% This file was created with JabRef 2.9b2. % Encoding: UTF8 @INBOOK{Bod2003, chapter = {{C}hapter 2}, pages = {11--37}, title = {{I}ntroduction to probability theory and formal stochastic language theory}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2003}, editor = {Bod, Rens and Hay, Jennifer and Jannedy, Stephanie}, author = {Bod, Rens}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, comment = {paper}, crossref = {Bod.Hay.ea2003}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @INBOOK{Bod.etal2003, chapter = {{C}hapter 1}, pages = {1--10}, title = {{I}ntroduction}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2003}, editor = {Bod, Rens and Hay, Jennifer and Jannedy, Stephanie}, author = {Bod, Rens and Hay, Jennifer and Jannedy, Stefanie}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, comment = {paper}, crossref = {Bod.Yah.ea2003}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @INBOOK{Bresnan2001, chapter = {{C}hapter 3}, pages = {25--40}, title = {{L}exicality and argument structure}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {2001}, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, address = {Malden, MA}, comment = {paper}, crossref = {Bresnan2001a}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @INCOLLECTION{Bresnan.Kaplan1982, author = {Bresnan, Joan and Kaplan, Ronald}, title = {{I}ntroduction: grammars as mental representations of language}, booktitle = {{T}he mental representation of grammatical relations}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1982}, editor = {Bresnan, Joan}, chapter = {{C}hapter 1}, pages = {xvii--lii}, comment = {paper}, crossref = {Bresnan1982}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @INCOLLECTION{Burzio1996, author = {Burzio, Luigi}, title = {{S}urface {C}onstraints versus {U}nderlying {R}epresentation}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {T}rends in {P}honology: {M}odels and {M}ethods}, publisher = {European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford}, year = {1996}, editor = {Jacques Durand and Bernard Laks}, pages = {123--142}, address = {Manchester, England}, crossref = {Durand96}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Byrnes.Maxim2004, author = {Byrnes, Heidi and Maxim, Hiram}, title = {{I}ntroduction: creating sites for collegiate advanced foreign language learning}, booktitle = {{A}dvanced foreign language learning: a challenge to college programs}, publisher = {Heinle \& Heinle}, year = {2004}, pages = {vii--xv}, address = {Boston, MA}, crossref = {Byrnes.Maxim2004}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Byrnes.Sprang2004, author = {Byrnes, Heidi and Sprang, Katherine A.}, title = {{F}ostering advanced {L2} literacy: a genre-based, cognitive approach}, booktitle = {{A}dvanced foreign language learning: a challenge to college programs}, publisher = {Heinle \& Heinle}, year = {2004}, pages = {47--85}, address = {Boston, MA}, crossref = {Byrnes.Maxim2004}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INBOOK{Carnie2006, chapter = {{C}hapter 11}, pages = {333--352}, title = {\textit{Wh}-movement}, publisher = {Wiley Blackwell Publishers}, year = {2006}, author = {Carnie, Andrew}, address = {Oxford}, comment = {paper}, crossref = {Carnie2006}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @INBOOK{Carnie2006a, chapter = {{C}hapter 13}, pages = {380--393}, title = {{E}xpanded {VPs}}, publisher = {Wiley Blackwell Publishers}, year = {2006}, author = {Carnie, Andrew}, address = {Oxford}, comment = {paper}, crossref = {Carnie2006_Syntax}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @INBOOK{Chambers1992, chapter = {4}, pages = {xx-yy}, title = {{L}inear models}, publisher = {Wadsworth \& Brooks/Cole}, year = {1992}, editor = {Chambers, J. K. and Hastie, T. J.}, author = {Chambers, J. M.}, address = {Pacific Grove, CA}, crossref = {Chambers.Hastie1992}, timestamp = {2009.06.03} } @INBOOK{Chierchia.McConnell-Ginet2000, chapter = {{C}hapter 1}, pages = {1--52}, title = {{T}he empirical domain of semantics}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2000}, author = {Chierchia, Gennaro and McConnell-Ginet, Sally}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {This chapter sets the stage for the book: it will focus on truth conditional semantics within a generative framework. Problems for this approach are sketched.}, comment = {paper}, crossref = {ChierchiaMcConnell-Ginet2000}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @INBOOK{Chierchia.McConnell-Ginet2000a, chapter = {{C}hapter 2}, pages = {53--112}, title = {{D}enotation, truth, and meaning}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2000}, author = {Chierchia, Gennaro and McConnell-Ginet, Sally}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {Here, the distinction between sense and reference is introduced. The importance of full sentences for interpretation is pointed out. A fragment of English F_1 is introduced and some problems discussed.}, comment = {paper (partial)}, crossref = {Chierchia.McConnell-Ginet2000}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @INBOOK{Chierchia.McConnell-Ginet2000b, chapter = {{C}hapter 5}, pages = {257--328}, title = {{I}ntensionality}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2000}, author = {Chierchia, Gennaro and McConnell-Ginet, Sally}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {An elementary intensional logic is introduced, along with a new fragment.}, comment = {paper}, crossref = {Chierchia.McConnell-Ginet2000}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @INBOOK{Chierchia.McConnell-Ginet2000c, chapter = {{C}hapter 6}, pages = {329--389}, title = {{C}ontexts: indexicality, discourse, and presupposition}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2000}, author = {Chierchia, Gennaro and McConnell-Ginet, Sally}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {Introduces an new stage in language interpretation, namely the relativization to context, and discusses presuppositions in great detail.}, comment = {paper}, crossref = {Chierchia.McConnell-Ginet2000}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @INBOOK{Cinque1999, chapter = {{C}hapter 1}, pages = {3--43}, title = {{O}n the relative order of adverb phrases}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1999}, author = {Cinque, Guglielmo}, address = {Oxford}, comment = {paper}, crossref = {Cinque1999}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @INBOOK{Cinque1999a, chapter = {{C}hapter 2}, pages = {45--51}, title = {{A} case for adverb phrases in {Spec}}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1999}, author = {Cinque, Guglielmo}, address = {Oxford}, comment = {paper}, crossref = {Cinque1999}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @INBOOK{Cinque1999b, chapter = {{C}hapter 3}, pages = {52--76}, title = {{O}n the order of clausal functional heads}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1999}, author = {Cinque, Guglielmo}, address = {Oxford}, comment = {paper}, crossref = {Cinque1999_AdverbsFHeads}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Gibbon.Williams2007, author = {Gibbon, Dafydd and Williams, Briony}, title = {{T}iming patterns in {Welsh}}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 16th {I}nternational {C}ongress of {P}honetic {S}ciences}, year = {2007}, editor = {Trouvain, J\"urgen and Barry, William J.}, pages = {1249--1252}, address = {Saarbr\"ucken, Germany}, publisher = {Universit\"at des Saarlandes}, abstract = {Studies of duration in Welsh have concentrated on specific environments, such as word-final, prefinal and pre-pre-final positions, in relation to the positions of linguistic stress and phonetic pitch accent. The present approach is broader, in that it looks at the temporal patterning of syllable and foot sequences. First, general global and local measures of isochrony and irregularity are applied (standard deviation; pairwise variability). Second, since isochrony is a necessary but not a sufficient correlate of rhythm, a new algorithm is introduced for characterising grouping properties. Third, syllable sequences are segmented into feet using alternative duration relations and examined for their relation to grammatical groups. It appears that Welsh duration patterns are neither syllable-timed nor foot-timed in the accepted sense, but have what may be called a ``rallentando timing'', in which sequences of increasing length mark grammatically relevant prosodic units.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, crossref = {timing, duration, rhythm, Welsh}, timestamp = {2009.09.22} } @INCOLLECTION{Horwood2002, author = {Horwood, Graham}, title = {{P}recedence {F}aithfulness {G}overns {M}orpheme {P}osition}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {WCCFL 21}}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {2002}, editor = {Line Mikkelsen and Christopher Potts}, pages = {166--179}, address = {Somerville, MA}, crossref = {Mikkelsen02}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Keller2006, author = {Keller, Frank}, title = {{L}inear {O}ptimality {T}heory as a {M}odel of {G}radience in {G}rammar}, year = {2006}, crossref = {Fanselow06}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Kenstowicz1996, author = {Kenstowicz, Michael}, title = {{B}ase-{I}dentity and {U}niform {E}xponence: {A}lternatives to {C}yclicity}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {T}rends in {P}honology: {M}odels and {M}ethods}, publisher = {European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford}, year = {1996}, editor = {Jacques Durand and Bernard Laks}, pages = {363--393}, address = {Manchester, England}, crossref = {Durand96}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Kiparsky2006, author = {Kiparsky, Paul}, title = {{A} modular metrics for folk verse}, booktitle = {{F}ormal approaches to poetry. {R}ecent developments in metrics}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = {2006}, editor = {Dresher, B. Elan and Friedberg, Nila}, pages = {7--49}, address = {Berlin}, crossref = {Dresher+Friedberg2006_Metrics}, timestamp = {2009.11.09} } @INCOLLECTION{Legendre.etal2006, author = {Legendre, G{\'e}raldine and Yoshiro Miyata and Paul Smolensky}, title = {{T}he {I}nteraction of {S}yntax and {S}emantics: {A} {H}armonic {G}rammar {A}ccount of {S}plit {I}ntransitivity}, year = {2006}, pages = {417--452}, crossref = {SmolenskyLegendre06}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Legendre.etal2006a, author = {Legendre, G{\'e}raldine and Antonella Sorace and Paul Smolensky}, title = {{T}he {Optimality Theory--Harmonic Grammar} connection}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}armonic {M}ind}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2006}, editor = {Paul Smolensky and G{\'e}raldine Legendre}, pages = {339--402}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, crossref = {SmolenskyLegendre06}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Legendre.etal1995a, author = {Legendre, G{\'e}raldine and Colin Wilson and Paul Smolensky and Kristin Homer and William Raymond}, title = {{O}ptimality and \textsl{Wh}-{E}xtraction}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {GLSA}, year = {1995}, editor = {Jill N. Beckman and Laura Walsh and Suzanne Urbanczyk}, series = {University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers 18}, pages = {607--636}, address = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, crossref = {Beckman95}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{McCarthy.Prince1995, author = {John J.~McCarthy and Alan Prince}, title = {{F}aithfulness and {R}eduplicative {I}dentity}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {UMOP}, year = {1995}, editor = {Jill N. Beckman and Laura Walsh and Suzanne Urbanczyk}, series = {University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers 18}, pages = {249--384}, address = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, crossref = {Beckman95}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{McCarthy.Prince1999, author = {John J.~McCarthy and Alan Prince}, title = {{F}aithfulness and {I}dentity in {P}rosodic {M}orphology}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}rosody--{M}orphology {I}nterface}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1999}, editor = {Ren{\'e} Kager and Harry {van der Hulst} and Wim Zonneveld}, pages = {218--309}, address = {Cambridge}, note = {ROA-216}, crossref = {KagerEtAl99}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Pater1999, author = {Pater, Joe}, title = {{A}ustronesian {N}asal {S}ubstitution and {O}ther {*N\textsubringC} {E}ffects}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}rosody--{M}orphology {I}nterface}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1999}, editor = {Ren{\'e} Kager and Harry {van der Hulst} and Wim Zonneveld}, address = {Cambridge}, note = {ROA 160-1196}, crossref = {KagerEtAl99}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Sanders2002a, author = {Sanders, Nathan}, title = {{D}ispersion in {OT}: {C}olor {C}ontrasts in {M}iddle {P}olish {N}asal {V}owels}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {WCCFL 21}}, year = {2002}, editor = {Line Mikkelsen and Christopher Potts}, pages = {415--428}, address = {Somerville, MA}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, crossref = {Mikkelsen02}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Smolensky2006, author = {Smolensky, Paul}, title = {{O}ptimality in {P}honology {II}: {H}armonic {C}ompleteness, {L}ocal {C}onstraint {C}onjunction, and {F}eature {D}omain {M}arkedness}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}armonic {M}ind}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2006}, pages = {27--160}, crossref = {SmolenskyLegendre06}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Smolensky.etal2006, author = {Smolensky, Paul and G{\'e}raldine Legendre and Bruce Tesar}, title = {{O}ptimality {T}heory: the structure, use, and acquisition of grammatical knowledge}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}armonic {M}ind}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2006}, editor = {Smolensky, Paul and Legendre, Geraldine}, pages = {453--535}, address = {Cambridge}, crossref = {SmolenskyLegendre06}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INPROCEEDINGS{cSerban.Moldovan2006, author = {\c{S}erban, Gabriela and Moldovan, Grigoreta Sofia}, title = {{A} new \emph{k}-means based clustering algorithm in aspect mining}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {E}ighth {I}nternational {S}ymposium on {S}ymbolic and {N}umeric {A}lgorithms for {S}cientific {C}omputing}, year = {2006}, pages = {69--74}, address = {Washington, DC}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, abstract = {Clustering is a division of data into groups of similar objects. Aspect mining is a process that tries to identify crosscutting concerns in existing software systems. The goal is to refactor the existing systems to use aspect oriented programming, in order to make them easier to maintain and to evolve. This paper aims at presenting a new k-means based clustering algorithm used in Aspect Mining. Clustering is used in order to identify crosscutting concerns. We propose some quality measures in order to evaluate the results both from the clustering point of view and the aspect mining point of view, and we also report two case studies.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2008.06.19} } @INCOLLECTION{Lubowicz2009/toappear, author = {{\L}ubowicz, Anna}, title = {{I}nfixation as morpheme absorption}, booktitle = {{P}honological {A}rgumentation: {E}ssays on {E}vidence and {M}otivation}, publisher = {Equinox}, year = {2009/to appear}, editor = {Parker, Steve}, address = {London}, date-added = {2009-04-03 18:10:56 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-04-03 18:12:37 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Lubowicz1999, author = {{\L}ubowicz, Anna}, title = {{D}erived environment effects in {OT}}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 17}, publisher = {CSLI}, year = {1999}, editor = {Shahin, Kimary N. and Blake, Susan J. and Kim, Eun-Sook}, pages = {451--465}, address = {Stanford, CA}, date-modified = {2009-03-07 16:16:42 -0500}, keywords = {Lubowicz}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Lubowicz2008, author = {{\L}ubowicz,Anna}, title = {{E}dmund {G}ussmann (2007). {T}he phonology of {P}olish. ({T}he {P}honology of the {W}orld's {L}anguages.) {O}xford: {O}xford {U}niversity {P}ress. {P}p. xiii+367.}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2008}, volume = {25}, pages = {554-556}, number = {03}, abstract = { }, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-03-07 16:15:14 -0500}, date-modified = {2009-03-07 16:17:37 -0500}, doi = {10.1017/S0952675708001565}, eprint = {http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0952675708001565}, timestamp = {2011.04.11}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4292252&fulltextType=BR&fileId=S0952675708001565} } @INCOLLECTION{Lubowicz2005, author = {{\L}ubowicz, Anna}, title = {{L}ocality of {C}onjunction}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {WCCFL} 24}, publisher = {Cascadilla}, year = {2005}, address = {Somerville, MA}, date-modified = {2009-03-07 16:17:25 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Lubowicz2003, author = {{\L}ubowicz, Anna}, title = {{C}ontrast preservation in phonological mappings}, school = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, year = {2003}, date-modified = {2009-03-07 16:17:09 -0500}, keywords = {Lubowicz}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Lubowicz2002, author = {{\L}ubowicz, Anna}, title = {{D}erived {E}nvironment {E}ffects in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {2002}, volume = {112}, pages = {243--280}, date-modified = {2009-03-07 16:17:20 -0500}, keywords = {Lubowicz}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{SortNoopChvatalChvatal1983, title = {{L}inear {P}rogramming}, publisher = {W. H. Freeman and Company}, year = {1983}, author = {{\SortNoop{Chvatal}}Chv{\'a}tal, Va{\v s}ek}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{SortNoopLacydeLacy2006, title = {{M}arkedness: {R}eduction and {P}reservation in {P}honology}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2006}, author = {{\SortNoop{Lacy}}de Lacy, Paul}, series = {Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 112}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @PHDTHESIS{SortNoopLacydeLacy2002, author = {{\SortNoop{Lacy}}de Lacy, Paul}, title = {{T}he {F}ormal {E}xpression of {M}arkedness}, school = {{U}niversity of {M}assachusetts}, year = {2002}, type = {%%%Doctoral Dissertation}, address = {Amherst, {MA}}, note = {Distributed by GLSA}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 11:29:36 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @PHDTHESIS{vZaucer2009, author = {{\v{Z}}aucer, Rok}, title = {{A} {VP}-internal analysis of four "{VP}-external" uses of {S}lavic verbal prefixes}, school = {University of {O}ttawa}, year = {2009}, type = {%%Doctoral Dissertation}, address = {Ottawa, Canada}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-03-16 14:19:05 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 11:29:36 -0400}, keywords = {Russian, morphology}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Aarts2004, author = {Aarts, Bas}, title = {{C}onceptions of gradience in the history of linguistics}, journal = {{L}anguage {S}ciences}, year = {2004}, volume = {26}, pages = {343--389}, abstract = {This paper traces the history of the notion of gradience in language studies. Gradience is a cover term to designate a spectrum of continuous phenomena in language, from categories at the level of grammar to sounds at the level of phonetics. The focus here is on grammatical gradience. After discussing a number of philosophical ideas which form the backdrop to gradience the paper proceeds to outline a history of ideas on grammatical fuzziness. It concludes by proposing a compromise between the generally opposed ideas on categorization put forward in formal linguistics, and those adopted in cognitive and functional linguistics. This is achieved by applying morphosyntactic tests to linguistic formatives that display syntactic behaviour which is associated with more than one category, so as to establish whether the item in question belongs to one class or another. The morphosyntactic similarity of a category to another category in a particular syntactic configuration is then modelled by appealing to the notion of ``convergence''.}, comment = {electronic}, keywords = {grammatical gradience, linguistic categorization, morphosyntax}, timestamp = {2009.08.25} } @ARTICLE{Abaglo.Archangeli1989, author = {Abaglo, P and Archangeli, Diana}, title = {{L}anguage particular underspecification: {G}engbe /e/ and {Y}oruba /i/}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1989}, volume = {20}, pages = {457--480}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Abbott1991, author = {Abbott, Miriam}, title = {{M}acushi}, booktitle = {{H}andbook of {A}mazonian languages, {V}ol.3}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = {1991}, editor = {Derbyshire, Desmond J. and Pullum, Geoffrey K.}, pages = {23--160}, address = {Berlin}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Abboud1979, author = {Abboud, Peter}, title = {{T}he verb in {N}orthern {N}ajdi {A}rabic}, journal = {Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies}, year = {1979}, volume = {42}, pages = {467--499}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Abdul-Ghani1976, author = {Abdul-Ghani, Abdul Ghani}, title = {{D}irection and motivation of phonological rules in {P}alestinian {A}rabic}, booktitle = {{P}apers from the 12th {R}egional {M}eeting, {C}hicago {L}inguistic {S}ociety}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1976}, editor = {Mufwene, S. S. and Walker, C. A. and Steever, S. B.}, pages = {13--23}, address = {Chicago}, keywords = {conspiracy}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Abdul-Karim1980, author = {Abdul-Karim, Kamal}, title = {{A}spects of the {P}honology of {L}ebanese {A}rabic}, school = {University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}, year = {1980}, address = {Urbana-Champaign}, pages = {164}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Abney1996, author = {Abney, Steven}, title = {{S}tatistical methods and linguistics}, booktitle = {{T}he balancing act: combining symbolic and statistical approaches to language}, publisher = {The {MIT} Press}, year = {1996}, editor = {Klavans, Judith and Resnik, Philip}, pages = {1--26}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {Statistical methods---by which I mean primarily weighted grammars and distributional induction methods---are clearly relevant to language acquisition, language change, language variation, language generation, and language comprehension. Understanding language in this broad sense is the ultimate goal of linguistics. The issues to which weighted grammars apply, particularly as concerns perception of grammaticality and ambiguity, one may be tempted to dismiss as performance issues. However, the set of issues labelled ``performance'' are not essentially computational, as one is often led to believe. Rather, ``competence'' represents a provisional narrowing and simplification of data in order to understand the algebraic properties of language. ``Performance'' is a misleading term for ``everything else''. Algebraic methods are inadequate for understanding many important properties of human language, such as the measure of goodness that permits one to identify the correct parse out of a large candidate set in the face of considerable noise. Many other properties of language, as well, that are mysterious given unweighted grammars, properties such as the gradualness of rule learning, the gradualness of language change, dialect continua, and statistical universals, make a great deal more sense if we assume weighted or stochastic grammars. There is a huge body of mathematical techniques that computational linguists have begun to tap, yielding tremendous progress on previously intransigent problems. The focus in computational linguistics has admittedly been on technology. But the same techniques promise progress at long last on questions about the nature of language that have been mysterious for so long. The time is ripe to apply them.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INBOOK{Abney2000, chapter = {Statistical methods}, pages = {283--293}, title = {{E}ncylopedia of cognitive science}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group, Macmillian Reference, Ltd.}, year = {2000}, author = {Abney, Steven}, abstract = {Statistical methods have become the standard paradigm in computational linguistics. They can be placed in the historical perspective of American structuralism, though they derive more immediately from statistical speech recognition and Shannon's noisy channel model. They can be grouped roughly into descriptive statistics, generative models (stochastic finite-state, context-free, and attribute-value grammars), and machine learning methods (classification, clustering, bootstrapping).