Possible sources of the Creation and Enforcement of residential segregation

Sources of Segregation	Citation in the readings
* Until 1948, racially restrictive covenants
* Post 1945 suburbanization (available almost exclusively to whites) with a wide variety of federal subsidies	Hirsch; Massey and Denton
* Post 1945, in concert with suburbanization, Redlining- HOLC and later FHA and VHA enforced racial barriers by channeling subsidized home loans away from the ghetto.	Massey and Denton
* White neighborhood violence against Blacks	Hirsch
* Urban Renewal plans forcibly remove Blacks from border neighborhoods	Hirsch
* University of Chicago's use of building inspectors and new eminent domain rights	Hirsch
* Construction of vast housing projects exclusively in the heart of the ghettos	Hirsch; Massey and Denton
* Failure of enforcement of the Fair Housing Act (1968)	Massey and Denton
* Personal preferences of Whites and Blacks each to live with 'their own kind'. This theory includes the idea that Whites are more resistant to integration than Blacks are, and hence Whites flee from integrated neighborhoods as the number of Black residents rises	Thomas Schelling

* Black middle classes have, because of Civil Rights and Affirmative Action achieved a degree of success and they have abandoned the ghetto	Wilson
* Economic dislocations in the modern era, chiefly the decline of heavy industry which was based in and around city centers, have stranded central cities and left the urban poor without access to jobs.	Wilson
* 'Segregation with a smile'. Realtors actively steer Blacks away from White neighborhoods. This continued practice is revealed by housing audit studies	Massey and Denton
* Despite the Mortgage Disclosure Act and the Community Reinvestment Act, Banks still discriminate against Blacks in the home loan market.	Massey and Denton