Repr. in Nathan Sivin, ed., Science and Technology in East Asia. Articles from Isis, 1913-1975, 109-122 (New York: Science History Publications, 1977).

Sivin, Nathan. 1980. "The Theoretical Background of Elixir Alchemy." In Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, vol. V.2, 210-305. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Strickmann, Michel. 1979. "On the Alchemy of T'ao Hung-ching." In Welch and Seidel 1979, 123-92.

Ware, James. 1966. Alchemy, Medicine and Religion in the China of A.D. 320: The Nei P'ien of Ko Hung (Pao-p'u tzu). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Neidan (Inner alchemy)

Baldrian-Hussein, Farzeen. 1984. Procédés Secrets du Joyau Magique: Traité d'Alchimie Taoïste du XIe siècle. Paris: Les Deux Océans.

Cleary, Thomas. 1987. Understanding Reality: A Taoist Alchemical Classic. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

Despeux, Catherine. 1990. Immortelles de la Chine ancienne: Taoïsme et alchimie féminine. Puiseaux: Pardès.

Despeux, Catherine. 1994. Taoïsme et corps humain: Le Xiuzhentu. Paris: Guy Trédaniel Editeur.

Needham, Joseph. 1983. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. V: Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part 5: Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Physiological Alchemy. With the collaboration of Lu Gwei-Djen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pregadio, Fabrizio. 1995. "The Representation of Time in the Zhouyi cantong qi." Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 8: 155-73.

Pregadio, Fabrizio. 2005. "Early Daoist Meditation and the Origins of Inner Alchemy." In Benjamin Penny, ed., Daoist Books and Daoist Histories: Essays in Honour of Emeritus Professor Liu Ts'un-yan.

Pregadio, Fabrizio, and Lowell Skar. 2000. "Inner Alchemy (Neidan)." In Livia Kohn, ed., Daoism Handbook, 464-97. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Robinet, Isabelle. 1989. "Original Contributions of Neidan to Taoism and Chinese Thought." In Livia Kohn, ed., Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques, 297-330. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan.

Robinet, Isabelle. 1995. Introduction à l'alchimie intérieure taoïste: De l'unité et de la multiplicité. Avec une traduction commentée des Versets de l'éveil à la Vérité. Paris: Les éditions du Cerf.