}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Abondolo1998a, author = {Abondolo, Daniel}, title = {{K}hanty}, booktitle = {{T}he {U}ralic {L}anguages}, publisher = {Routledge}, year = {1998}, editor = {Abondolo, Daniel}, pages = {358--386}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Abondolo1998, title = {{T}he {U}ralic languages}, publisher = {Routledge}, year = {1998}, author = {Abondolo, Daniel}, address = {London and New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Abraham1985, title = {{A}patani grammar}, publisher = {Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages}, year = {1985}, author = {Abraham, P.T.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Abraham1959, title = {{H}ausa {L}iterature and the {H}ausa {S}ound {S}ystem}, publisher = {University of London Press}, year = {1959}, author = {Abraham, R. C.}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Abraham1941, title = {{A} {M}odern {G}rammar of {S}poken {H}ausa}, publisher = {Crown Agents for the Colonies}, year = {1941}, author = {Abraham, R. C.}, address = {London}, note = {Published on behalf of the Nigerian Government}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INBOOK{Abramson.Lisker1970, pages = {569--573}, title = {{D}iscriminability along the voicing continuum: {C}ross-language tests}, publisher = {Academia}, year = {1970}, author = {Abramson, Arthur and Lisker, Leigh}, address = {Prague}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-09-16 15:06:16 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-09-16 15:08:58 -0400}, journal = {Proceedings of the {S}ixth {I}nternational {C}ongress of {P}honetic {S}ciences}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Abu-Mansour1996b, author = {Abu-Mansour, Mahasen}, title = {{V}oice as a privative feature: {A}ssimilation in {A}rabic}, booktitle = {{P}erspectives on {A}rabic linguistics {VIII}}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1996}, editor = {Abu-Mansour, Mahasen}, pages = {201--231}, address = {Amsterdam, Netherlands}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Abu-Mansour1991, author = {Abu-Mansour, Mahasen}, title = {{E}penthesis in {M}akkan {A}rabic: {U}nsyllabifiable {C}onsonants versus {D}egenerate {S}yllables}, booktitle = {{P}erspectives on {A}rabic {L}inguistics {III}: {P}apers from the third annual symposium on {A}rabic {L}inguistics}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1991}, editor = {Eid, Mushira and McCarthy, John J.}, address = {Amsterdam}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Abu-Mansour1995, author = {Abu-Mansour, Mahasen Hasan}, title = {{O}ptimality and conspiracy in the syllable structure of {A}rabic}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1995}, editor = {Beckman, Jill and Walsh Dickey, Laura and Urbanczyk, Suzanne}, pages = {1--20}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Abu-Mansour1987, author = {Abu-Mansour, Mahasen Hasan}, title = {{A} {N}onlinear {A}nalysis of {A}rabic {S}yllabic {P}honology, {W}ith {S}pecial {R}eference to {M}akkan}, school = {University of Florida}, year = {1987}, address = {Gainesville, FL}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Abu-Salim1982, author = {Abu-Salim, Issam M.}, title = {{S}yllable structure and syllabification in {Palestinian Arabic}}, journal = {Studies in the linguistic sciences}, year = {1982}, volume = {12}, pages = {103--122}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Abu-Salim1980, author = {Abu-Salim, I. M.}, title = {{E}penthesis and geminate consonants in {Palestinian Arabic}}, journal = {Studies in the Linguistic Sciences}, year = {1980}, volume = {10}, pages = {1--11}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ackema.Neeleman1998a, author = {Ackema, Peter and Neeleman, Ad}, title = {{WHOT}?}, booktitle = {{I}s the {B}est {G}ood {E}nough? {O}ptimality and {C}ompetition in {S}yntax}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1998}, editor = {Barbosa, Pilar and Fox, Danny and Hagstrom, Paul and McGinnis, Martha and Pesetsky, David}, pages = {15--33}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ackema.Neeleman2000, author = {Ackema, Peter and Neeleman, Ad}, title = {{A}bsolute ungrammaticality}, booktitle = {{O}ptimality {T}heory: {P}honology, {S}yntax, and {A}cquisition}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {2000}, editor = {Dekkers, Joost and van der Leeuw, Frank and van de Weijer, Jeroen}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Ackema.Neeleman1998, author = {Ackema, Peter and Neeleman, Ad}, title = {{O}ptimal questions}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1998}, volume = {16}, pages = {443--490}, keywords = {variation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Adam2002, author = {Adam, Galit}, title = {{F}rom variable to optimal grammar: evidence from language acquisition and language change}, school = {University of {T}el {A}viv}, year = {2002}, type = {%%Doctoral Dissertation}, address = {Tel {A}viv, {I}srael}, date-added = {2010-03-19 16:24:05 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 11:29:36 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @PHDTHESIS{Adams2012, author = {Adams, Matthew}, title = {{T}he comparative grammaticality of the {English} comparative}, school = {Department of Linguistics, Stanford University}, year = {2012}, timestamp = {2012.04.20} } @UNPUBLISHED{Adams2009, author = {Adams, Matthew}, title = {{N}oun information content influences verb duration: a case study of {English}}, note = {Ms., Department of Linguistics, Stanford University}, year = {2009}, abstract = {A striking fact about naturalistic speech is that language users unconsciously modulate the acoustic duration of words in systematic and predictable ways. One well-established case of durational change occurs in response to the frequency of a word's usage: Frequent words are pronounced more quickly in spontaneous speech than rare words (Schuchardt, 1885; Jurafsky et al. 2001; Gahl 2009). Other factors are known to be partial determinants of durational lengthening or shortening in speech production, among them the phonology of a word (Lehiste, 1972), location within an intonational phrase (Ladd, 1996), and average speech rate. The present study examines the relationship between a transitive verb, its duration, and the noun phrase that follows the verb. After controlling for well-known factors, I address the following question: Does the surprisal or local predictability of a noun phrase influence the duration of the verb? Put more generally, is there evidence that the information content of a syntactic unit can influence the duration of neighboring syntactic units? My study examines $7,032$ tokens pulled from the Switchboard corpus (Godfrey and Holliman 1997). Tokens consisted of an unstemmed verb directly followed by a noun phrase that had a determiner, quantifier, or plural marking on the noun (e.g., \textit{buy a ticket}, \textit{overthrow the paradigm}, \textit{climb every hill}, \textit{make toys}). Adjectives and other intervening material were systematically excluded from the analysis. The study calculates probabilities over syntactic structures, that is, over \textit{n}-grams that stand in a known syntactic relationship (Gahl and Garnsey, 2004). \textsc{Surprisal}, the negative log probability of a particular word or phrase occurring, was calculated for both the verb and the noun within this particular syntactic frame. I also calculated \textsc{local predictability} of the noun given the verb and of the verb given the noun, both in terms of transitional probabilities. A multivariate linear regression demonstrated that verb duration, the dependent variable, is affected by the surprisal and local predictability of the noun. The results show that as a noun becomes more surprising or less locally predictable, the verb significantly \textit{increases} in duration. The strong size of the effect provides support for the observation that syntactic units change their duration in response to properties of neighboring units. I suggest that these effects can be explained by appealing to the notion of \textsc{uniform information density} (Levy and Jaeger, 2006). From a classical information-theoretic perspective, uniform information density is the maximum rate at which a speaker can transmit a message while simultaneously minimizing her error rate (Aylett and Turk, 2004; Genzel and Charniak, 2002). Optimization occurs when the rate of transmission of a signal is as close as possible to the channel capacity. As Levy and Jaeger show, in cases of syntactic reduction (e.g., the omission of the complementizer \textit{that}), speakers vary the rate of reduction as a function of the surprisal of the syntactic phrase in which \textit{that} would occur. If the syntactic phrase is highly unpredictable, it is more likely that the speaker will not omit the complementizer \textit{that}. The presence of \textit{that} serves to ``smooth'' the information density profile of the utterance, thereby minimizing the peaks and troughs in surprisal. It is well-established that surprising elements will be longer than less surprising elements (Jurafsky et al., 2001; Aylett and Turk, 2004). An extension of the uniform information density model, pursued in this study, is that a speaker can modulate the duration of neighboring words to avoid surprisal peaks (a generalization of the spillover effect). By lengthening a previous word, a language user redistributes the peak in surprisal that the following, less predictable word creates. From an audience-design perspective (Bell, 1984), comprehension should improve because information is more uniformly distributed, in line with Hale's (2001) assessment that comprehension should improve as surprisal declines. Recent studies in the phonological domain have shown that language users lengthen a particular phone when the upcoming phone is surprising (Cohen Priva and Jurafsky, 2008; Adams et al., 2009). The present study provides strong evidence that durational lengthening of a previous, syntactically related word is an additional strategy available to language users to signal that an upcoming syntactic phrase is less predictable and therefore more difficult for the interlocutor to comprehend. Durational lengthening appears to be a way of smoothing the information density profile of an utterance. The study provides new support for the role of prosody in helping to maintain uniform information density across an utterance and contributes to the growing body of literature that suggests that language use is partially determined by information-theoretic considerations.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.09.06} } @UNPUBLISHED{Adams2008, author = {Adams, Matthew}, title = {{V}ariation and optimization in the {E}nglish comparative adjective}, note = {Ms., Department of Linguistics, Stanford University}, year = {2008}, timestamp = {2010.08.18} } @UNPUBLISHED{Adams2007, author = {Adams, Matthew}, title = {{T}oward a unified \textsc{hpsg} account of gaps and resumptive pronouns in {Irish}}, note = {Ms., Department of Linguistics, Stanford University}, year = {2007}, abstract = {The main goal of this analysis has been to provide a more unified, and therefore, presumably, a simpler account of the Irish filler-gap and resumptive pronoun system. I began by reviewing a number of patterns of variation in the pre-verbal particles. I then provided a brief summary of the proposal by Vaillette (2002), which made use of generalizations that could be overridden by structure-specific exceptions to derive peripheral patterns. The main suggestion advanced by the paper is that the number of generalizations can be reduced by treating filler-gap and resumption dependencies as two species of a similar phenomenon, namely, representing long-distance dependencies between an antecedent and either a non-overt gap or a resumptive pronoun occupying the putative gap site. By dispensing with Vaillette?s RESUMP feature and enriching the types of the values that SLASH could take, I suggested that one feature could derive exactly the same predictions as two features. On a theory-internal argument of economy of representation, such a move is desirable. Within the larger framework of generative grammar and its relationship to the empirical sciences, however, I am aware that my proposal should have testable and different predictions than Vaillette's theory. While reducing the set of features can be seen, say, as an a priori argument in favor of a particular view of acquisition in which the number of innate features is kept to a minimum, a more fruitful step for further work might be found in the implications one analysis over another has for theories of language processing. A unified HPSG account of gaps and resumptive pronouns in IrishI briefly suggested that the peripheral patterns in the data might be more marginal due to increased processing demands. At present, this suggestion is highly speculative, but it might be pursued, using the HPSG grammar developed here as a starting point for further reflection on the relationship among theories of grammar, human linguistic competence, and the processing systems that guide performance.}, comment = {electronic, paper}, timestamp = {2008.12.12} } @UNPUBLISHED{Adams2005, author = {Adams, Matthew}, title = {{R}e-positioning the individual in society: insights from {Russian} studies of language and mind, discursive psychology, and instructed second-language acquisition}, note = {Master's paper}, year = {2005}, abstract = {With language in the foreground, my purpose is to investigate how current discussions in Bakhtinian linguistics, discursive psychology, and instructed second language acquisition are reshaping our understanding of the individual and society. To examine the relationship among the notions of individual, society, and language in a focused fashion within these fields, I concentrate mainly on the phenomenon of foreign language acquisition and instruction. Each field provides a unique, but ultimately complementary, perspective to foreign language learning and instruction, despite their separate objects of study. In addition, the reframed understanding of the individual resulting from this discussion has implications for several public policy debates in the current American context. I will make some general comments about how these fields of inquiry, far from being abstract academic musings, have consequences for how education, especially foreign language instruction, should be redefined as American society enters the next century.}, comment = {electronic, paper}, publisher = {Department of German, Georgetown University}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @UNPUBLISHED{Adams2002, author = {Adams, Matthew}, title = {{T}he development of the {German} dorsal fricatives: an {Optimality-Theoretic} account}, note = {Senior honors thesis, Department of Linguistics, University of California, Irvine}, year = {2002}, abstract = {This thesis is concerned with the development of the German dorsal fricatives \textipa{[\c{c}]} and \textipa{[x]}. First, the thesis provides a novel account of the dorsal fricative system in New High German (NHG) in an Optimality Theoretic (OT) framework. By invoking properties of German syllable structure and underscoring the interplay between phonology and morphology, the thesis preserves the traditional allophonic analysis of the fricatives, while allowing constraint interaction in OT to attend to apparent exceptions in the NHG data. Second, the thesis proposes that functionalist explanations for phonological processes can account for the shift from the Middle High German (MHG) system, which lacked the palatal variant, to the more surface complex NHG system, which contains both fricatives. Lastly, the thesis integrates Dispersion Theory with standard OT as a way of explaining why \textipa{[x]} is the preferred underlying phoneme in MHG, and \textipa{[\c{c}]} is the preferred underlying phoneme in NHG.}, comment = {electronic, paper}, publisher = {Department of Linguistics, University of California, Irvine}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @MISC{Adams.etal2009, author = {Adams, Matthew E. and Cohen Priva, Uriel and Schweitzer, Katrin}, title = {{C}rosslinguistic evidence for phone informativity: a corpus study of {G}erman}, year = {2009}, note = {Talk delivered at the 83rd Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, San Francisco, January 10}, abstract = {Information theoretic explanations for various linguistic phenomena in English and Dutch have gained currency in recent years (Aylett & Turk, 2004; Levy & Jaeger 2006; Pluymaekers et al. 2005). Our paper extends this line of research to German phonology. Using the Kiel Corpus of Spontaneous Speech (Kohler et al. 1995), we demonstrate the robust effects of frequency, local predictability, and phone informativity on the surface realization of German phones, in particular their duration and deletion rates. The study provides substantial support for the concept of phone informativity in German, extending recent work for English (Cohen Priva & Jurafsky 2008). Distributional data have been shown to influence the realization and stability of phones in a language. Zipf (1929) predicted that frequent phones are more likely to lenite. Jurafsky et al. (2001) showed phones are more likely to delete in frequent words. Aylett & Turk (2004) demonstrated that syllables are shorter when more predictable from previous syllables. We extend these models to introduce an additional information theoretic measure, phone informativity (Cohen Priva 2008, Cohen Priva & Jurafsky 2008). Phone informativity is based on the information that one phone provides toward recognizing a word in context, which, adapted from Son & Pols (2003), is computed as -log2 Pr(phone|previous phones). Phone informativity is the mean contribution that a phone makes, averaged across the entire language. Thus, some phones are always more informative, even though in a particular word they might be very predictable. In general, we predict that more informative phones are longer and less likely to delete than less informative ones. We tested past claims about frequency, local predictability, and informativity by conducting two corpus experiments. The first experiment is a linear regression predicting a phone?s duration. We control for the phonological properties of the phones, neighboring segments, stress, and rate of speech. The second experiment, a logistic regression, predicts consonant deletion in onsets and codas, controlling for similar properties. Results of the two experiments show that frequency and local predictability are significant predictors of consonant deletion and duration, replicating results for English. In syllabic onsets, phones in frequent words are shorter and are more likely to delete (Jurafsky et al. 2001). Local predictabilty, measured as phone bigrams, emerges as significant: as the likelihood of a particular phone decreases given the preceding phone, the phone is longer and more likely to delete (Aylett & Turk 2004). Alongside these replications, we find that phone informativity is significant in codas: more informative phones delete less and have longer durations than less informative ones. Phone informativity is a crucial part of the representation of phones in German, given that it better predicts duration and deletion in codas than frequency. All three information theoretic measurements are required for describing the properties of German phone deletion and duration. The study replicates important past research on information theory for English and Dutch by extending it to German and provides the first evidence that phone informativity has crosslinguistic validity.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.02.18} } @PHDTHESIS{Adra1999, author = {Adra, Mohamed Ali}, title = {{I}dentity effects and opacity in {S}yrian {A}rabic: an {O}ptimality {T}heory analysis}, school = {University of {I}llinois at {U}rbana-{C}hampaign}, year = {1999}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.01.29} } @BOOK{Ageenko.Zarva1984, title = {{S}lovarj udarenij dlja rabotnikov radio i televidenja}, publisher = {Russkij Jazyk}, year = {1984}, author = {Ageenko, F. L. and Zarva, M. V.}, address = {Moscow}, edition = {5th edition}, date-added = {2008-11-12 16:21:53 -0500}, date-modified = {2008-11-12 16:23:34 -0500}, keywords = {Russian stress}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Ahmad1994, author = {Ahmad, Zaharani}, title = {{V}owel epenthesis in {M}alay}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 7th {I}nternational {C}onference on {A}ustronesian {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Leiden University}, year = {1994}, editor = {Ode, Cecilia and Stokhof, Wim}, pages = {183--200}, address = {Leiden}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Ahn2003, author = {Mee-Jin Ahn}, title = {{S}yllable weight: phonetic duration and phonemic contrast}, journal = {Ohak Yonku/Language Research}, year = {2003}, volume = {39}, pages = {355-381}, number = {2}, month = {June}, note = {CD: LGRSAW}, abstract = {This paper addresses two questions: (1) why, in quantity-sensitive systems, do CVV & CVC syllables constitute better stress targets than CV syllables; & (2) why does the weight of CVC syllables vary? I argue that CVV syllables are optimal stress targets because their long vowel duration allows for the best expression of the phonetic correlates of stress. Although CVC syllables appear to attract stress in some languages, this attraction should be understood as a consequence of stress repulsion from CV syllables. The stress attraction of CVC syllables occurs only where CV syllables are subject to positional vowel lengthening & stress-induced lengthening. In this position, CV syllables repel stress to preserve the phonemic contrast of vowel length CVC syllables & are protected from extreme vowel lengthening in the same positions due to closed syllable shortening. I present experimental evidence from Jordanian Arabic where only CVV & CVC syllables attract stress in the penultimate position, to support my claim that vowel lengthening effects in penultimate CV syllables are extreme. As a result, CV syllables avoid stress to maintain their phonemic vowel length, & CVC & CVV syllables receive stress in the target position. I conclude that CVC syllables are not inherent stress attractors at all. 2 Tables, 1 Figure, 1 Appendix, 73 References. Adapted from the source document}, isbn = {0254-4474}, keywords = {Arabic (03750); Phonotactics (65300); Syllables (86500); Sound Duration (Phonetics) (80400); Stress (84550); Vowels (95650); Length (Phonological) (46340); Jordan (39800); syllable structure}, language = {English}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Ahn1998, title = {{A}n introduction to {K}orean phonology}, publisher = {Hanshin}, year = {1998}, author = {Ahn, Sang-Cheol}, address = {Korea}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Aissen2003, author = {Aissen, Judith}, title = {{D}ifferential object marking: iconicity vs. economy}, journal = {{N}atural {L}anguage and {L}inguistic {T}heory}, year = {2003}, volume = {21}, pages = {435--483}, abstract = {A formal approach to the typology of DIFFERENTIAL OBJECT MARKING (DOM) is developed within the framework of Optimality Theory. The functional/typological literature has established that variation in DOM is structured by the dimensions of animacy and definiteness, with degree of prominence on these dimensions directly correlated with the likelihood of overt case-marking. In the present analysis, the degree to which DOM penetrates the class of objects reflects the tension between two types of principles. One involves iconicity: the more marked a direct object qua object, the more likely it is to be overtly case-marked. The other is a principle of economy: avoid case-marking. The tension between the two principles is resolved differently in different languages, as determined by language-particular ranking of the corresponding constraints. Constraints expressing object markedness are derived through HARMONIC ALIGNMENT of prominence scales. Harmonic alignment predicts a corresponding phenomenon of DIFFERENTIAL SUBJECT MARKING . This too exists, though in a less articulated form.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.25} } @ARTICLE{Aissen1999, author = {Aissen, Judith}, title = {{A}gent focus and inverse in {T}zotzil}, journal = {{L}anguage}, year = {1999}, volume = {75}, pages = {451--485}, number = {3}, abstract = {Many Mayan languages use a special verb form, the AGENT FOCUS form, when extracting the subject of a transitive clause. These verbs have a cluster of properties that have resisted satisfactory analysis. This article suggests that in Tzotzil, agent focus verbs are INVERSE, in the sense of Algonquian linguistics, and that their distribution is determined by the relative OBVIATION status of agent and patient. Evidence for the analysis comes from syntactic constraints on agent focus verbs and on their use in discourse. The properties of these verbs provide further evidence that obviation can play a central role in languages where it is not a morphological category.}, comment = {electronic, needs OCR}, timestamp = {2009.08.25} } @ARTICLE{Aissen1999a, author = {Aissen, Judith}, title = {{M}arkedness and subject choice in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1999}, volume = {17}, pages = {673--711}, keywords = {syntax animacy}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Aissen1997, author = {Aissen, Judith}, title = {{O}n the syntax of obviation}, journal = {Language}, year = {1997}, volume = {73}, pages = {705--751}, number = {4}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Aissen1996, author = {Aissen, Judith}, title = {'{P}ied-{P}iping, {A}bstract {A}greement, and {F}unctional {P}rojections in {T}zotzil.'}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1996}, volume = {14}, pages = {447--491}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Aissen1994, author = {Aissen, Judith}, title = {{O}n the syntax of obviation}, journal = {{L}angauge}, year = {1994}, volume = {73}, pages = {705--750}, number = {4}, abstract = {This article explores the idea that obviation systems like those found in the Algonquian language are a less parochial solutation to syntactic organization than is generally thought. Some simple constraints on obviation provide interesting analyses of key facts of Algonquian. Once certain language-particular differences are recognized, a number of syntactic problems in two unrelated languages, Tzotzil (Mayan) and Chamorro (Western Austronesian), yield easily to solutions based on obviation, despite the absence of obviative-based morphology in either language. Hierarchy alignment constraints play a central role in the analysis. The account is articulated within optimality theory, which provides an appropriate framework for representing the fact that these langauges must select from their resources for expressing transitive propositions the optimal mode of expression for each such proposition.}, comment = {electronic, needs OCR}, timestamp = {2009.08.25} } @ARTICLE{Akaike1974, author = {Akaike, Hirotugu}, title = {{A new look at the statistical model identification}}, journal = {{Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Transactions on Automatic Control}}, year = {1974}, volume = {19}, pages = {716--723}, number = {6}, abstract = {The history of the development of statistical hypothesis testing in time series analysis is reviewed briefly and it is pointed out that the hypothesis testing procedure is not adequately defined as the procedure for statistical model identification. The classical maximum likelihood estimation procedure is reviewed and a new estimate minimum information theoretical criterion (AIC) estimate (MAICE) which is designed for the purpose of statistical identification is introduced. When there are several competing models the MAICE is defined by the model and the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters which give the minimum of AIC defined by AIC = (-2)log-(maximum likelihood) + 2(number of independently adjusted parameters within the model). MAICE provides a versatile procedure for statistical model identification which is free from the ambiguities inherent in the application of conventional hypothesis testing procedure. The practical utility of MAICE in time series analysis is demonstrated with some numerical examples.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.06.03} } @INCOLLECTION{Akinaga1960, author = {Akinaga, Kazue}, title = {{T}okyo akusento hosoku ni tsuite [{O}n the laws of {T}okyo accent]}, booktitle = {{N}eikai {N}ihongo {A}kusento {J}iten [{J}apanese accent dictionary]}, publisher = {Sanseido}, year = {1960}, editor = {Kindaichi, H. and Kindaichi, H.}, pages = {1--68}, address = {Tokyo}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Akinaga1985, author = {Akinaga, Kazue}, title = {{K}yootuugo no akusento [{A}ccent of {S}tandard {J}apanese]}, booktitle = {{NHK} {P}ronunciation and {A}ccent {D}ictionary}, publisher = {NHK}, year = {1985}, address = {Tokyo}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Akinlabi1996, author = {Akinlabi, Akinbiyi}, title = {{F}eatural affixation}, journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1996}, volume = {32}, pages = {239--289}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Akinlabi1996a, author = {Akinlabi, Akinbiyi}, title = {{F}eatural alignment}, journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1996}, volume = {32}, pages = {239--289}, keywords = {infixation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Akinlabi1995, author = {Akinlabi, Akinbiyi}, title = {{K}alabari vowel harmony}, year = {1995}, address = {New Brunswick, NJ}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Akinlabi1993, author = {Akinlabi, A.}, title = {{U}nderspecification and the phonology of {Y}oruba /r/}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1993}, volume = {24}, pages = {139--160}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Akka1998, author = {Mohammed Akka}, title = {{I}nter-{L}anguage {C}ontact, {I}ntra-{L}anguage {V}ariation [{I}tinerary and {C}onclusions of a {S}tudy]}, journal = {Plurilinguismes}, year = {1998}, volume = {16}, pages = {209-229}, month = {Dec}, note = {CD: PLURFQ}, abstract = {Speech characteristics of two Arab-speaking groups of Morocco are compared. The homogeneous Ahmer group is surrounded by other Arabophone groups; the more diverse group of the Bou Sebaa region is surrounded by Berberophones. Phonological, phonetic, & prosodic characteristics of the two groups are compared in order to evaluate Arabic's permeability to Berber in contrasting situations of language contact. Three dialect varieties were chosen to represent (1) a pivot system - Chichaoua Nouasser dialect of Bou Sebaa - as a source for comparison data, (2) reference system - Chelha dialect of Berber, as described in linguistics literature - to which data were related, & (3) a control Arabic system - El-Khannouta Nouasser Ahmer dialect - where pivot data were absent. Comparison of short vowels, labiovelar consonants, geminates, & accentuation reveal the influence of Berber contact in the divergence of the two kindred varieties. 8 References. E. Taylor}, isbn = {1157-5069}, keywords = {Regional Dialects (72100); Morocco (55300); Berber Languages (08400); Arabic (03750); Language Contact (42100)}, language = {French}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Almuxamedova.Kulsharipova1980, title = {{R}eduktsija glasnyx i prosodija slova v okajushchix russkix govorax [{V}owel reduction and word prosody in okan'e dialects of {R}ussian.]}, publisher = {Izdatel'stvo Kazanskogo Universiteta}, year = {1980}, author = {Al'muxamedova, Z. M. and Kul'sharipova, R. E.}, address = {Kazan'}, date-added = {2009-01-27 11:36:16 -0500}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 13:58:22 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Al-Ani1970, title = {{A}rabic {P}honology: {A}n {A}coustic and {P}hysiological {I}nvestigation}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1970}, author = {Al-Ani, Salman}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Alber2001a, author = {Alber, Birgit}, title = {{M}aximizing {F}irst {P}ositions}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {HILP} 5}, publisher = {University of Potsdam}, year = {2001}, editor = {Fery, Caroline and Green, Anthony Dubach and van de Vijver, Ruben}, pages = {1--19}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Alber2005, author = {Alber, Birgit}, title = {{C}lash, {L}apse and {D}irectionality}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {2005}, volume = {23}, pages = {485--542}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Alber2001, author = {Alber, Birgit}, title = {{R}ight-{A}lignment as avoidance of stress lapse and stress clash}, year = {2001}, address = {University of Southern California, Los Angeles}, note = {the XXth West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Alber1999, author = {Alber, Birgit}, title = {{Q}uantity sensitivity as the result of constraint interaction}, howpublished = {Ms.}, year = {1999}, address = {Marburg, Germany}, keywords = {tetu}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Alber.Plag2001, author = {Alber, Birgit and Plag, Ingo}, title = {{E}penthesis, deletion, and the emergence of the optimal syllable in creole: the case of {S}ranan}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {2001}, volume = {111}, pages = {811--840}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Albert.Shaul1985, title = {{A} {C}oncise {H}opi and {E}nglish {L}exicon}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1985}, author = {Albert, Roy and Shaul, David Leedom}, pages = {iix, 204}, address = {Amsterdam}, note = {English book}, date-modified = {2010-06-29 18:07:05 -0400}, keywords = {Hopi language; and English language Modern; lexicology ; lexicography ; bilingual dictionary}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Albright2004, author = {Albright, Adam}, title = {{S}ub-optimal paradigms in {Y}iddish}, year = {2004}, address = {Davis, CA}, note = {WCCFL 23}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Albright2004a, author = {Albright, Adam}, title = {{T}he emergence of the marked: root-domain markedness in {L}akhota}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston}, note = {LSA 78}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Albright2002, author = {Albright, Adam}, title = {{T}he identification of bases in morphological paradigms}, school = {University of California, Los Angeles}, year = {2002}, type = {%%Doctoral Dissertation}, date-added = {2010-06-28 13:29:29 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 11:29:36 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @UNPUBLISHED{Albright1996, author = {Albright, Adam}, title = {{C}onstraints on historical change: the history of stress in {Welsh}}, note = {Senior thesis, Department of Linguistics, Cornell University}, year = {1996}, comment = {none}, timestamp = {2009.10.19} } @INCOLLECTION{Albright.Hayes2006, author = {Albright, Adam and Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{M}odeling productivity with the {G}radual {L}earning {A}lgorithm: the problem of accidentally exceptionless generalizations}, booktitle = {{G}radience in {G}rammar: generative perspectives}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {2006}, editor = {Fanselow, Gisbert and Fery, Caroline and Schlesewsky, Matthias and Vogel, Ralf}, address = {Oxford}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.01.16} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Albright.Hayes2002a, author = {Adam Albright and Bruce Hayes}, title = {{M}odeling {E}nglish past tense intuitions with minimal generalization}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the sixth meeting of the {ACL} special interest group in computational phonology}, year = {2002}, editor = {Michael Maxwell}, pages = {58--69}, address = {Philadelphia}, month = {July}, publisher = {ACL}, date-added = {2007-02-17 21:34:06 -0500}, date-modified = {2008-11-15 21:07:35 -0800}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Albright.Hayes2002, author = {Albright, Adam and Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{M}odeling {English} past tense intuitions with minimal generalization}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {ACL}-02 {W}orkshop on {M}orphological and {P}honological {L}earning}, year = {2002}, pages = {58--69}, address = {Morristown, NJ}, publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics}, abstract = {We describe here a supervised learning model that, given paradigms of related words, learns the morphological and phonological rules needed to derive the paradigm. The model can use its rules to make guesses about how novel forms would be inflected, and has been tested experimentally against the intuitions of human speakers.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.01.28} } @PHDTHESIS{Alcantara1998, author = {Alcantara, Jonathan B.}, title = {{T}he {A}rchitecture of the {E}nglish {L}exicon}, school = {Cornell University}, year = {1998}, address = {Ithaca, NY}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Alderete1995, author = {Alderete, John}, title = {{W}innebago accent and {D}orsey's law}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1995}, editor = {Beckman, Jill and Walsh Dickey, Laura and Urbanczyk, Suzanne}, pages = {21--52}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Alderete1999a, author = {Alderete, John}, title = {{H}ead {D}ependence in {S}tress-{E}penthesis {I}nteraction}, booktitle = {{T}he {D}erivational {R}esidue in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1999}, editor = {Hermans, Ben and van Oostendorp, Marc}, pages = {29--50}, address = {Amsterdam}, date-modified = {2010-06-29 18:23:29 -0400}, keywords = {Dakota}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Alderete1997a, author = {Alderete, John}, title = {{D}issimilation as local conjunction}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 27}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1997}, editor = {Kusumoto, Kiyomi and Kusumoto, Kiyomi}, pages = {17--32}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, keywords = {OCP}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Alderete2003, author = {Alderete, John}, title = {{S}tructural disparities in {N}avajo word domains: {A} case for lex-cat faithfulness}, journal = {The Linguistic Review}, year = {2003}, volume = {20}, pages = {111--158}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Alderete2001, author = {Alderete, John}, title = {{R}oot-controlled accent in {C}upeno}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {2001}, volume = {19}, pages = {455--502}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Alderete2001a, author = {Alderete, John}, title = {{D}ominance effects as transderivational anti-faithfulness}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2001}, volume = {18}, pages = {201-253}, date-modified = {2009-01-20 14:05:35 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Alderete2001b, author = {John Alderete}, title = {{D}ominance {E}ffects as {T}rans-{D}erivational {A}nti-{F}aithfulness}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2001}, volume = {18}, pages = {201--253}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @PHDTHESIS{Alderete1999, author = {Alderete, John}, title = {{M}orphologically-{G}overned {A}ccent in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, school = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, year = {1999}, type = {%%Doctoral Dissertation}, address = {Amherst, {MA}}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 11:29:36 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Alderete1997, author = {Alderete, John}, title = {{M}ultiple correspondence and base optimization}, year = {1997}, address = {Baltimore, MD}, note = {Hopkins Optimality Theory Workshop/Maryland Mayfest '97}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Alderete.etal1999, author = {Alderete, John and Beckman, Jill and Benua, Laura and Gnanadesikan, Amalia and McCarthy, John J. and Urbanczyk, Suzanne}, title = {{R}eduplication with fixed segmentism}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1999}, volume = {30}, pages = {327--364}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @TECHREPORT{Alderete.Tesar2002, author = {Alderete, John and Tesar, Bruce}, title = {{L}earning covert phonological interaction: an analysis of the problem posed by the interaction of stress and epenthesis}, institution = {Rutgers University}, year = {2002}, number = {RuCCS Technical Report TR-72, ROA-543}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.01.26} } @INCOLLECTION{Al-Harbi1991, author = {Awwad Ahmad Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi}, title = {{A}rabic {L}oanwords in {A}cehnese}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company}, year = {1991}, editor = {Comrie,Bernard and Eid,Mushira}, series = {Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics Iii: Papers from the Third Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics}, pages = {93-117}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, note = {LC: 91-7898}, abstract = {An analysis of the phonological adaptations of borrowings from Arabic in the Keude Bieng dialect of Acehnese, an Austronesian language of Sumatra closely related to the Chamic languages of the Southeast Asian mainland. Principles of natural loanword phonology are contradicted by the Acehnese evidence, which indicates that the surface phonetic constraints (SPCs) of a borrowing language influence the phonological structure of loanwords, thereby supporting Masayoshi Shibatani's theory of lexical borrowing (see LLBA VIII/1, 7400786). Both admissible & inadmissible Arabic segments are subjected to word-final SPCs in Acehnese. Introduction of new phonemes via loanwords is also considered, as is the role of perception in the diphthongization of original short vowels in the final syllable of Arabic loanwords. It is argued that a three-way nasalization contrast exists in Acehnese. 2 Tables, 21 References. J. Hitchcock}, isbn = {9027235775}, keywords = {Arabic (03750); Austronesian Languages (06650); Borrowing (09300); Phonological Change (65100); Nasalization (56250); Arabic borrowings phonological adaptations, Acehnese (Austronesian) nasalization contrast}, language = {English}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Ali.etal1971, author = {Ali, H. L and Gallagher, T. and Goldstein, J. and Daniloff, R. G.}, title = {{P}erception of coarticulated nasality}, journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, year = {1971}, volume = {49}, pages = {538--540}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Alioua2003, author = {Alioua, Ahmed}, title = {{V}ariations co-intrinseques de duree des voyelles longues en arabe litteral moderrne}, journal = {Travaux de l'Institut de Phonetique de Strasbourg}, year = {2003}, volume = {33}, pages = {25--53}, keywords = {arabic vowel duration experimental}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Alioua1997, author = {Ahmed Alioua}, title = {{T}he {S}preading {E}ffect of {E}mphatic {C}onsonants on {L}ong {V}owels in {M}odern {S}tandard {A}rabic}, journal = {Travaux de l'Institut de Phonetique de Strasbourg}, year = {1997}, volume = {27}, pages = {1-23}, note = {CD: TIPSBN}, abstract = {Phonetic effects of the four emphatic consonants of Modern Standard Arabic on following long vowels /a:/, /i:/, & /u:/ are investigated in a corpus of disyllabic minimal pairs contrasting emphatic & corresponding nonemphatic consonants. Target words are embedded in carrier sentences uttered by Moroccan speakers (N = 2 males & 2 females). F1 & F2 values are measured at one third, one half, & two thirds of the duration of each vowel; %s of frequency variation between the first & last measures are also calculated. Contrasts between emphatic & nonemphatic environments are plotted for all values in each S. Results show that the spreading effect of emphatic consonants is much more marked on a following /a:/ than on the other vowels; a reduced spreading effect is found on F2 values of /u:/, & little or no spreading effect is seen on /i: /. These findings are related to the places of articulation of the respective vowels. 15 Tables, 4 Figures, 11 References. Adapted from the source document}, isbn = {0750-1315}, keywords = {Arabic (03750); Standard Dialects (83800); Coarticulation (12630); Consonants (14900); Vowels (95650); Length (Phonological) (46340); Formants (25300); Assimilation (Language Change) (05200)}, language = {French}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MISC{Alioua1996, author = {Ahmed Alioua}, title = {{T}he {E}ffect of {B}ack {C}onsonants and {S}tress on the {A}coustic {N}ature of {M}odern {L}iterary {A}rabic {L}ong {V}owels}, month = {Oct}, year = {1996}, note = {CD: DABAA6; UI: DANN07050}, isbn = {0419-4209}, journal = {Dissertation Abstracts International, A: The Humanities and Social Sciences}, keywords = {Arabic (03750); Vowels (95650); Length (Phonological) (46340); Consonants (14900); Acoustic Phonetics (00150); Modern Literary Arabic long vowels, back consonants/stress influence; spectrographic/oscillographic analysis}, language = {French}, number = {4}, pages = {1592-A}, timestamp = {2011.04.11}, volume = {57} } @ARTICLE{Alioua1994, author = {Ahmed Alioua}, title = {{O}n the {S}tatus of {D}iphthongs in {L}iteral {A}rabic: {A} {R}esponse}, journal = {Langues et Linguistique}, year = {1994}, volume = {20}, pages = {175-187}, note = {CD: LLINDA}, abstract = {Previous studies of Arabic diphthongs [au] & [ai] proposing a monophonemic, partially phonemic, or diphonemic status are critically reviewed; a phonetic study of minimal triplets contrasting diphthongs with /a/ & the corresponding high vowel yields inconclusive results from measurements of aperture, sonority, duration, & intensity. A morphophonological analysis is found necessary to clarify the status of [au] & [ai]. A derivation of hollow verb forms from underlying forms containing /w/ & /y/ supports analysis of [au] & [ai] as vowel + glide sequences; a further supporting argument is provided by the dissociability of the glide component in broken plurals. 26 References. J. Hitchcock}, isbn = {0226-7144}, keywords = {Arabic (03750); Phonological Analysis (64950); Vowels (95650); Morphophonemics (55550); Arabic diphthongs' phonemic status, morphophonological analysis}, language = {French}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Alioua1985, author = {Ahmed Alioua}, title = {{A} {P}honetic {S}tudy of [au] and [ai] in {L}iteral {A}rabic: {A}coustic {A}nalysis {B}ased on {S}pectrography [{M}oroccan {S}peaker]}, journal = {Travaux de l'Institut de Phonetique de {S}trasbourg}, year = {1985}, volume = {17}, pages = {13-44}, note = {CD: TIPSBN}, abstract = {"Literal Arabic" refers to the lang common to all Arab countries. Some previous studies of diphthongs in Arabic are reviewed. A study is outlined that examines the nature of the diphthongs [au] & [ai] & their realizations. Minimal pairs involving the diphthongs & comparable simple vowels were placed in context & uttered by a single Moroccan Arabic speaker. Spectrographic analysis of the first three formants of each diphthong was conducted. A number of factors are found to have varying influences on the utterance of these diphthongs, including aperture, sonority, & duration. The phonetic factors distinguishing between [u], [i] & /w/, /j/ are not decisive; each of the diphthongs has several realizations. It is concluded that [ai] & [au] are decreasing diphthongs at the level of aperture, presenting continuous formants that reflect progressive diminution of aperture in the movement from the first to the second segment. 4 Tables, 8 Figures. B. Annesser Murray}, isbn = {0750-1315}, keywords = {Afro-Asiatic Languages (af2); Diphthong (di4b); Phonetics (ph9); Acoustic Phonetics (ac2); Sound Spectrograph (so4); Arabic diphthongs [au]/[ai]; spectrographic analysis; aperture /sonority/duration; Moroccan Arabic speaker}, language = {French}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Al-Kilani2004, author = {Iman Al-Kilani}, title = {{V}owel {L}engthening {P}henomenon in {W}arsh's {R}eading of {N}afi': {P}honological {A}nalytical {D}escriptive {S}tudy}, journal = {Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences}, year = {2004}, volume = {31}, pages = {Oct,}, number = {3}, note = {CD: DHSSFT}, abstract = {It is certain that the Arabic phonetic scholarship was far more successful in terms of descriptive accuracy than that of the Greeks & the Romans. Yet, although the Indian influence on the Arab's phonetic work may be doubted, it has been suggested. The Arabic phonetic scholarship manifested itself not only in the study of metrical theory, but also in Qur'anic recitation. The former was created by the nomad's intuition acquired & enhanced as a repercussion of nomadism itself that shaped up the general rhythmic sense. The latter, on the other hand, marked by its peculiar & miraculous rhythmicity, was uncustomarily a challenge to the prevailing phonetic approach in composing & appreciating poetry. That is no surprise, since it was associated with the revelation of the Holy Qur'an, which has its own peculiarity & reflects divine & accurate phonological phenomena. The study analyzes vowel lengthening phenomenon in Warsh's Reading of Nafi', & depicts the points of agreement & those of departure from other readers. It also analyzes vowel lengthening at the beginnings of the same Qur'anic Chapters, the /haa'/ attached to the verbal jussive case, & the plural marker /mi: m/ followed by the glottal stop /?/. It, moreover, investigates the objective case of the possessive marker to either the noun or the verb, the eliding of the /jaa'/ that functions as a part of the verb root, & the conversion of the high front unrounded lax phoneme /i/ into its tense counterpart /I:/. The researcher concludes, through analyzing each phenomenon, by putting forward some partial rules, & a general rule which functionally explains these phonological phenomena. For this reason, the research resources are restricted to the books on the Seven Readings, & to Warsh's version of the Holy Qur'an recorded & recited by Al-Hussary. The phenomena are explained according to a descriptive analytical approach. Adapted from the source document}, isbn = {1026-3721}, keywords = {Phonology (65250); Length (Phonological) (46340); Vowels (95650); Arabic (03750); Religious Language (72790); Reduction (Phonological or Phonetic) (71940); Historical Text Analysis (32130)}, language = {Arabic}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @PHDTHESIS{Allen1978, author = {Allen, Margaret}, title = {{M}orphological {I}nvestigations}, school = {University of Connecticut}, year = {1978}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Allen1974, title = {{V}ox {G}raeca (a guide to the pronunciation of {C}lassical {G}reek)}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1974}, author = {Allen, W. Sidney}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Allen1973, title = {{A}ccent and {R}hythm}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1973}, author = {Allen, W. S.}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Allen1965, title = {{V}ox {L}atina}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1965}, author = {Allen, W. S.}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Allen1951, author = {Allen, W. Sidney}, title = {{S}ome prosodic aspects of retroflexion and aspiration in {S}anskrit}, journal = {Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies}, year = {1951}, volume = {13}, pages = {939--946}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Al-Mozainy1976, author = {Al-Mozainy, Hamza}, title = {{V}owel deletion and the segmental cycle in the {A}rabic dialect of {H}ijaz ({S}audi {A}rabia)}, school = {University of Texas, Austin}, year = {1976}, address = {Austin, TX}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Al-Mozainy.etal1985, author = {Al-Mozainy, Hamza and Bley-Vroman, Robert and McCarthy, John J.}, title = {{S}tress shift and metrical structure}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1985}, volume = {16}, pages = {135--144}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Al-Mozainy1981, author = {Al-Mozainy, Hamza Q.}, title = {{V}owel {A}lternations in a {B}edouin {H}ijazi {A}rabic {D}ialect: {A}bstractness and {S}tress}, school = {University of Texas, Austin}, year = {1981}, address = {Austin, TX}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Alpher1991, title = {{Y}ir-{Y}oront {L}exicon: {S}ketch and {D}ictionary of an {A}ustralian {L}anguage}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = {1991}, author = {Alpher, Barry}, address = {Berlin}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Alpher1988, author = {Alpher, Barry}, title = {{F}ormalizing {Y}ir-{Y}oront lenition}, journal = {Aboriginal Linguistics}, year = {1988}, volume = {1}, pages = {188--197}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Alpher1973, author = {Alpher, Barry}, title = {{S}on of {E}rgative: {T}he {Y}ir {Y}oront {L}anguage of {N}orth-{E}astern {A}ustralia}, school = {Cornell University}, year = {1973}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Al-Shayeb2002, author = {Fawzi Al-Shayeb}, title = {"{V}owels": {T}he {W}eak {P}oint in {A}rabic {P}honetic {S}tudies}, journal = {Arab Journal for the Humanities}, year = {2002}, volume = {20}, pages = {55-86}, number = {80}, month = {autumn}, abstract = {Classical Arabic studies, in the field of phonetics, emerged from the ideas that were established by Al-tajweed, which were distinguished by their rigor. Nevertheless, Arabic studies - in the field of phonetics - suffer a basic problem, which is the neglect of vowels, especially the short ones. These vowels were viewed, in those studies, as being of secondary importance because of their varying from one time to another, & sometimes because of the confusion that was caused by the orthographic system that did not distinguish between long vowels & semivowels. Such confusion might have caused some kind of cutting of the relation between the morphological system & linguistic reality. Contrary to the beliefs of classical linguists, this paper demonstrates that vowels - in terms of acoustic description - appear as the most constant component. 96 References. Adapted from the source document}, isbn = {1026-9576}, keywords = {Arabic (03750); History of Linguistics (32150); Phonetics (64850); Vowels (95650); Orthographic Symbols (61700)}, language = {Arabic}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Alsina1999, author = {Alsina, Alex}, title = {{W}here's the {Mirror Principle}?}, journal = {{L}inguistic {R}eview}, year = {1999}, volume = {16}, pages = {1--42}, number = {1}, abstract = {The observation that morphological structure mirrors the derivation of associated syntactic operations (the Mirror Principle of Baker 1985) needs to be built into linguistic theory. This paper argues against a syntactic explanation of the Mirror Principle, that is, against assuming that morphological structure is the product of a syntactic derivation. Instead, it assumes that all morpheme combinations take place in the lexicon and explains the Mirror Principle by including some syntactic information in the lexical entries of affixes}, comment = {paper (partial)}, timestamp = {2009.03.02} } @ARTICLE{Al-Tamimi.etal2004, author = {Al-Tamimi, Jalaleddin and Marsico, Egidio and Carre, Rene}, title = {{T}he status of vowels in {J}ordanian and {M}oroccan {A}rabic: {I}nsights from production and perception}, journal = {Journal of Acoustical Society of America}, year = {2004}, volume = {116}, pages = {2629}, keywords = {arabic phonetics experimental vowels}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Al-Tamimi.Ferragne2005, author = {Al-Tamimi, Jalal-Eddin and Ferragne, Emmanuel}, title = {{D}oes vowel space size depend on language vowel inventories? {Evidence} from two {Arabic} dialects and {French}}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 9th {E}uropean {C}onference on {S}peech {C}ommunication and {T}echnology}, year = {2005}, pages = {2465--2468}, address = {Lisbon, Portugal}, abstract = {The aim of this paper is to study the effect of the number of vowels a language has on the size of its vocalic space, in the production of speech from two Arabic dialects, Moroccan and Jordanian Arabic, and from French. 5 speakers per language (or dialect) recorded a list of vowels in 3 conditions: vowels were embedded in 1) Words, 2) Syllables, and 3) produced in Isolation. For each condition, there were 3 consonantal contexts: /b d k/. Our results corroborate the hypothesis that vowel inventory size affects the size of the acoustic vowel spaces: the larger the vowel inventory, the bigger the acoustic vowel space.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2008.06.19} } @MISC{Altschuler2006, author = {Altschuler, Daniel}, title = {{O}sage fills the gap: the quantity insensitive iamb and the typology of feet}, howpublished = {Ms., ROA-870}, year = {2006}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.10.10} } @UNPUBLISHED{Altshuler2006, author = {Altshuler, Daniel}, title = {{O}sage fills the gap: the quantity-insensitive iamb and the typology of feet}, note = {Available online at the Rutgers Optimality Archive [roa.rutgers.edu], ROA-870}, year = {2006}, abstract = {This paper presents evidence for the quantity insensitive (QI) iamb, the existence of which is important because it fills an empirical gap that --- while is generally denied --- is nonetheless predicted by many extant prosodic theories (e.g. Prince & Smolensky 1991/2004, McCarthy & Prince 1993, Halle & Vergnaud 1987). Given the standard view that QI trochees exist, QI iambs in Osage show that whether a foot is right or left-headed in a given language is independent of whether stress in that language is affected by the moraic make-up of syllables (contra the generally held view). The claim that QI iambs exist is not new, but until now there has been no unambiguous evidence for them. Previously cited cases either do not have a contrast between short and long vowels and/or can be reanalyzed as trochaic. Osage is the first clear case with QI iambic feet.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.01.28} } @ARTICLE{Amayreh.Dyson2000, author = {Mousa M. Amayreh and Alice T. Dyson}, title = {{P}honetic {I}nventories of {Y}oung {A}rabic-{S}peaking {C}hildren}, journal = {Clinical Linguistics \& Phonetics}, year = {2000}, volume = {14}, pages = {193-215}, number = {3}, month = {Apr-May}, note = {CD: CLLPEZ}, abstract = {Phonetic inventory studies may be undertaken to consider the influence of the ambient language on the sounds produced by children, to describe the characteristics of the inventories themselves, or to provide support for language universals. This study addresses each of these issues in relation to Arabic, a language that has not been described extensively in recent literature. Spontaneous speech samples were collected from 13 Arabic-speaking children between the ages of 14 & 24 months. The samples were analyzed to determine the consonant inventories of these children in four word positions (syllable initial word initial, syllable initial within word, syllable final within word, & syllable final word final), as well as the frequencies of occurrence & rank order of consonants, consonants that were "preferred" by some children, & the frequency of occurrence of vowels in the samples. Several characteristics of these inventories closely match those reported for other languages; however, the frequent occurrence of sounds carrying a high functional load in the language strongly suggests that the ambient language is influencing the sounds used even as early as 14 months. 9 Tables, 1 Appendix, 51 References. Adapted from the source document}, isbn = {0269-9206}, keywords = {Language Acquisition (41600); Phonological Processing (65110); Arabic (03750); Language Universals (44550)}, language = {English}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Ambros1996, author = {Arne A. Ambros}, title = {{A}n {A}lphabetically {O}rdered {A}rabic {W}ord {L}ist in {T}ranscription}, journal = {Zeitschrift fur arabische Linguistik/Journal of Arabic Linguistics /Journal de Linguistique Arabe}, year = {1996}, volume = {32}, pages = {89-91}, note = {CD: ZALIEK}, abstract = {With reference to the ongoing debate on whether Arabic lemmas in dictionaries & databases should be arranged according to root or alphabetic principle, a word list (4,351 items) ordered by a strict alphabetic sequence - a byproduct of computer-based concordance research - is presented. The alphabetic sequence & transcription conventions adopted for consonants & vowels are specified. An entry sample is produced & the material's value for testing the various arrangement possibilities of Arabic lexical corpora is stressed. Z. Dubiel}, isbn = {0170-026X}, keywords = {Lexicography (46800); Arabic (03750); Databases (17400); Lexicon (47150); Alphabets (01800); Phonetic Transcription (64700); Arabic lemmas ordering, root vs alphabet arrangement principle, database/concordance word list}, language = {German}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Andersen1987, author = {Andersen, T.}, title = {{A}n outline of {L}ulubo phonology}, journal = {Studies in African Linguistics}, year = {1987}, volume = {18}, pages = {39--65}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Andersen1986, author = {Andersen, T.}, title = {{V}erbal inflexion in {M}oru}, journal = {Afrika und Uebersee}, year = {1986}, volume = {69}, pages = {19--43}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Andersen1986a, author = {Andersen, T.}, title = {{T}he phonemic system of {M}adi}, journal = {Afrika und Uebersee}, year = {1986}, volume = {69}, pages = {193--207}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Anderson1997, author = {Anderson, Gregory}, title = {{B}urushaski {P}honology}, booktitle = {{P}honologies of {A}sia and {A}frica}, publisher = {Eisenbrauns}, year = {1997}, editor = {Kaye, Alan S.}, volume = {2}, address = {Winona Lake, IN}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Anderson1987a, author = {Anderson, John}, title = {{T}he limits of linearity}, booktitle = {{E}xplorations in {D}ependency {P}honology}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1987}, editor = {Anderson, J. M. and Durand, Jacques}, pages = {199--220}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Anderson1986, author = {Anderson, John}, title = {{S}uprasegmental dependencies}, booktitle = {{D}ependency and {N}on-{L}inear {P}honology}, publisher = {Croom Helm}, year = {1986}, editor = {Durand, Jacques}, pages = {55--133}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Anderson1987, author = {Anderson, Janet}, title = {{T}he markedness differential hypothesis and syllable structure difficulty}, booktitle = {{I}nterlanguage {P}honology}, publisher = {Newbury House}, year = {1987}, editor = {Ioup, G. and Weinberger, S. H. and Ioup, G. and Weinberger, S. H.}, pages = {279--291}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Anderson1977, title = {{O}n {C}ase {G}rammar}, publisher = {Croom Helm}, year = {1977}, author = {Anderson, John}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Anderson1971, author = {Anderson, John}, title = {{D}ependency and grammatical functions}, journal = {Foundations of Language}, year = {1971}, volume = {7}, pages = {30--37}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Anderson1969, author = {Anderson, John}, title = {{S}yllabic or non-syllabic phonology}, journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1969}, volume = {5}, pages = {136--143}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Anderson.Durand1988, author = {Anderson, John and Durand, Jacques}, title = {{V}owel harmony and non-specification in {N}ez {P}erce}, booktitle = {{F}eatures, {S}egmental {S}tructure, and {H}armony {P}rocesses}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1988}, editor = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, volume = {2}, pages = {1--18}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Anderson.Ewen1987, title = {{P}rinciples of {D}ependency {P}honology}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1987}, author = {Anderson, John and Ewen, Colin}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Anderson.etal1985, author = {Anderson, John and Ewen, Colin and Staun, J.}, title = {{P}honological structure: {S}egmental, suprasegmental and extrasegmental}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1985}, volume = {2}, pages = {203--224}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Anderson.Jones1977, title = {{P}honological {S}tructure and the {H}istory of {E}nglish}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = {1977}, author = {Anderson, John and Jones, C.}, address = {Amsterdam}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Anderson.Jones1974, author = {Anderson, John and Jones, C.}, title = {{T}hree theses concerning phonological representations}, journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1974}, volume = {10}, pages = {1--23}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Anderson1980a, author = {Anderson, Lloyd}, title = {{U}sing asymmetrical and gradient data in the study of vowel harmony}, booktitle = {{I}ssues in {V}owel {H}armony}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1980}, editor = {Vago, Robert}, pages = {271--340}, address = {Amsterdam}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Anderson1975a, author = {Anderson, Lloyd}, title = {{P}honetic and {P}sychological {E}xplanations for {V}owel {H}armony, {E}specially in {F}innish}, school = {University of Chicago}, year = {1975}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Anderson1984, author = {Anderson, Stephen R.}, title = {{A} metrical interpretation of some traditional claims about quantity and stress}, booktitle = {{L}anguage {S}ound {S}tructure}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1984}, editor = {Aronoff, Mark and Oehrle, Richard T.}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Anderson1996a, author = {Anderson, Stephen R.}, title = {{R}ules and constraints in describing the morphology of phrases}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}arasession on {C}litics [{P}apers from the 31st {R}egional {M}eeting of the {C}hicago {L}inguistic {S}ociety]}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1996}, editor = {Dainora, A. and Hemphill, R. and Luka, B. and Need, B. and Pargman, S. and Dainora, A. and Hemphill, R. and Luka, B. and Need, B. and Pargman, S.}, pages = {15--31}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Anderson2000, author = {Anderson, Stephen R.}, title = {{T}oward an optimal account of second position phenomena}, booktitle = {{O}ptimality {T}heory: {P}honology, {S}yntax, and {A}cquisition}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {2000}, editor = {Dekkers, Joost and van der Leeuw, Frank and van de Weijer, Jeroen and Dekkers, Joost}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Anderson1979, author = {Anderson, Stephen R.}, title = {{O}n the subsequent development of the '{S}tandard {T}heory' in phonology}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {A}pproaches to {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Indiana University Press}, year = {1979}, editor = {Dinnsen, Daniel A.}, pages = {2--30}, address = {Bloomington, IN}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:16:33 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Anderson1972a, author = {Anderson, Stephen R.}, title = {{I}celandic u-umlaut and breaking in a generative grammar}, booktitle = {{S}tudies for {E}inar {H}augen}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1972}, editor = {Firchow, E. and Grimstad, K. and Hasselmo, N. and O'Neil, Wayne and Firchow, E. and Grimstad, K. and Hasselmo, N. and O'Neil, Wayne}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Anderson1978, author = {Anderson, Stephen R.}, title = {{T}one features}, booktitle = {{T}one: {A} {L}inguistic {S}urvey}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1978}, editor = {Fromkin, Victoria}, pages = {133--176}, address = {New York}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:05:31 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Anderson1980, author = {Anderson, Stephen R.}, title = {{P}roblems and perspectives in the description of vowel harmony}, booktitle = {{I}ssues in {V}owel {H}armony}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1980}, editor = {Vago, Robert and Vago, Robert}, pages = {1--48}, address = {Amsterdam}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Anderson1996, author = {Anderson, Stephen R.}, title = {{H}ow to put your clitics in their place or why the best account of second-position phenomena may be something like the optimal one}, journal = {The Linguistic Review}, year = {1996}, volume = {13}, pages = {165--191}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Anderson1992, title = {{A}-{M}orphous {M}orphology}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1992}, author = {Anderson, Stephen R.}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Anderson1985, title = {{P}honology in the {T}wentieth {C}entury: {T}heories of {R}ules and {T}heories of {R}epresentations}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1985}, author = {Anderson, Stephen R.}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Anderson1982, author = {Anderson, Stephen R.}, title = {{T}he analysis of {F}rench schwa}, journal = {Language}, year = {1982}, volume = {58}, pages = {534--673}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Anderson1981, author = {Anderson, Stephen R.}, title = {{W}hy phonology isn't 'natural'}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1981}, volume = {12}, pages = {493--539}, number = {4}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Anderson1976, author = {Anderson, Stephen R.}, title = {{N}asal consonants and the internal structure of segments}, journal = {Language}, year = {1976}, volume = {52}, pages = {326--44}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Anderson1975, author = {Anderson, Stephen R.}, title = {{O}n the interaction of phonological rules of various types}, journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1975}, volume = {11}, pages = {39--62}, keywords = {exchange}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Anderson1974, title = {{T}he {O}rganization of {P}honology}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1974}, author = {Anderson, Stephen R.}, address = {New York}, keywords = {exchange elsewhere}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Anderson1972, author = {Anderson, Stephen R.}, title = {{O}n nasalization in {S}undanese}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1972}, volume = {3}, pages = {253--268}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Anderson.Browne1973, author = {Anderson, Stephen R. and Browne, Wayles}, title = {{O}n keeping exchange rules in {C}zech}, journal = {Papers in Linguistics}, year = {1973}, volume = {6}, pages = {445--482}, keywords = {exchange}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Andreas1962, title = {{V}erb morphology of {M}odern {G}reek: {A} descriptive analysis}, publisher = {McGraw-Hill}, year = {1962}, author = {Andreas, Koutsoudas}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Andreeva2001, title = {{S}lovesnoie udareniie v evenkiiskom iazyke. [{W}ord stress in {E}venki]}, publisher = {Nauka}, year = {2001}, author = {Andreeva, Tamara E.}, address = {Novosibirsk}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Andrews1990, author = {Andrews, Avery}, title = {{U}nification and morphological blocking}, journal = {{N}atural {L}anguage and {L}inguistic {T}heory}, year = {1990}, volume = {8}, pages = {507--557}, abstract = {The paper addresses the question of how Avoid Pronoun and similar phenomena can be accommodated in LFG and other unification-based frameworks, considering primarily data from the synthetic vs. analytic verb-subject constructions in Modern Irish, but also data from other languages, including Spanish and English. The solution proposed is a constraint on lexical insertion, the lsquoMorphological Blocking Principlersquo, which is essentially a variant of the Elsewhere Condition, modified to control lexical insertion in LFG. The principle says that if, in a complete sentence structure (comprising both c-structure and f-structure), a lexical item L appears in a c-structure position P corresponding to an f-structure F, and there is another lexical item L' whose specifications are subsumed by those of L but subsume those of F, then the structure is blocked. The principle depends crucially on the use of unification rather than movement to relate the contents of distinct syntactic positions. Discussion is also provided of how the blocking relation can be computed with a reasonable degree of efficiency.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.05.19} } @ARTICLE{Angluin1980, author = {Angluin, Dana}, title = {{I}nductive inference of formal languages from positive data}, journal = {Information and Control}, year = {1980}, volume = {45}, pages = {117--135}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Angoujard1997, title = {{T}heorie de la syllabe: rhytme et qualite}, publisher = {CNRS}, year = {1997}, author = {Angoujard, Jean-Pierre}, address = {Paris}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Angoujard1990, title = {{M}etrical {S}tructure of {A}rabic}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1990}, author = {Angoujard, Jean-Pierre}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Angoujard1986, author = {Angoujard, Jean-Pierre}, title = {{L}es hierarchies prosodiques en arabe}, journal = {Revue quebecoise de linguistique}, year = {1986}, volume = {16}, pages = {11--38}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ann1991, author = {Ann, Jean}, title = {{C}onstraining sign language handshapes: {T}oward a phonetically grounded account of handshapes in {T}aiwan {S}ign {L}anguage and {A}merican {S}ign {L}anguage}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings from the 1991 {W}estern {C}onference on {L}inguistics}, year = {1991}, editor = {Hunt, K. and Perry, T. A. and Samiian, Vida}, pages = {1--13}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Anttila2002, author = {Anttila, Arto}, title = {{V}ariation and phonological theory}, booktitle = {{T}he handbook of language variation and change}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {2002}, editor = {Chambers, J. K. and Schilling-Estes, Natalie and Trudgill, Peter}, pages = {206--243}, address = {Oxford}, abstract = {Alternations that are partly phonologically, partly morphologically conditioned are a central problem in phonological theory. In Optimality Theory, two types of solutions have been proposed: morphologically specialized phonological constraints (interface constraints) and different constraint rankings for different morphological categories (cophonologies). This paper presents empirical evidence that distinguishes between these two hypotheses. Stem-final vowel alternations in Finnish are governed by a mixed set of conditions that range from purely phonological to morphological and lexical, from iron-clad exceptionless regularities to quantitative tendencies. Using a standard dictionary as the data base, we show that phonological conditioning plays the dominant role, but in cases where phonology underdetermines the output, morphological conditioning may emerge. We then show that partial ordering of constraints, commonly used to model variation, extends to morphological conditioning as well. The partial ordering model is a restrictive version of the cophonology model which is thus supported.}, comment = {book}, timestamp = {2009.05.19} } @INCOLLECTION{Anttila2009, author = {Anttila, Arto}, title = {{D}erived environment effects in {Colloquial Helsinki Finnish}}, booktitle = {{T}he nature of the word: essays in honor of {Paul Kiparsky}}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2009}, editor = {Hanson, Kristin and Inkelas, Sharon}, pages = {433-460}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @INCOLLECTION{Anttila1997, author = {Anttila, Arto}, title = {{D}eriving variation from grammar: a study of {Finnish} genitives}, booktitle = {{V}ariation, change and phonological theory}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1997}, editor = {Hinskens, Frans and van Hout, Roeland and Wetzels, Leo}, pages = {35--68}, address = {Amsterdam}, abstract = {The claim is that variation, including probabilities, can be derived from an optimality-theoretic grammar. Two specific questions are discussed: (i) The locus of variation: Why are only certain forms susceptible to variation? (ii) Degrees of variation: Why is one variant preferred over the other? The empirical data comes from Finnish morphology. Polysyllabic stems such as /naapuri/ 'neighbor' have multiple genitive plurals such as /naapurien/ and /naapureiden/ which are clearly distinct but phonologically related. The variation is systematic and productive and extends to recent loans and foreign names. Based on a 1.3 million word on-line corpus, I show that categorical outputs, variable outputs and statistical preferences follow from syllable prominence defined as a combination of stress, weight and sonority. The key idea is that the grammar is a partial order. The number of tableaux by which a variant wins predicts its probability of occurrence. In the categorical cases, the grammar converges on a single winner, i.e. one and the same candidate wins in all the tableaux compatible with the partial order. Variation arises if the partial order is too weak to select a unique winner. Statistical preferences arise if the grammar biases the numerical result in favor of some candidate.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Anttila1997b, author = {Anttila, Arto}, title = {{D}eriving variation from grammar}, booktitle = {{V}ariation, {C}hange, and {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1997}, editor = {Hinskens, Frans and van Hout, Roeland and Wetzels, W. Leo}, pages = {35--68}, address = {Amsterdam}, keywords = {variation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Anttila2007, author = {Anttila, Arto}, title = {{V}ariation and optionality}, booktitle = {{T}he {C}ambridge handbook of phonology}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2007}, editor = {de Lacy, Paul}, pages = {519--536}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Anttila2006, author = {Anttila, Arto}, title = {{P}rosodic constraints on /--nt{V}/ in {Finnish}}, booktitle = {{A} man of measure: {F}estschrift in honour of {Fred Karlsson} on his 60th birthday, {Special Supplement to SKY Journal of Linguistics}}, publisher = {The Linguistic Association of Finland}, year = {2006}, editor = {Suominen, Mickael and Arppe, Antti and Airola, Anu and Hein\"am\"aki, Orvokki and Miestamo, Matti and M\"a\"att\"a, Urho and Niemi, Jussiand Pitk\"anen, Kari K. and Sinnem\"aki, Kaius}, volume = {19}, pages = {119--127}, address = {Turku, Finland}, abstract = {The distribution of Finnish nominalizers /-nti/, /-ntO/, and /-ntA/ is constrained by word prosody, in particular syllable weight. We describe the distribution of these morphemes and point out some of their theoretical implications.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @UNPUBLISHED{Anttila2009a, author = {Anttila, Arto}, title = {{M}odeling phonological variation}, note = {Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University}, year = {2009}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.10.27} } @ARTICLE{Anttila2008, author = {Anttila, Arto}, title = {{G}radient phonotactics and the complexity hypothesis}, journal = {{N}atural {L}anguage and {L}inguistic {T}heory}, year = {2008}, volume = {26}, pages = {695729}, number = {4}, abstract = {Lexical items can be more or less well-formed depending on the phoneme combinations they contain. This phenomenon is called gradient phonotactics. We propose that the relative well-formedness of a phoneme combination is inversely correlated with its grammatical complexity defined in terms of optimality-theoretic ranking information and show that this hypothesis is supported by phonotactic data from Muna (Austronesian). We conclude that gradient phonotactics does not require new theoretical devices, such as gradient constraints, but follows from the elementary notions of Optimality Theory: constraints, rankings, and relations among rankings.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @MISC{Anttila2007a, author = {Anttila, Arto}, title = {{W}ord stress in {Finnish}}, howpublished = {Talk given at the {81st Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, January 4--7, Anaheim, Calfornia}}, year = {2007}, abstract = {Finnish secondary stress exhibits extensive variation and is often hard to hear. We addressed these problems by studying the segmental consequences of stress in a written corpus of 9.3 million word forms extracted from Finnish web pages. Two new generalizations emerged: (1) Morphophonemically low vowels /a, o/ are preferably stressed; morphophonemically high vowels /i, e/ are preferably unstressed. (2) Ternarity arises as a response to clash between the foot head and an adjacent heavy syllable. We present an OT model that closely approximates both the categorical and quantitative patterns in the data, noting that the quantitative predictions are largely independent of rankings.}, comment = {electronic, paper}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Anttila2006a, author = {Anttila, Arto}, title = {{V}ariation and opacity}, journal = {{N}atural {L}anguage and {L}inguistic {T}heory}, year = {2006}, volume = {24}, pages = {893--944}, number = {4}, month = {November}, abstract = {Phonological variation and phonological opacity have been extensively studied independently of each other. This paper examines two phonological processes that simultaneously exhibit both phenomena: Assibilation and Apocope in Finnish. The evidence converges on two main conclusions. First, variation results from the presence of multiple metrical systems within Finnish. Assibilation and Apocope are metrically conditioned alternations and the segmental variation reflects metrical variation. The metrical analysis explains a number of apparently unrelated phenomena, including typological asymmetries across dialects, quantitative asymmetries within dialects, differences between nouns and verbs, differences among noun classes, and the loci of lexical frequency effects. Second, phonological opacity arises from morphological level ordering. By interleaving transparent phonologies with independently motivated morphosyntactic constituents (stems, words, phrases) we derive the transparent and opaque interactions of four phonological processes, including Assibilation and Apocope.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, publisher = {Springer}, timestamp = {2009.01.28} } @ARTICLE{Anttila2002a, author = {Anttila, Arto}, title = {{M}orphologically conditioned phonological alternations}, journal = {{N}atural {L}anguage and {L}inguistic {T}heory}, year = {2002}, volume = {20}, pages = {1--42}, abstract = {Alternations that are partly phonologically, partly morphologically conditioned are a central problem in phonological theory. In Optimality Theory, two types of solutions have been proposed: morphologically specialized phonological constraints (interface constraints) and different constraint rankings for different morphological categories (cophonologies). This paper presents empirical evidence that distinguishes between these two hypotheses. Stem-final vowel alternations in Finnish are governed by a mixed set of conditions that range from purely phonological to morphological and lexical, from iron-clad exceptionless regularities to quantitative tendencies. Using a standard dictionary as the data base, we show that phonological conditioning plays the dominant role, but in cases where phonology underdetermines the output, morphological conditioning may emerge. We then show that partial ordering of constraints, commonly used to model variation, extends to morphological conditioning as well. The partial ordering model is a restrictive version of the cophonology model, which is thus supported.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @MISC{Anttila2000, author = {Anttila, Arto}, title = {{M}orphologically conditioned phonological alternations}, year = {2000}, note = {Ms.}, address = {Boston University and National University of Singapore}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Anttila1997a, author = {Anttila, Arto}, title = {{V}ariation in {F}innish {P}honology and {M}orphology}, school = {Stanford University}, year = {1997}, address = {Stanford, CA}, keywords = {allomorphy variation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Anttila.etal2010, author = {Anttila, Arto and Adams, Matthew and Speriosu, Mike}, title = {{T}he role of prosody in the {English} dative alternation}, journal = {Language and Cognitive Processes}, year = {2010}, volume = {25}, pages = {1--36}, timestamp = {2010.03.23} } @UNPUBLISHED{Anttila.Andrus2006, author = {Anttila, Arto and Andrus, Curtis}, title = {{T-orders}}, note = {Unpublished manuscript, Department of Linguistics, Stanford University, and associated software, available at \url{http://www.stanford.edu/~anttila/research/software.html}}, year = {2006}, abstract = {In Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993), a set of grammatical constraints defines a space of possible languages. This space is called the FACTORIAL TYPOLOGY. Every factorial typology defines a T-ORDER, i.e. a set of implicational universals that hold among pairs. T-ORDER GENERATOR is a free open-source Python program that generates T-orders. The input to the program is either a factorial typology generated by OTSoft or a constraint violation tableau; the output is a T-order visualized as a directed graph. This structure has a useful application in the study of variation: it imposes universal limits on the quantitative variation permitted by a constraint set. These limits hold under several theories of variation, including Multiple Grammars, Partially Ordered Grammars, and Stochastic Optimality Theory.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.02} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Anttila.Bodomo2009, author = {Anttila, Arto and Bodomo, Adams}, title = {{P}rosodic morphology in {Dagaare}}, booktitle = {{Selected Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on African Linguistics (ACAL 38)}}, year = {2009}, pages = {56--68}, address = {Somerville, MA}, publisher = {Cascadilla Proceedings Project}, abstract = {We have provided a description of the main features of the morphophonology of Dagaare number inflection. We have used the data to argue that Dagaare has metrical structure: an epenthetic vowel is inserted in monomoraic stems to satisfy the requirement that every phonological word must contain at least one foot which in the case of Dagaare is bimoraic ($\mu\mu$)$_\phi$. We have also shown that a deletion-based counteranalysis fails to predict the Dagaare quantity alternations and must thus be rejected in favor of the epenthesis-based analysis proposed in this paper.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @MISC{Anttila.Bodomo2007, author = {Anttila, Arto and Bodomo, Adams}, title = {{\textsc{ocp}} effects in {Daagare}}, year = {2007}, note = {{Talk given at the 81st Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, January 4--7, Anaheim, CA}}, abstract = {In tone languages, adjacent high tones are often avoided. Different languages resolve HH sequences in different ways, but different resolutions can be found even in one and the same language. In Dagaare (Gur, Niger-Congo) the possible resolutions are dissimilation, downstep, merger, or no resolution, depending on the morpholexical environment. We present evidence that a HH sequence is resolved only within a tonal foot and account for the different resolution patterns by assuming that morphemes specify partial rankings: The tone of the complex word is the concatenation of the tones of its constituent morphemes, evaluated by the union of their rankings.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @ARTICLE{Anttila.Cho1998, author = {Anttila, Arto and Cho, Young-mee Yu}, title = {{V}ariation and change in {Optimality Theory}}, journal = {{L}ingua}, year = {1998}, volume = {104}, pages = {31--56}, note = {Special issue on {Optimality Theory}}, abstract = {This paper puts forward an optimality-theoretic explanation for the structure-dependence of synchronic variation and diachronic change. The approach is illustrated by modelling two well-documented phonological changes in detail. The model combines invariant regularities, variable regularities and statistical preferences in a seamless fashion by means of partially ordered constraint sets. Diachronic change is visualized in terms of grammar lattices (inventories of possible grammars) induced by universal and language-particular rankings.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.10.19} } @ARTICLE{Anttila.Fong2004, author = {Anttila, Arto and Fong, Vivienne}, title = {{V}ariation, ambiguity, and noun classes in {English}}, journal = {{L}ingua}, year = {2004}, volume = {114}, pages = {1253--1290}, abstract = {This paper explores a theory of the meaning-form relation based on ranked and violable constraints (Prince and Smolensky, 1993), using the English genitive construction as a testing ground. Our main thesis is that partially ordered optimality-theoretic grammars allow us to relate four apparently independent empirical phenomena: (i) categorical grammaticality contrasts; (ii) variation and preferences in expression; (iii) ambiguity and preferences in interpretation; (iv) lexical organization.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Anttila.Fong2000, author = {Anttila, Arto and Fong, Vivienne}, title = {{T}he partitive constraint in {Optimality Theory}}, journal = {{J}ournal of {S}emantics}, year = {2000}, volume = {17}, pages = {281--314}, number = {4}, abstract = {This paper discusses a case of syntax/semantics interaction of a characteristically optimality-theoretic kind. Finnish partitive constructions exhibit a case alternation that is partly semantically, partly syntactically driven. The crucial semantic condition that plays a role in case selection is quantitative determinacy, which replaces the definitenes condition familiar from the Partitive Constraint. The crucial syntactic condition is the Case-OCP, which prohibits the assignment of the same case to both the head and its sister. The syntactic and semantic constraints conflict, which leads to various kinds of outcomes, including free variation and ambiguity, as well as preferences in expression and preferences in interpretation. We develop an optimality-theoretic analysis of these facts based on partially ordered optimality-theoretic grammars. In such grammars, conflicts among semantic and syntactic constraints are resolved in terms of ranking. Partial ordering is crucial in deriving preferences in expression as well as interpretation, including blocking effects.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.02} } @MISC{Ao1994, author = {Ao, Benjamin}, title = {{S}hanghai tone sandhi in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, year = {1994}, address = {Murray Hill, NJ}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Ao1993, author = {Ao, Benjamin Xiaoping}, title = {{P}honetics and phonology of {N}antong {C}hinese}, school = {Ohio State University}, year = {1993}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Aoki1968, author = {Aoki, H.}, title = {{T}owards a typology of vowel harmony}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1968}, volume = {34}, pages = {142--145}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Aoun1979, author = {Aoun, Youssef}, title = {{I}s the syllable or the supersyllable a constituent?}, journal = {MIT Working Papers in Linguistics}, year = {1979}, volume = {1}, pages = {140--148}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Apoussidou.Boersma2004, author = {Apoussidou, Diana and Boersma, Paul}, title = {{C}omparing two {O}ptimality-{T}heoretic learning algorithms: a reanimation of {L}atin stress}, year = {2004}, address = {Davis, CA}, note = {WCCFL 23}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Applegate1971, author = {Applegate, R.}, title = {{V}owel harmony in {C}humash}, booktitle = {{B}erkeley {P}apers in {L}inguistics}, year = {1971}, volume = {1}, pages = {3--12}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Archangeli1986a, author = {Archangeli, Diana}, title = {{T}he {OCP} and {N}yangumarda buffer vowels}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 16}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1986}, editor = {Berman, S. and Choe, J.-W. and McDonough, J.}, pages = {34--46}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Archangeli1996, author = {Archangeli, Diana}, title = {{O}utput identity and {J}avanese vowels}, year = {1996}, address = {UCLA, Los Angeles, CA}, note = {Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Archangeli1991, author = {Archangeli, Diana}, title = {{S}yllabification and prosodic templates in {Y}awelmani}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1991}, volume = {9}, pages = {231--283}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Archangeli1988, author = {Archangeli, Diana}, title = {{T}iwi ghost consonants}, year = {1988}, note = {ms}, address = {Tucson}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Archangeli1988a, author = {Archangeli, Diana}, title = {{A}spects of underspecification theory}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1988}, volume = {5}, pages = {183--208}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Archangeli1986, author = {Archangeli, Diana}, title = {{E}xtrametricality in {Y}awelmani}, journal = {The Linguistic Review}, year = {1986}, volume = {4}, pages = {101--120}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Archangeli1985, author = {Archangeli, Diana}, title = {{Y}okuts harmony: {E}vidence for coplanar representation in nonlinear phonology}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1985}, volume = {16}, pages = {335--372}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Archangeli1984, author = {Archangeli, Diana}, title = {{U}nderspecification in {Y}awelmani {P}honology and {M}orphology}, school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, year = {1984}, note = {Published 1988, Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics Series, Garland, New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Archangeli1983, author = {Archangeli, Diana}, title = {{T}he root {CV}-template as a property of the affix: {E}vidence from {Y}awelmani}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1983}, volume = {1}, pages = {348--384}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Archangeli.Langendoen1997a, author = {Archangeli, Diana and Langendoen, D. Terence}, title = {{A}fterword}, booktitle = {{O}ptimality {T}heory: {A}n {O}verview}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1997}, editor = {Archangeli, Diana and Langendoen, D. Terence}, pages = {200--215}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Archangeli.Langendoen1997, title = {{O}ptimality {T}heory: {A}n {O}verview}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1997}, author = {Archangeli, Diana and Langendoen, D. Terence}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Archangeli.etal1998, author = {Archangeli, Diana and Moll, Laura and Ohno, Kazutoshi}, title = {{W}hy not *{NC}}, booktitle = {{CLS} 34, {P}art 1: {T}he {M}ain {S}ession}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1998}, editor = {Gruber, M. Catherine and Higgins, Derrick and Olson, Kenneth S. and Wysocki, Tamra}, pages = {1--26}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Archangeli.Pulleyblank1987, author = {Archangeli, Diana and Pulleyblank, Douglas}, title = {{M}inimal and maximal rules: {E}ffects of tier scansion}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 17}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1987}, editor = {McDonough, J. and Plunkett, B.}, pages = {16--35}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Archangeli.Pulleyblank2002, author = {Archangeli, Diana and Pulleyblank, Douglas}, title = {{K}inande vowel harmony: domains, grounded conditions and one-sided alignment}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2002}, volume = {19}, pages = {139-188}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.03.08} } @MISC{Archangeli.Pulleyblank1994, author = {Archangeli, Diana and Pulleyblank, Douglas}, title = {{K}inande vowel harmony: {D}omains, grounded conditions, and one-sided alignment}, year = {1994}, address = {University of Arizona and University of British Columbia}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Archangeli.Pulleyblank1994a, title = {{G}rounded {P}honology}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1994}, author = {Archangeli, Diana and Pulleyblank, Douglas}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Archangeli.Pulleyblank1993, author = {Archangeli, Diana and Pulleyblank, Douglas}, title = {{T}wo rules or one ... or none? [{ATR}] in {Y}oruba}, booktitle = {{BLS}}, year = {1993}, volume = {19}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Archangeli.Pulleyblank1989, author = {Archangeli, Diana and Pulleyblank, Douglas}, title = {{Y}oruba vowel harmony}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1989}, volume = {20}, pages = {173--217}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Archangeli.Pulleyblank1986, author = {Archangeli, Diana and Pulleyblank, Douglas}, title = {{T}he content and structure of phonological representations}, year = {1986}, address = {Tucson and Vancouver}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Archangeli.Suzuki1996, author = {Archangeli, Diana and Suzuki, Keiichiro}, title = {{Y}okuts templates: {C}orrespondence to neither input nor output}, booktitle = {{UCI} {W}orking {P}apers in {L}inguistics, {V}ol. 2: {P}roceedings of the {S}outh {W}estern {O}ptimality {T}heory {W}orkshop}, publisher = {Irvine Linguistics Students Association}, year = {1996}, editor = {Agbayani, Brian and Harada, Naomi}, pages = {17--28}, address = {Irvine, CA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Archangeli.Suzuki1997, author = {Archangeli, Diana and Suzuki, Keiichiro}, title = {{T}he {Y}okuts challenge}, booktitle = {{D}erivations and {C}onstraints in {P}honology}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1997}, editor = {Roca, Iggy}, pages = {197--226}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ard1981, author = {Ard, Joshua}, title = {{A} sketch of vowel harmony in the {T}ungus languages}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in the {L}anguages of the {USSR}}, publisher = {Linguistic Research}, year = {1981}, editor = {Comrie, Bernard}, pages = {23--43}, address = {Edmonton}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Ard1984, author = {Ard, Joshua}, title = {{V}owel harmony in {M}anchu: {A} critical overview}, journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1984}, volume = {20}, pages = {57--80}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Areces.Blackburn2001, author = {Areces, Carlos and Blackburn, Patrick}, title = {{B}ringing them all {T}ogether}, journal = {Journal of Logic and Computation}, year = {2001}, volume = {11}, pages = {657--669}, number = {5}, note = {Special Issue on Hybrid Logics. Carlos Areces and Patrick Blackburn, eds.}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Armstrong1934, author = {Armstrong, L. E.}, title = {{T}he phonetic structure of {S}omali}, journal = {Mitteilungen des Seminars fur Orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin}, year = {1934}, volume = {37}, pages = {116--161}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Arnason1985, author = {Arnason, Kristjan}, title = {{I}celandic word stress and metrical phonology}, journal = {Studia Linguistica}, year = {1985}, volume = {39}, pages = {93--129}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Arnason1980, title = {{Q}uantity in {H}istorical {P}honology: {I}celandic and {R}elated {C}ases}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1980}, author = {Arnason, Kristjan}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Arnold2007, author = {Arnold, Doug}, title = {{N}on-restrictive relatives are not orphans}, journal = {{J}ournal of {L}inguistics}, year = {2007}, volume = {43}, pages = {271--309}, number = {2}, abstract = {According to a `radical orphanage' approach, non-restrictive relative clauses are not part of the syntactic representation of the sentence that contains them. It is an appealing view, and seems to capture some important properties of non-restrictive relative clauses. Focusing mainly on empirical shortcomings, this paper aims to show that the appeal of such approaches is illusory. It also outlines an empirically superior `syntactically integrated' account.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.02} } @PHDTHESIS{Arnold1998, author = {Arnold, Jennifer}, title = {{R}eference form and discourse patterns}, school = {Department of Lingusitics, Stanford University}, year = {1998}, abstract = {As a part of language use, people need to refer to things, people, and ideas in ways that they know their interlocutors will understand. Speakers must often choose among alternate forms of reference, for example ``she'', ``Terry Gross'', or ``the interviewer on Fresh Air''. This choice is often explained in terms of how people represent the discourse events and entities, where some entities are more actively represented than others. When the speaker can assume that the listener has a highly activated representation of an entity, the speaker can also assume that it will be easier for the listener to re-activate that representation during referent resolution, in comparison with cases where the referent representation is relatively less active. The activation of representations can be influenced by many things, some of which stem from the linguistic context. I investigate five linguistic factors here: Recency, Subjecthood, Focus, Parallelism, and Goal Status. For each factor, I find evidence of two generalizations. First, referents associated with each of these linguistic factors have a higher probability of being referred to again in the following utterance than comparable referents. Second, referents with those same properties also are more likely to be referred to with pronouns than comparable referents. For each factor I discuss possible explanations for the frequent subsequent reference to certain types of entities, and how this might relate to the speaker's choice of reference form. I also discuss issues relevant to each factor, and provide cross-linguistic evidence for three of them.}, timestamp = {2009.05.30} } @ARTICLE{Arnold.etal2004, author = {Arnold, Jennifer and Wasow, Thomas and Asudeh, Ash and Alrenga, Pete}, title = {{A}voiding attachment ambiguities: the role of constituent ordering}, journal = {{J}ournal of {M}emory and {L}anguage}, year = {2004}, volume = {51}, pages = {55--70}, number = {1}, abstract = {Three experiments investigated whether speakers use constituent ordering as a mechanism for avoiding ambiguities. In utterances like ``Jane showed the letter to Mary to her mother,'' alternate orders would avoid the temporary PP-attachment ambiguity (``Jane showed her mother the letter to Mary,'' or ``Jane showed to her mother the letter to Mary''). A preference judgment experiment confirmed that comprehenders prefer the latter orders for dative utterances when the former order would have contained an ambiguity. Nevertheless, speakers in two on-line production experiments showed no evidence of an ambiguity avoidance strategy. In fact, they were slightly more likely to use the former order when it was ambiguous than when it was not. Speakers' failure to disambiguate with ordering cannot be explained by the use of other ambiguity mechanisms, like prosody. A prosodic analysis of the responses in Experiment 3 showed that while speakers generally produced prosodic patterns that were consistent with the syntactic structure, these patterns would not strongly disambiguate the PP-attachment ambiguity. We suggest that speakers do not consistently disambiguate local PP-attachment ambiguities of this type, and in particular do not use constituent ordering for this purpose. Instead, constituent ordering is driven by factors like syntactic weight and lexical bias, which may be internal to the production system.}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.02} } @ARTICLE{Arnold.etal2003, author = {Arnold, Jennifer E. and Fagnano, Maria. and Tanenhaus, Michael K.}, title = {{D}isfluencies signal theee, um, new information}, journal = {{J}ournal of {P}sycholinguistic {R}esearch}, year = {2003}, volume = {32}, pages = {25--36}, number = {1}, abstract = {Speakers are often disfluent, for example, saying ``theee uh candle'' instead of ``the candle.'' Production data show that disfluencies occur more often during references to things that are discourse- new, rather than given. An eyetracking experiment shows that this correlation between disfluency and discourse status affects speech comprehension. Subjects viewed scenes containing four objects, including two cohort competitors (e.g., camel, candle), and followed spoken instructions to move the objects. The first instruction established one cohort as discourse-given; the other was discourse- new. The second instruction was either fluent or disfluent, and referred to either the given or new cohort. Fluent instructions led to more initial fixations on the given cohort object (replicating Dahan et al., 2002). By contrast, disfluent instructions resulted in more fixations on the new cohort. This shows that discourse-new information can be accessible under some circumstances. More gen- erally, it suggests that disfluency affects core language comprehension processes.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.06.21} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Arnon.etal2006, author = {Arnon, Inbal and Snider, Neal and Hofmeister, Philip and Jaeger, T. Florian and Sag, Ivan}, title = {{C}ross-linguistic variation in a processing account: the case of multiple {W}h-questions}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {B}erkeley {L}inguistics {S}ociety}, year = {2006}, volume = {32}, address = {Berkeley}, publisher = {Berkeley Linguistics Society}, abstract = {English multiple wh-questions supposedly exhibit strict order constraints: while (1a) is grammatical, many researchers have claimed that (1b) is ungrammatical in its non-reprise use (Chomsky 1973; Pesetsky 1987): (1a) Who bought what? (1b) What did who buy? This apparently categorical contrast has been attributed to principles of Universal Grammar (i.e. Chomsky's (1973) `Superiority' condition). We present evidence that the ordering of multiple wh-phrases in English is actually a non-categorical phenomenon. Following the work of others (e.g. Fanselow & Frisch, 2004; Featherston, 2005; Gibson, 1998), we suggest that acceptability differences between competing wh-orders (as judged out of context) may bereducible to increases in cognitive work load. We propose the WH-Processing Hypothesis to account for the relative rareness ofexamples like (1b): given the choice between several grammatical wh-orders ((e.g. (1a) vs.(1b)), speakers disprefer those which (given the context) are associated with a greaterprocessing cost. Combined with existing theories of processing complexity, the WHProcessingHypothesis makes the following predictions: I. Gaps that are further from the filler are harder to process II. Less accessible fillers are harder to process III. Less accessible interveners are harder to process The natural occurrence of Superiority `violations' in online corpora, as well as evidence fromrelative acceptability judgments, suggest that constraints on wh-order are non-categorical innature (Arnon et al., 2005). Three experiments tested predictions I - III. The first investigated the effect of distance onthe processing of unary wh-questions, measured by the number of discourse-new referentsbetween the filler and the gap (cf. Gibson, 2000). The results revealed an overall effect ofextraction type, with object extractions (which have more intervening discourse referents)being judged as less acceptable than subject extractions (F1(1,35) = 4.9, p $<$ .05; nonsignificant by items, F2(1,35) = 2.5, p = .12). A second experiment examined the influence of filler and intervener accessibility onprocessing cost (prediction II and III). Subjects rated the acceptability of structures like (1b)with high (which phrases) or low (who) accessibility fillers and interveners in 4 conditions: Mary wondered what/which book who/which student read Results from 42 participants confirmed that less accessible interveners decreasedacceptability (F1(1,37) = 64.5, F2(1,19) = 248.1, Ps $<$ .001), as did less accessible fillers(F1(1,37) = 19.2, F2(1,19) = 15.7, Ps $<$ .001). The same question of filler and interveneraccessibility was addressed in an online reading experiment. As predicted, less accessiblefillers caused slower processing at the verb (F1(1,40) = 17.7, p $<$ .001, F2(1,19) = 12.3, p $<$.003), as did less accessible interveners (F1(1,40) = 10.5, F2(1,19) = 11.5, Ps $<$ .01). Taken together, the results argue that the observed differences in acceptability are related todifferences in processing complexity and support theories that explicitly link acceptabilityjudgments to processing (e.g. Featherston, 2005; Gibson, 1998). To summarize, the results of the three experiments provide support for the influence ofthe three proposed processing factors. We conclude that the Wh-Processing Hypothesis can account for a considerable amount of wh-order variation using processing-based factors thatwere independently introduced to explain other phenomena in sentence processing (e.g.locality-and accessibility-based effects).}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Aronoff1992, author = {Aronoff, Mark}, title = {{S}tems in {L}atin verbal morphology}, booktitle = {{M}orphology {N}ow}, publisher = {State University of New York Press}, year = {1992}, editor = {Aronoff, Mark}, pages = {5--32}, address = {Albany}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Aronoff1994, title = {{M}orphology by {I}tself}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1994}, author = {Aronoff, Mark}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Aronoff1988, author = {Aronoff, Mark}, title = {{H}ead operations and strata in reduplication: {A} linear treatment}, journal = {Yearbook of Morphology}, year = {1988}, volume = {1}, pages = {1--15}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Aronoff1976, title = {{W}ord {F}ormation in {G}enerative {G}rammar}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1976}, author = {Aronoff, Mark}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Aronoff.etal1987, author = {Aronoff, Mark and Arsyad, Azhar and Basri, Hassan and Broselow, Ellen}, title = {{T}ier configuration in {M}akassarese reduplication}, booktitle = {{CLS} 23: {P}arasession on {A}utosegmental and {M}etrical {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1987}, editor = {Bosch, A. and Schiller, E. and Need, B.}, pages = {1--15}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Aronoff.Fuhrhop2002, author = {Aronoff, Mark and Fuhrhop, Nanna}, title = {{R}estricting {S}uffix {C}ombinations in {G}erman and {E}nglish: {C}losing {S}uffixes and the {M}onosuffix {C}onstraint}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {2002}, volume = {20}, pages = {451--490}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Aronoff.Sridhar1983, author = {Aronoff, Mark and Sridhar, S. N.}, title = {{M}orphological levels in {E}nglish and {K}annada; or, {A}tarizing {R}eagan}, booktitle = {{CLS} 19: {P}arasession on the {I}nterplay of {P}honology, {M}orphology, and {S}ynax}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1983}, editor = {Richardson, J. and Marks, M. and Chukerman, A.}, pages = {16--35}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Aronson1997, author = {Aronson, Howard I.}, title = {{G}eorgian {P}honology}, booktitle = {{P}honologies of {A}sia and {A}frica}, publisher = {Eisenbrauns}, year = {1997}, editor = {Kaye, Alan S.}, address = {Winona Lake, IN}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Aronson1968, title = {{B}ulgarian inflectional morphophonology}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1968}, author = {Aronson, Howard I.}, volume = {70}, series = {Slavic printings and reprintings}, address = {The Hague}, date-added = {2009-06-29 16:31:47 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-06-29 16:32:52 -0400}, keywords = {yers}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Artstein1998, author = {Artstein, Ron}, title = {{T}he incompatibility of underspecification and markedness in {Optimality Theory}}, journal = {{R}u{L}ing {P}apers: {Working papers from Rutgers University}}, year = {1998}, volume = {1}, pages = {7--13}, abstract = {Underspecification in the underlying representation cannot give rise to marked structure on the surface, because Optimality Theory grammars force an output to be equally or less marked than the input. Underspecification can still account for alternations involving unmarked structure, but it is only useful when such alternations exist along with forms that do not alternate. The evidence for the existence of such grammatical systems is not very convincing, casting doubts about the usefulness of underspecification in general.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.02} } @MISC{Artstein1998a, author = {Artstein, Ron}, title = {{H}ierarchies}, year = {1998}, note = {Available for download (6/15/00) at http://www.eden.rutgers.edu/~artstein/hierarchies.pdf.}, address = {New Brunswick, NJ}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Asher1985, title = {{T}amil}, publisher = {Croom Helm}, year = {1985}, author = {Asher, R.E.}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Asimov1950, title = {{I}, {R}obot}, publisher = {Signet}, year = {1950}, author = {Asimov, Isaac}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Asudeh2005, author = {Asudeh, Ash}, title = {{R}elational nouns, nouns, pronouns, and resumption}, journal = {{L}inguistics and {P}hilosophy}, year = {2005}, volume = {28}, pages = {375--446}, abstract = {This paper presents a variable-free analysis of relational nouns in Glue Semantics, within a Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) architecture. Relational nouns and resumptive pronouns are bound using the usual binding mechanisms of LFG. Special attention is paid to the bound readings of relational nouns, how these interact with genitives and obliques, and their behaviour with respect to scope, crossover and reconstruction. I consider a puzzle that arises regarding relational nouns and resumptive pronouns, given that relational nouns can have bound readings and resumptive pronouns are just a specific instance of bound pronouns. The puzzle is: why is it impossible for bound implicit arguments of relational nouns to be resumptive? The puzzle is highlighted by a well-known variety of variable-free semantics, where pronouns and relational noun phrases are identical both in category and (base) type. I show that the puzzle also arises for an established variable-based theory. I present an analysis of resumptive pronouns that crucially treats resumptives in terms of the resource logic linear logic that underlies Glue Semantics: a resumptive pronoun is a perfectly ordinary pronoun that constitutes a surplus resource; this surplus resource requires the presence of a resumptive-licensing resource consumer, a manager resource. Manager resources properly distinguish between resumptive pronouns and bound relational nouns based on differences between them at the level of semantic structure. The resumptive puzzle is thus solved. The paper closes by considering the solution in light of the hypothesis of direct compositionality. It is argued that a directly compositional version of the theory is possible, although perhaps not desirable. The implications for direct compositionality are considered.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @PHDTHESIS{Asudeh2004, author = {Asudeh, Ash}, title = {{R}esumption as resource management}, school = {Department of Linguistics, Stanford University}, year = {2004}, abstract = {This dissertation presents a theory of resumption based on semantic composition. The theory achieves a unified explanation of resumptive pronouns and copy raising. The basis is two key claims: 1) the pronouns in resumption are ordinary pronouns, 2) natural language is resource-sensitive. The latter is the guiding hypothesis of the dissertation: Resource Sensitivity. It is the claim that elements of semantic combination cannot be reused or discarded and is derived from the resource logical approach to the syntax?semantics interface and semantic composition, in particular Glue Semantics. The hypothesis is general, but with respect to semantics it is the claim that elements of semantic combinatorics cannot be reused or discarded. Resource logics yield a useful perspective on linguistic combinatorics in general (phonology, syntax, semantics), but must be constrained by linguistic theory in order to maintain a linguistically useful notion of Resource Sensitivity. It is argued that a number of proposals in the literature can be reduced to Resource Sensitivity while maintaining their insights. The hypothesis is investigated empirically with respect to resumptive pronouns. A detailed descriptive overview of resumptive pronouns is presented. I argue that resumptives are ordinary pronouns based on their morphological exponence, their interpretation, and their behaviour in a number of syntactic tests. Resumptive pronouns challenge Resource Sensitivity, since they seem to constitute surplus resources for semantic composition. A resource management theory of resumption is presented, which introduces the licensing mechanism of manager resources. Manager resources remove a pronoun from composition through lexical specifications associated with complementizers. Cross-linguistic variation for grammaticized resumptives is explained as lexical variation. The resource management theory of resumption is integrated in a Lexical Functional Grammar syntax and architecture. The theory is applied to analyses of resumptive pronouns in Irish, Swedish and Hebrew. The analysis of Irish treats both resumptive dependencies and filler-gap dependencies, including difficult mixed patterns. The analysis of Swedish achieves a novel unification of the Swedish resumptive system with those of Irish and Hebrew. In each case, a manager resource that is specified as part of a complementizer?s lexical entry licenses the resumptive pronoun. The key difference between Swedish on the one hand and Irish and Hebrew on the other is not the licensing mechanism, but whether the mechanism is local to the top of the unbounded resumptive dependency (Irish, Hebrew) or to the bottom (Swedish). Apparently problematic Swedish weak crossover, reconstruction, parasitic gap, and across-the-board extraction data are shown to in fact support the resource management theory. A processing model for production and parsing is proposed that explains certain resumptive-like pronouns in English and Swedish which are not fully grammaticized. The production component explains how non-grammaticized resumptives are produced, both in positions that are inaccessible to fillers and in positions where fillers may freely occur. The explanation rests on the LFG treatments of fragments, unbounded dependencies, and island constraints. The parsing model explains a number of effects observed for English and Swedish resumptive-like pronouns. It provides a model of incremental, partial interpretation that explains why the English pronouns cannot be bound pronouns. It also provides a notion of complexity that explains certain amelioration effects for English and Swedish resumptives. The resource management theory is extended to copy raising in English. Copy raising pronouns are argued to constitute a problem for composition, like resumptive pronouns. Copy raising pronouns are licensed by manager resources like those that license resumptive pronouns, but manager resources for copy raising are specified in the lexical entries for the raising verbs involved, rather than in entries for complementizers. This explains why a language like English can have resumption in copy raising, but lack it in unbounded dependencies. A unified theory of resumption which covers both resumptive pronouns and copy raising is thus achieved. I also consider a class of perception verbs that apparently pattern like copy raising verbs. I argue that the crucial difference is that the perception verbs do not require pronominal copies in their complements and therefore do not constitute true copy raising verbs. The striking similarities between the two verb classes are explained by their having syntactically identical complementation possibilities, despite their differences in semantic composition with respect to copy pronouns. The syntax of the copy raising and perception verbs is investigated in detail. Their behaviour with respect to expletives is shown to be particularly challenging for linguistic theory.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Asudeh2002, author = {Asudeh, Ash}, title = {{T}he syntax of preverbal particles and adjunction in {I}{rish}}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {LFG02} {C}onference}, year = {2002}, address = {Stanford, CA}, publisher = {CSLI Publications}, abstract = {It is shown that five apparently irreconcilable claims about the clausal syntax of Irish can be reconciled in a natural, base-generated LFG analysis that builds on the standard LFG theory of endocentricity and coheads/extended heads, the LFG projection architecture, and Toivonen's (2001) work on non-projecting categories and c-structure adjunction. The analysis also builds on McCloskey's (1996) analysis of Irish adjunction, but does not posit complementizer lowering. The principal theoretical consequences of the analysis are 1) the reconciliation of the five claims, in particular a synthesis of McCloskey's position that the Irish preverbal particles are complementizers and Sells's (1984) position that they are head-adjoined to the verb, 2) the elaboration of Toivonen's (2001) theory of c-structure adjunction, 3) correct predictions about not only adjunction to matrix and subordinate clauses, but also adjunction to appositives.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.02} } @UNPUBLISHED{Asudeh2001, author = {Ash Asudeh}, title = {{Review of Joost Dekkers, Frank van der Leeuw, and Jeroen van de Weijer (eds.) \emph{Optimality Theory: Phonology, Syntax, and Acquisition}}}, note = {{LINGUIST} List 12.2550, 12 October 2001. $<$http://www.linguistlist.org/issues/12/12-2550.html$>$}, year = {2001}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Asudeh.Crouch2001, author = {Asudeh, Ash and Crouch, Richard}, title = {{G}lue semantics for {HPSG}}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 8th {I}nternational {HPSG} {Conference}}, year = {2001}, address = {Stanford, CA}, publisher = {CSLI Publications}, abstract = {The glue approach to semantic interpretation has been developed principally for Lexical Functional Grammar. Recent work has shown how glue can be used with a variety of syntactic theories and this paper outlines how it can be applied to HPSG. As well as providing an alternative form of semantics for HPSG, we believe that the benefits of HPSG glue include the following: (1) simplification of the Semantics Principle; (2) a simple and elegant treatment of modifier scope, including empirical phenomena like quantifier scope ambiguity, the interaction of scope with raising, and recursive modification; (3) an analysis of control that handles agreement between controlled subjects and their coarguments while allowing for a property denotation for the controlled clause; (4) re-use of highly efficient techniques for semantic derivation already implemented for LFG, and which target problems of ambiguity management also addressed by Minimal Recursion Semantics.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.02} } @INBOOK{Asudeh.Dalrymple2006, chapter = {Binding theory}, pages = {9}, title = {{E}ncylopedia of language and linguistics}, publisher = {Elsevier}, year = {2006}, editor = {Brown, Keith}, author = {Asudeh, Ash and Dalrymple, Mary}, address = {Amsterdam}, abstract = {Binding theory accounts for whether a nominal expression can, must, or must not refer to the same individual as some other nominal in the sentence. Coreference possibilities for a pronoun like him or herself are determined by binding conditions on the relation between the pronoun and its antecedent, the nominal that a pronoun depends on for its reference. Binding theory is typically formulated on some syntactic representation. Three aspects are important in determining proper and improper binding relations: the class of nominal, the syntactic domain within which binding must or must not hold, and the syntactic relation between a nominal and its potential binder.}, keywords = {a-command; anaphor, blocking, c-command, command, exempt anaphor, f-command, logophor, long-distance reflexive, o-command, pronominal, pronoun, reciprocal, reflexive}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @ARTICLE{Austerlitz1956, author = {Austerlitz, Robert}, title = {{G}ilyak nursery words}, journal = {Word}, year = {1956}, volume = {12}, pages = {260--279}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Austin1988, author = {Austin, Peter}, title = {{T}rill-released stops and language change in {C}entral {A}ustralian languages}, journal = {Australian Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1988}, volume = {8}, pages = {219--44}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Austin1988a, author = {Austin, Peter}, title = {{P}honological voicing contrasts in {A}ustralian {A}boriginal languages}, journal = {La Trobe Working Papers in Linguistics}, year = {1988}, volume = {1}, pages = {17--42}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Austin1986, author = {Austin, Peter}, title = {{S}tructural change in language obsolescence: {S}ome eastern {A}ustralian examples}, journal = {Australian Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1986}, volume = {6}, pages = {201--30}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Austin1981, title = {{A} {G}rammar of {D}iyari, {S}outh {A}ustralia}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1981}, author = {Austin, Peter}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Austin.Bresnan1996, author = {Austin, Peter and Bresnan, Joan}, title = {{N}on-configurationality in {Australian Aboriginal} languages}, journal = {{N}atural {L}anguage and {L}inguistic {T}heory}, year = {1996}, volume = {14}, pages = {215--268}, abstract = {The syntax of the Australian Aboriginal language Warlpiri has led to two opposing models of non-configurationality: a dual structure hypothesis, which abandons the projection principle for a grammatical architecture that separates constituency and functional representations (Simpson 1983, 1991, Hale 1983, Kroeger 1993), and a pronominal argument hypothesis, which hypothesizes that bound or zero pronominals satisfy the projection principle in such languages, with free nominals analysed as adjuncts (Jelinek 1984, Baker 1991, Hale 1993). Although the pronominal argument hypothesis is widely accepted in the syntactic literature, we show that available evidence from Warlpiri, new evidence from the related language Jiwarli, and a survey of six other Australian languages actually support the dual structure hypothesis. The non-configurationality characteristics of free word order, null anaphora, and split NPs are in fact independent of each other and of the distribution of bound pronouns. Additionally, the clitic pronouns that Jelinek (1984) and others take to be the source of non-configurationality in Warlpiri are simply an areal feature of Australian languages that is independent of the syntactic properties that are supposed to derive from it.}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.02} } @BOOK{Avanesov1968, title = {{R}usskoe literaturnoe proiznoshenie [{L}iterary pronunciation of {R}ussian]}, publisher = {Izdatelstvo Prosvescenie}, year = {1968}, author = {Avanesov, R. I.}, address = {Moscow}, edition = {6th (1984)}, date-modified = {2009-07-15 13:14:48 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Avanesov1964, title = {{M}odern {R}ussian {S}tress [{U}darenije v sovremennom russkom jazyke]}, publisher = {Macmillan}, year = {1964}, author = {Avanesov, R. I.}, address = {New York}, date-modified = {2008-10-26 17:35:53 -0400}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.04.22} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Avelino2004, author = {Avelino, Heriberto}, title = {{P}honetics and phonology of non-modal phonation in {Y}alalag {Z}apotec}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston}, note = {LSA 78}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Avery.Lamontagne1995, author = {Avery, Peter and Lamontagne, Greg}, title = {{I}nfixation in {T}agalog}, booktitle = {{C}anadian {L}inguistic {A}ssociation}, year = {1995}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Avery.Rice1989, author = {Avery, Peter and Rice, Keren}, title = {{S}egmental structure and coronal underspecification}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1989}, volume = {6}, pages = {179--200}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Avesani1990, author = {Avesani, Cinzia}, title = {{A} {C}ontribution to the {S}ynthesis of {I}talian}, year = {1990}, note = {ms}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Aylett.Turk2006, author = {Aylett, Matthew and Turk, Alice}, title = {{L}anguage redundancy predicts syllabic duration and the spectral characteristics of vocalic syllable nuclei}, journal = {{A}coustical {S}ociety of {A}merica {J}ournal}, year = {2006}, volume = {119}, pages = {3048--3058}, abstract = {The language redundancy of a syllable, measured by its predictability given its context and inherent frequency, has been shown to have a strong inverse relationship with syllabic duration. This relationship is predicted by the smooth signal redundancy hypothesis, which proposes that robust communication in a noisy environment can be achieved with an inverse relationship between language redundancy and the predictability given acoustic observations (acoustic redundancy). A general version of the hypothesis predicts similar relationships between the spectral characteristics of speech and language redundancy. However, investigating this claim is hampered by difficulties in measuring the spectral characteristics of speech within large conversational corpora, and difficulties in forming models of acoustic redundancy based on these spectral characteristics. This paper addresses these difficulties by testing the smooth signal redundancy hypothesis with a very high-quality corpus collected for speech synthesis, and presents both durational and spectral data from vowel nuclei on a vowel-by-vowel basis. Results confirm the duration/ language redundancy results achieved in previous work, and show a significant relationship between language redundancy factors and the first two formants, although these results vary considerably by vowel. In general, however, vowels show increased centralization with increased language redundancy.}, comment = {electronic}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2009.02.18} } @ARTICLE{Aylett.Turk2004, author = {Aylett, Matthew and Turk, Alice}, title = {{T}he smooth signal redundancy hypothesis: a functional explanation for relationships between redundancy, prosodic prominence, and duration in spontaneous speech}, journal = {{L}anguage and {S}peech}, year = {2004}, volume = {47}, pages = {31--56}, number = {1}, abstract = {This paper explores two related factors which influence variation in duration, prosodic structure and redundancy in spontaneous speech. We argue that the constraint of producing robust communication while efficiently expending articulatory effort leads to an inverse relationship between language redundancy and duration. The inverse relationship improves communication robustness by spreading information more evenly across the speech signal, yielding a smoother signal redundancy profile. We argue that prosodic prominence is a linguistic means of achieving smooth signal redundancy. Prosodic prominence increases syllable duration and coincides to a large extent with unpredictable sections of speech, and thus leads to a smoother signal redundancy. The results of linear regressions carried out between measures of redundancy, syllable duration and prosodic structure in a large corpus of spontaneous speech confirm: (1) an inverse relationship between language redundancy and duration, and (2) a strong relationship between prosodic prominence and duration. The fact that a large proportion of the variance predicted by language redundancy and prosodic prominence is nonunique suggests that, in English, prosodic prominence structure is the means with which constraints caused by a robust signal requirement are expressed in spontaneous speech.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.02} } @INCOLLECTION{Buring2001, author = {Daniel B\"{u}ring}, title = {{L}et's phrase it!---focus, word order, and prosodic phrasing in {German} double object constructions}, booktitle = {{C}ompetition in syntax}, publisher = {de Gruyter}, year = {2001}, editor = {Gereon M\"{u}ller and Wolfgang Sternefeld}, number = {49}, series = {Studies in Genitive Grammar}, pages = {101--137}, address = {Berlin \& New York}, abstract = {This paper presents a case study in the interaction of word order, prosody and focus. The construction under consideration is the double object construction in German. The analysis proposed is in line with the following more general hypotheses: First, focus and word order do not interact directly. There are no grammatical rules that relate focus to specific phrase structural positions. Rather, focus interacts with prosodic phrasing, which in turn may interact with word order. Second, the kind of word order variation under investigation here is governed by two potentially conflicting types of constraints. Morphosyntactic constraints that express ordering preferences relating to case, definiteness and possibly other categories, and prosodic constraints that define what a prosodic structure should look like. In case these constraint families call incompatible demands, languages may allow only the morphosyntactically perfect structure, or only the prosodically perfect structure, or, as is arguably the case in German, both. Third, violable ranked constraints provide a well-suited framework to account for these kinds of phenomena. Both the morphosyntactic and the prosodic constraints, as well as those governing the relation between prosody and focus, are implemented as markedness constraints. Their relative (non-)ranking accounts for the variation observed within a language and cross-linguistically.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Buring.Gutierrez-Bravo2002, author = {Daniel B\"{u}ring and Rodrigo Guti\'{e}rrez-Bravo}, title = {{F}ocus-related word order variation without the {NSR}: {A} prosody-based crosslinguistic analysis}, booktitle = {{S}yntax at {S}anta {C}ruz 3}, publisher = {University of California Press}, year = {2002}, editor = {S\'eamas Mac Bhloscaidh}, pages = {41--58}, abstract = {This paper completes the trilogy started with ``Let's Phrase It!'' and ``What Do Definites Do...''. It uses the same OT machinery for the syntax-prosody mapping to derive some basic stress-related worder order variation facts in English, German and Spanish}, comment = {electronic, paper}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Baayen2007, author = {Baayen, R. H.}, title = {{S}torage and computation in the mental lexicon}, booktitle = {{T}he mental lexicon: core perspectives}, publisher = {Elsevier}, year = {2007}, editor = {Jarema, G. and Libben, G.}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.01.11} } @MANUAL{Baayen2009, title = {language{R}: {D}ata sets and functions with "{A}nalyzing {L}inguistic {D}ata: {A} practical introduction to statistics"}, author = {R. H. Baayen}, year = {2009}, note = {{R} package version 0.955}, bdsk-url-1 = {http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=languageR}, date-modified = {2010-05-31 22:40:59 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11}, url = {http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=languageR} } @BOOK{Baayen2008, title = {{A}nalyzing linguistic data. {A} practical introduction to statistics using \textsf{R}}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2008}, author = {Baayen, R. H.}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, comment = {book, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.05.19} } @MANUAL{Baayen2008a, title = {\textsf{languageR}: data sets and functions with {\emph{Baayen 2008a}}}, author = {R. H. Baayen}, year = {2008}, note = {\textsf{R} package version 0.953}, timestamp = {2009.06.03} } @BOOK{Baayen2008b, title = {{A}nalyzing {L}inguistic {D}ata: {A} practical introduction to statistics}, publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}}, year = {2008}, author = {R. Harald Baayen}, date-added = {2008-07-17 14:54:06 -0400}, date-modified = {2008-11-30 11:56:34 -0800}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Baayen.etal2008, author = {Baayen, R. Harald and Davidson, D. and Bates, D. M.}, title = {{M}ixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items}, journal = {{J}ournal of {M}emory and {L}angauge}, year = {2008}, volume = {59}, pages = {390--412}, number = {4}, note = {{Special issue: Emerging Data Analysis}}, abstract = {This paper provides an introduction to mixed-effects models for the analysis of repeated measurement data with subjects and items as crossed random effects. A worked-out example of how to use recent software for mixed-effects modeling is provided. Simulation studies illustrate the advantages offered by mixed-effects analyses compared to traditional analyses based on quasi-F tests, by-subjects analyses, combined by-subjects and by-items analyses, and random regression. Applications and possibilities across a range of domains of inquiry are discussed.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @BOOK{Baayen.etal1995, title = {{T}he {CELEX} lexical database {[Release 2]}}, publisher = {Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania}, year = {1995}, author = {Baayen, R. Harald and Piepenbrock, R. and Gulikers, L.}, address = {Philadelphia}, abstract = {This CD-ROM contains plain ASCII versions of the CELEX lexical databases of English (version 2.5), Dutch (version 3.1) and German (version 2.5). The original CELEX databases can be consulted interactively either by using the SQL-PLUS query language within an ORACLE RDBMS environment, or by means of the specially designed user interface FLEX. As the FLEX interface has been written to communicate with the underlying UNIX operating system and the ORACLE software, it is completely bound to this particular configuration and hence cannot be distributed separately and does not feature on the CD-ROM. To make for greater compatibility with other operating systems, the databases on the CD-ROM have not been tailored to fit any particular database management program. Instead, the information is presented in a series of plain ASCII files that can be queried with tools such as AWK and ICON. Unique identity numbers allow the linking of information from different files. As in the original databases, some kinds of information have to be computed on-line. Wherever necessary, AWK scripts have been provided to recover this information. Also, some C-programs have been included, along with their MS-DOS executables and HP-UX (Hewlett-Packard UNIX) binaries. README files specify the details of their use.}, timestamp = {2009.05.19} } @INCOLLECTION{Baayen.etal2002, author = {Baayen, R. Harald and Schreuder, Robert and De Jong, Nivja and Krott, Andrea}, title = {{D}utch inflection: the rules that prove the exception}, booktitle = {{S}torage and computation in the language faculty}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = {2002}, editor = {Nooteboom, Sieb and Wijnen, Frank and Weerman, Fred}, pages = {61--92}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Babby1987, author = {Babby, Leonard H.}, title = {{C}ase, prequantifiers, and discontinuous agreement in {Russian}}, journal = {{N}atural {L}anguage and {L}inguistic {T}heory}, year = {1987}, volume = {5}, pages = {91--138}, abstract = {I have argued on the basis of Russian NPs containing a quantifier expression that NP-internal case agreement is determined by percolation of the abstract case assigned to the phrase's maximal projection Nm. Thus, while the head noun controls its modifiers' number, gender, and animacy, it does not determine their case; unlike other inflectional categories, case is a property of the NP as a whole, not of the head noun or the modifiers on which it is morphologically realized. The Russian data cast serious doubt on one of the central assumptions of Government and Binding case theory, namely, that case distribution is exhaustively determined by structural relations between the case assigner and assignee (government and c-command), and that case conflicts result in ill-formed structures. We have seen in this paper that phrases with the same lexical items and X-bar structures may have different internal distributions of abstract case (cf. the heterogeneous vs. homogeneous case patterns in (19) and (20)) and that these differences in case distribution are due to the different types of case assigned to the NP (lexical vs. configurational) and to the resolution of the case conflicts that arise in these phrases (see the Syntactic Case Hierarchy in (51)). Case conflicts are a natural reflection of the hierarchical structure of human language, and the structures that contain them are perfectly well-formed; a case conflict results in an ill-formed structure only if it cannot be resolved in a principled way (e.g., see the discussion of the irresolvable conflict between two lexical cases in Babby (1984)). The Russian data provide new evidence supporting Chomsky's distinction between abstract case and morphological case. Recall the lsquoanimate GENrsquo, which is the morphological realization of the abstract ACC case, in Argument IV, section 2. (See Babby (1984, 1985) for other examples of a lsquomismatchrsquo between abstract and morphological case.) Russian quantified NPs also demonstrate in a particularly striking way that complex, seemingly anomalous surface phenomena can in fact be shown to result from the interaction of a relatively small number of simple principles (see Chomsky 1986, p. 43).}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @INCOLLECTION{Babyonyshev.Gibson1995, author = {Maria Babyonyshev and Edward Gibson}, title = {{P}rocessing overload in {Japanese}}, booktitle = {{P}apers on language processing and acquisition}, publisher = {MITWPL}, year = {1995}, editor = {Carson T. Sch{\"u}tze and Jennifer B. Ganger and Kevin Broihier}, volume = {26}, series = {{MIT Working Papers in Linguistics}}, pages = {1--35}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, timestamp = {2010.02.26} } @ARTICLE{Bach1968, author = {Bach, Emmon}, title = {{T}wo proposals concerning the simplicity metric in phonology}, journal = {Glossa}, year = {1968}, volume = {2}, pages = {128--149}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bach.Harms1972, author = {Bach, Emmon and Harms, Robert T.}, title = {{H}ow do languages get crazy rules?}, booktitle = {{L}inguistic change and generative theory}, publisher = {Indiana University Press}, year = {1972}, editor = {Stockwell, Robert P. and Macaulay, Ronald K. S.}, pages = {1-21}, address = {Bloomington}, bdsk-file-1 = {YnBsaXN0MDDUAQIDBAUIJidUJHRvcFgkb2JqZWN0c1gkdmVyc2lvblkkYXJjaGl2ZXLRBgdUcm9vdIABqAkKFRYXGyIjVSRudWxs0wsMDQ4RFFpOUy5vYmplY3RzV05TLmtleXNWJGNsYXNzog8QgASABqISE4ACgAOAB1lhbGlhc0RhdGFccmVsYXRpdmVQYXRo0hgNGRpXTlMuZGF0YU8RAbAAAAAAAbAAAgAADE1hY2ludG9zaCBIRAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMWpUH5IKwAAAAqEuBpiYWNoX2hhcm1zX2NyYXp5X3J1bGVzLnBkZgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAASb7dyDqlewAAAAAAAAAAAAQAAgAACSAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHRGVza3RvcAAAEAAIAADFqZbOAAAAEQAIAADIOt27AAAAAQAMAAqEuAAKhKMAAHxTAAIAQU1hY2ludG9zaCBIRDpVc2VyczptYWNib29rMjAwOTpEZXNrdG9wOmJhY2hfaGFybXNfY3JhenlfcnVsZXMucGRmAAAOADYAGgBiAGEAYwBoAF8AaABhAHIAbQBzAF8AYwByAGEAegB5AF8AcgB1AGwAZQBzAC4AcABkAGYADwAaAAwATQBhAGMAaQBuAHQAbwBzAGgAIABIAEQAEgA0VXNlcnMvbWFjYm9vazIwMDkvRGVza3RvcC9iYWNoX2hhcm1zX2NyYXp5X3J1bGVzLnBkZgATAAEvAAAVAAIAEv//AACABdIcHR4fWCRjbGFzc2VzWiRjbGFzc25hbWWjHyAhXU5TTXV0YWJsZURhdGFWTlNEYXRhWE5TT2JqZWN0XxAuLi4vLi4vLi4vLi4vRGVza3RvcC9iYWNoX2hhcm1zX2NyYXp5X3J1bGVzLnBkZtIcHSQloiUhXE5TRGljdGlvbmFyeRIAAYagXxAPTlNLZXllZEFyY2hpdmVyAAgAEQAWAB8AKAAyADUAOgA8AEUASwBSAF0AZQBsAG8AcQBzAHYAeAB6AHwAhgCTAJgAoAJUAlYCWwJkAm8CcwKBAogCkQLCAscCygLXAtwAAAAAAAACAQAAAAAAAAAoAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAC7g==}, date-added = {2009-06-21 19:45:20 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-06-21 19:46:37 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Bach.Wheeler1981, author = {Bach, Emmon and Wheeler, Deirdre}, title = {{M}ontague {P}honology: {A} first approximation}, booktitle = {{U}niversity of {M}assachusetts {O}ccasional {P}apers in {L}inguistics 7}, publisher = {University of Massachusetts}, year = {1981}, pages = {27--45}, address = {Amherst}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bachrach.Wagner2007, author = {Bachrach, Asaf and Wagner, Michael}, title = {{S}yntactically driven cyclicity vs. output-output correspondence: the case of adjunction in diminutive morphology}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 30th {P}enn {L}inguistics {C}olloquium}, publisher = {University of Pennsylvania Press}, year = {2007}, address = {Philadelphia}, annote = {Available at http://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/@GQgxYONSUpFoqyOV/pwrJlqTA?6}, date-added = {2009-03-05 14:46:37 -0500}, date-modified = {2009-03-05 14:48:10 -0500}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @PHDTHESIS{Baerman1999, author = {Baerman, Matthew}, title = {{T}he evolution of fixed stress in {S}lavic}, school = {UC Berkeley}, year = {1999}, type = {%%Doctoral Dissertation}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-02-21 20:27:07 -0500}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 11:29:36 -0400}, keywords = {Russian stress}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Baerman1998, author = {Baerman, Matthew}, title = {{T}he evolution of prosodic constraints in {M}acedonian}, journal = {{L}ingua}, year = {1998}, volume = {104}, pages = {57--78}, note = {Special issue on {Optimality Theory}}, abstract = {Macedonian dialects display a number of different accentual systems, ranging from free lexical stress (with possible secondary stress) to a penultimate-antepenultimate stress window and to various fixed stress systems: antepenultimate, penultimate and initial. Dialect geography suggests a model for their historical development. The gradual restrictions on stress freedom seen along an East-West axis resulted from the demotion of a stress faithfulness constraint down a fixed hierarchy of prosodic constraints, while different patterns of fixed stress resulted from reranking of the prosodic constraints themselves. Against this background the antepenultimate stress system of Standard Macedonian is seen to result chiefly from the interaction of two alignment constraints operating on trochaic feet: gradient leftward alignment and non-gradient rightward alignment, with final syllable extrametricality allowing for better satisfaction of the former.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.10.19} } @ARTICLE{Baerman1998a, author = {Baerman, Matthew}, title = {{T}he evolution of prosodic constraints in {M}acedonian}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {1998}, volume = {104}, pages = {57--78}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Baertsch1998, author = {Baertsch, Karen}, title = {{O}nset sonority distance constraints through local conjunction}, booktitle = {{CLS} 34, {P}art 2: {T}he {P}anels}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1998}, editor = {Gruber, M. Catherine and Higgins, Derrick and Olson, Kenneth S. and Wysocki, Tamra}, pages = {1--15}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Baertsch2002, author = {Baertsch, Karen}, title = {{A}n {O}ptimality-theoretic approach to syllable structure: {T}he {S}plit {M}argin {H}ierarchy}, school = {Indiana University}, year = {2002}, address = {Bloomington}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Baertsch2002a, author = {Baertsch, Karen}, title = {{A} unified analysis of {D}utch syllable structure}, year = {2002}, address = {Concordia University, Montreal}, note = {2nd North American Phonology Conference}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Baertsch.Davis2001a, author = {Baertsch, Karen and Davis, Stuart}, title = {{T}urkic {C}+/l/(uster) {P}honology}, booktitle = {{CLS} 37: {T}he {M}ain {S}ession}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {2001}, editor = {Andronis, Mary and Ball, Christopher and Elston, Heidi and Neuvel, Sylvain}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Baertsch.Davis2001, author = {Baertsch, Karen and Davis, Stuart}, title = {'{T}urkish {C}+/l/(uster) phonology.'}, year = {2001}, address = {Chicago, IL}, note = {CLS 37}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bagari1982, author = {Bagari, Dauda M.}, title = {{S}ome aspects of {G}uddiranci (the {G}uddiri dialect of {H}ausa)}, booktitle = {{T}he {C}had {L}anguages in the {H}amitosemitic-{N}igritic {B}order {A}rea}, publisher = {Dietrich Reimer}, year = {1982}, editor = {Jungraithmayr, H.}, pages = {244--253}, address = {Berlin}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bagemihl1987, author = {Bagemihl, Bruce}, title = {{T}igrinya speech disguise and constraints on spreading rules}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 6}, publisher = {Stanford Linguistic Association}, year = {1987}, editor = {Crowhurst, Megan}, pages = {1--15}, address = {Stanford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bagemihl1995, author = {Bagemihl, Bruce}, title = {{L}anguage games and related areas}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John A.}, pages = {697--712}, address = {Cambridge, Mass., and Oxford, UK}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bagemihl1991, author = {Bagemihl, Bruce}, title = {{S}yllable structure in {B}ella {C}oola}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1991}, volume = {22}, pages = {589--646}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bagemihl1989, author = {Bagemihl, Bruce}, title = {{T}he {C}rossing {C}onstraint and 'backwards languages'}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1989}, volume = {7}, pages = {481--549}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Bagemihl1988, author = {Bagemihl, Bruce}, title = {{A}lternate {P}honologies and {M}orphologies}, school = {University of British Columbia}, year = {1988}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bagemihl1988a, author = {Bagemihl, Bruce}, title = {{T}he morphology and phonology of {K}atajjait ({I}nuit throat games)}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1988}, volume = {33}, pages = {1--58}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bailey1985, title = {{E}nglish {P}honetic {T}ranscription}, publisher = {Summer Institute of Linguistics}, year = {1985}, author = {Bailey, C.-J.}, address = {Arlington}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bailey1973, title = {{V}ariation and {L}inguistic {T}heory}, publisher = {The Center for Applied Linguistics}, year = {1973}, author = {Bailey, Charles-James N.}, address = {Washington, DC}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bailey1975, title = {{T}he {A}bau language: phonology and grammar}, publisher = {SIL Publications}, year = {1975}, author = {Bailey, D.A.}, address = {Ukarumpa}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bailey.etal1999, author = {Bailey, T. M. and Plunkett, K. and Scarpa, E.}, title = {{A} cross-linguistic study in learning prosodic rhythms: {R}ules, constraints, and similarity}, journal = {Language and Speech}, year = {1999}, volume = {42}, pages = {1--38}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Bailyn1995, author = {Bailyn, John}, title = {{C}onfiguring the '{F}ree {W}ord {O}rder' in {R}ussian}, school = {Cornell University}, year = {1995}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bakaev1973, title = {{I}azyk kurdov {SSSR}. {S}ravnitel'naia kharakteristika govorov}, publisher = {Nauka}, year = {1973}, author = {Bakaev, Cherkes Kh.}, address = {Moscow}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bakalla1979, title = {{T}he morphological and phonological components of the {A}rabic verb ({M}eccan {A}rabic)}, publisher = {Longman}, year = {1979}, author = {Bakalla, Mohammed}, address = {Lebanon}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Bakalla1973, author = {Bakalla, Mohammed}, title = {{T}he {M}orphology and {P}honology of {M}eccan {A}rabic}, school = {{SOAS}, University of London}, year = {1973}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @PHDTHESIS{Bakalla1973a, author = {Bakalla, Mohammed}, title = {{T}he {M}orphology and {P}honology of {M}eccan {A}rabic}, school = {School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London}, year = {1973}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Baker1979, author = {Baker, C. L.}, title = {{S}yntactic theory and the projection problem}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1979}, volume = {10}, pages = {533--581}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Baker2001, author = {Baker, Mark}, title = {{P}hrase structure as a representation of ``primitive'' grammatical relations}, booktitle = {{O}bjects and other subjects: grammatical functions, functional categories, and configurationality}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = {2001}, editor = {Davies, William D. and Subinsky, Stanley}, pages = {21--51}, address = {The Netherlands}, abstract = {Grammatical functions, readily identifiable informally in particular languages, have had an uncertain status in generative grammar. Despite Chomsky's assertion in Aspects that they are not theoretical primitives (a position vigorously challenged by a number of well-known theories), the role of functions such as subject and object has become increasingly prominent as Chomskyan linguistics has developed. As statements of principles and rules of grammar have grown to incorporate these notions, the position that grammatical functions are not primitives has come to merit scrutiny. The papers in this volume examine the current role of grammatical functions in transformational syntax in two ways: (i) through largely theoretical considerations of their status, and (ii) through detailed analyses for a wide variety of languages. Taken together the chapters in this volume present a comprehensive view of how transformational syntax characterizes the elusive but often useful notions of subject and object, examining how subject and object properties are distributed among various functional projections, converging sometimes in particular languages.}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @ARTICLE{Baker1985, author = {Baker, Mark}, title = {{T}he mirror principle and morphosyntactic explanation}, journal = {{L}inguistic inquiry}, year = {1985}, volume = {16}, pages = {373--415}, abstract = {Pretheoretically, there are processes in languages of the world that have both a syntactic component and a morphological component. An example is the English passive, illustrated in (1): (1) a. The cats chase the mouse every day. b. The mouse is chased by the cats every day. (lb) differs from (la) in two ways. First, the NP that bears the patient or ``logical object'' semantic role appears as the surface direct object in (la) but as the surface subject in (lb). Second, the main verb in (lb) is morphologically derived from the (stem of the) verb in (la) by suffixing the -ed morpheme. Any complete account of the passive construction will have to encompass both of these aspects, the syntactic and the morphological. On this, all are agreed. How to integrate the two components into a unified account is another matter, however, and differing viewpoints abound regarding which component is primary and which is derived, at what level(s) of representation the two are explicitly related, and so on (for a cross section, see Chomsky (1981), Bresnan (1982c), Perlmutter and Postal (1977), Marantz(1981)). Part of the reason for this diversity is that the phenomena in and of themselves do not supply a wide enough range of evidence to guide theoretical decisions in this area. This article will shed new light on these issues by considering interactions of these processes in morphologically complex languages. In particular,it will argue that the morphology and the syntax in this class of cases must be two aspects of a single process. This result in turn will be shown to place strong, substantive constraints on the kind of syntactic framework that should be adopted.}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Bakhtin1986, author = {Bakhtin, Mikhail}, title = {{T}he problem of speech genres}, booktitle = {{S}peech genres and other late essays}, publisher = {University of Texas Press}, year = {1986}, editor = {Emerson, Carol and Holquist, Michael}, pages = {66--89}, address = {Austin, TX}, abstract = {Bakhtin claims that the sentence, considered as a unit of language in traditional disciplines, has only the context of the speech of one speaking (or writing) subject. The utterance, in contrast, considered as a unit of spoken (or written) communication, is situated within the framing context of an exchange of speaking (or writing) subjects. Thus the utterance, unlike the sentence, correlates directly with ``the extraverbal context of reality (situation, setting, prehistory)'' and with the utterances of other speakers. As ``a link in the chain of speech communication,'' the utterance has several distinguishing characteristics: a referentially semantic element (its theme), an expressive element (the speaker or writer?s attitude toward the theme), and, most importantly, an element of responsiveness or ``addressivity'' (its relation to other utterances).}, comment = {paper, electronic, needs OCR}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @BOOK{Bakhtin1981, title = {{T}he dialogic imagination: four essays}, publisher = {Univeristy of Texas Press}, year = {1981}, author = {Bakhtin, Mikhail}, address = {Austin, TX}, abstract = {Bakhtin uses the category ``novel'' in a highly idiosyncratic way, claiming for it vastly larger territory than has been traditionally accepted. For him, the novel is not so much a genre as it is a force, ``novelness,'' which he discusses in ``From the Prehistory of Novelistic Discourse.'' Two essays, ``Epic and Novel'' and ``Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel,'' deal with literary history in Bakhtin's own unorthodox way. In the final essay, he discusses literature and language in general, which he sees as stratified, constantly changing systems of subgenres, dialects, and fragmented ``languages'' in battle with one another.}, comment = {book}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @PHDTHESIS{Bakovic2000, author = {Eric Bakovi{\'c}}, title = {{H}armony, {D}ominance, and {C}ontrol}, school = {Rutgers University}, year = {2000}, address = {New Brunswick, NJ}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Bakovic.Wilson2000, author = {Eric Bakovi{\'c} and Colin Wilson}, title = {{T}ransparency, {S}trict {L}ocality, and {T}argeted {C}onstraints}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {WCCFL 19}}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {2000}, editor = {Roger Billerey and Brook Danielle Lillehaugen}, pages = {43--56}, address = {Somerville, MA}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Bakovic2007, author = {Bakovi\'{c}, Eric}, title = {{A} revised typology of opaque generalizations}, journal = {{P}honology}, year = {2007}, volume = {24}, pages = {217--259}, abstract = {This paper is about opaque interactions between phonological processes in the two senses defined by Kiparsky (1971, 1973) and discussed in much recent work on the topic, most notably McCarthy (1999) : underapplication opacity, whereby a process appears to have failed to apply in expected contexts on the surface, and overapplication opacity, whereby a process appears to have applied in unexpected contexts on the surface. Specifically, I demonstrate that there are three distinct types of overapplication opacity in addition to the only case discussed and properly categorised as such in the literature, counterbleeding. The analysis of each type of opacity in terms of rule-based serialism and in terms of Optimality Theory is discussed, emphasising the strengths and weaknesses of the two frameworks in each case.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @INCOLLECTION{Bakovic1998b, author = {Bakovic, Eric}, title = {{U}nbounded stress and factorial typology}, booktitle = {{R}u{L}ing {P}apers 1: {W}orking {P}apers from {R}utgers {U}niversity}, publisher = {Department of Linguistics, Rutgers University}, year = {1998}, editor = {Artstein, Ron and Holler, Madeleine}, pages = {15--28}, address = {New Brunswick, NJ}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bakovic1998a, author = {Bakovic, Eric}, title = {{O}ptimality and inversion in {S}panish}, booktitle = {{I}s the {B}est {G}ood {E}nough? {O}ptimality and {C}ompetition in {S}yntax}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1998}, editor = {Barbosa, Pilar and Fox, Danny and Hagstrom, Paul and McGinnis, Martha and Pesetsky, David}, pages = {35--58}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bakovic1995a, author = {Bakovic, Eric}, title = {{S}trong onsets and {S}panish fortition}, booktitle = {{MITWPL} 23}, year = {1995}, editor = {Giordano, Chris and Ardron, Daniel}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, note = {To appear}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bakovic2004, author = {Bakovic, Eric}, title = {{U}nbounded {S}tress and {F}actorial {T}ypology}, booktitle = {{O}ptimality {T}heory in {P}honology: {A} {R}eader}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {2004}, editor = {John J. McCarthy}, pages = {202--214}, address = {Oxford}, note = {Originally published in {RuLing} Papers 1 (Working Papers from {R}utgers {U}niversity), ed. Ron Artstein and Madeline Holler, 1998}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Bakovic2005, author = {Bakovic, Eric}, title = {{A}ntigemination, assimilation and the determination of identity}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2005}, volume = {22}, pages = {279-315}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.05.18} } @MISC{Bakovic2005a, author = {Bakovic, Eric}, title = {{P}honological opacity and counterfactual derivation}, year = {2005}, address = {UC San Diego}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Bakovic2003, author = {Bakovic, Eric}, title = {{O}n the {L}ogic of {C}onditional {G}rounding}, year = {2003}, note = {Ms.}, address = {UC San Diego}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bakovic2000b, author = {Bakovic, Eric}, title = {{N}asal place neutralization in {S}panish}, year = {2000}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bakovic1999, author = {Bakovic, Eric}, title = {{D}eletion, insertion, and symmetrical identity}, booktitle = {{H}arvard {W}orking {P}apers in {L}inguistics 7}, year = {1999}, address = {ROA-300}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bakovic1999a, author = {Bakovic, Eric}, title = {{A}ssimilation to the unmarked}, booktitle = {{U}niversity of {P}ennsylvania {W}orking {P}apers in {L}inguistics}, year = {1999}, volume = {6}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Bakovic1998, author = {Bakovic, Eric}, title = {{E}lsewhere effects in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, year = {1998}, address = {New Brunswick, NJ}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Bakovic1996, author = {Bakovic, Eric}, title = {{F}oot harmony and quantitative adjustments}, year = {1996}, address = {New Brunswick, NJ}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bakovic1995, author = {Bakovic, Eric}, title = {{G}eminate shortening in {F}ula}, booktitle = {{T}heoretical {A}pproaches to {A}frican {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Africa World Press}, year = {1995}, note = {Proceedings of ACAL 25}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bakovic.Keer2001, author = {Bakovic, Eric and Keer, Edward}, title = {{O}ptionality and ineffability}, booktitle = {{O}ptimality-{T}heoretic {S}yntax}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2001}, editor = {Legendre, Geraldine and Grimshaw, Jane and Vikner, Sten}, pages = {97--112}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, keywords = {variation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bakovic.Wilson2000a, author = {Bakovic, Eric and Wilson, Colin}, title = {{T}ransparency, strict locality, and targeted constraints}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 19th {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {2000}, editor = {Billerey, Roger and Lillehaugen, Brook Danielle}, pages = {43--56}, address = {Somerville, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Bakovic.Wilson2004, author = {Bakovic, Eric and Wilson, Colin}, title = {{L}aryngeal markedness and the typology of repair}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston}, note = {LSA 78}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Baldwin.etal2005, author = {Baldwin,Timothy and Beavers, John and Bender, Emily M. and Flickinger, Dan and Kim, Ara and Oepen, Stephan}, title = {{B}eauty and the beast. {W}hat running a broad-coverage precision grammar over the {BNC} taught us about the grammar --- and the corpus}, booktitle = {{L}inguistic evidence: empirical, theoretical, and computational perspectives}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = {2005}, editor = {Kepser, Stephan and Reis, Marga}, pages = {49--70}, address = {Berlin}, abstract = {The relative merits of corpus and native speaker judgment data is a topic of long-standing debate in linguistics (Labov 1972; Fillmore 1992, inter alia). In this paper, we approach the question from the perspective of grammar engineering, and argue that (unsurprisingly to some, cf. Fillmore) these sources of data are best treated as complementary to one another. Further, we argue that encoding native speaker intuitions in a broad-coverage precision implemented grammar and then using the grammar to process a corpus is an effective way to explore the interaction between the two sources of data, while illuminating both. We discuss how the corpus can be used to constructively road-test such a grammar and ultimately extend its coverage. We also examine limitations in fully corpus-driven grammar development, and motivate the continued use of judgment data throughout the evolution of a precision grammar.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @PHDTHESIS{Ball2008, author = {Ball, Doug}, title = {{C}lause structure and argument realization in {Tongan}}, school = {Department of LInguistics, Stanford University}, year = {2008}, abstract = {This dissertation investigates the structure of clauses and how key subparts of them ?-- the arguments of their predicates ?-- are realized in the Polynesian language, Tongan. The leading proposal of this work, running through the analyses of all phenomena, is that Tongan can be analyzed with less syntactic structure than has previously been proposed by others working on Polynesian languages. The framework I make use of ?-- Sign-Based Construction Grammar (SBCG) --? is multi-factorial; it spreads the analytical load among parallel (but related) constituency, syntactic valency, and semantic data structures. This dissertation, drawing on extensive fieldwork data, shows that Tongan is better analyzed in terms of minimal hierarchical structure and that a multifactorial approach offers a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of Tongan morphosyntax than previous accounts. Issues of clause structure are the focus of the first half of the dissertation. The region of verbal clauses that includes the verb and its dependents is analyzed in terms of a ``flat'' structure, while the predicate and arguments in non-verbal clauses are assigned more hierarchical structure. This difference derives from different argument realization constraints on the predicates in these clauses: verbs and prepositions, respectively. The combination of an initial Tense-Aspect-Mood word and one of these verbal or non-verbal constituents usually completes the construction of the basic Tongan clause. A discussion of argument realization phenomena constitutes the remainder of the dissertation: the subject clitics, the cross-predicate distribution of case, the structure and distribution of noun incorporation, and the preposition-like and applicative constructions with the instrumental particle `aki. These investigations provide evidence against a syntactic treatment of argument realization in Tongan, and for a treatment centered around lists of potential dependents of predicates. These lists allow hierarchical structure to be minimized, because they provide another locus for grammatical interactions. This locus avoids the complications that arise on other approaches where the interactions are derived entirely within the phrase structure. Yet, these lists allow direct generation of the phrasal structures, licensing the structure that is necessary for an account of the syntax of Tongan.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @ARTICLE{Balota.etal1989, author = {Balota, David A. and Boland, Julie E. and Shields, Lynne W.}, title = {{P}riming in pronunciation: beyond pattern recognition and onset latency}, journal = {{J}ournal of {M}emory and {L}anguage}, year = {1989}, volume = {28}, pages = {14--36}, abstract = {Two experiments address the nature of the word-frequency mirror effect in episodic recognition performance and the underlying cognitive changes that occur in both healthy aging and in early-stage Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type (DAT). In Experiment 1, five groups of participants (young, healthy old, healthy old-old, very mildly demented individuals, and mildly demented individuals) studied lists of high- and low-frequency words and were given a yes/no episodic recognition test. The results indicated that there was a dramatic decrease in hit rate for low-frequency words across age and DAT, but no decrease for high-frequency words, thereby eliminating the low-frequency advantage typically found in recognition performance for the DAT individuals. For the distractor items, there was a clear advantage in rejecting low-frequency words compared to high-frequency words, and the size of this advantage was constant across groups of participants. This between-group pattern was replicated in a second experiment, in which only young adults were required to respond either under short or long response deadlines. The results are discussed with respect to an attentional control framework in which cognitively impaired groups of participants, and young adults at a short response deadline, rely more on baseline familiarity processes than on recollection-based processes. Discussion focuses on the nature of the recollection- and familiarity-based processes.}, comment = {paper, electronic, needs OCR}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @PHDTHESIS{Bamba1991, author = {Bamba, Mossa}, title = {{D}e l'interaction entre tons et accent}, school = {Universite du Quebec a Montreal}, year = {1991}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Bane2010, author = {Bane, Max}, title = {{D}eriving the structure of variation from the structure of non-variation in the {English} dative alternation}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 28}, year = {2010}, timestamp = {2010.08.19} } @ARTICLE{BannerInouye1989, author = {Banner Inouye, Susan}, title = {{T}he phonological representation of flaps. the {S}econd {A}nnual {A}rizona {P}honology {C}onference, {T}ucson}, year = {1989}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Banti1988, author = {Banti, G.}, title = {{T}wo {C}ushitic systems: {S}omali and {O}romo nouns}, booktitle = {{A}utosegmental {S}tudies on {P}itch {A}ccent {S}ystems}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1988}, editor = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, pages = {11--49}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Bao1991, author = {Bao, Zhi-ming}, title = {{T}one and the geometry of laryngeal features}, year = {1991}, note = {ms}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Bao1990, author = {Bao, Zhi-ming}, title = {{O}n the {N}ature of {T}one}, school = {MIT}, year = {1990}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bao1990a, author = {Bao, Zhi-ming}, title = {{F}anqie languages and reduplication}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1990}, volume = {21}, pages = {317--350}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Barbosa.etal1998, title = {{I}s the {B}est {G}ood {E}nough?}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1998}, author = {Barbosa, Pilar and Fox, Danny and Hagstrom, Paul and McGinnis, Martha and Pesetsky, David}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bard.etal1996, author = {Bard, Ellen Gurman and Robertson, Dan and Sorace, Antonella}, title = {{M}agnitude estimation of linguistic acceptability}, journal = {{L}anguage}, year = {1996}, volume = {72}, pages = {32--68}, number = {1}, abstract = {Judgements of linguistic acceptability constitute an important source of evidence for theoretical and applied linguistics, but are typically elicited and represented in ways which limit their utility. This paper describes how Magnitude Estimation , a technique used in psychophysics, can be adapted for eliciting acceptability judgements. Magnitude estimation of linguistic acceptability is shown to solve the measurement scale problems which plague conventional techniques.; to provide data which make fine distinctions robustly enough to yield statistically significant results of linguisitc interest; to be usable in a consistent way by linguistically naive speaker-hearers, and to allow replication across groups of subjects. Methodological pitfalls are discussed and suggestions are offered for new approaches to the analysis and measurement of linguistic acceptability.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @ARTICLE{Barker1989, author = {Barker, Chris}, title = {{E}xtrametricality, the cycle, and {T}urkish word stress. {P}honology at {S}anta {C}ruz 1}, year = {1989}, pages = {1--34}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Barker1964, title = {{K}lamath {G}rammar}, publisher = {University of California Press}, year = {1964}, author = {Barker, M. A. R.}, volume = {32}, address = {Berkeley}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Barker1963, title = {{K}lamath {D}ictionary}, publisher = {University of California Press}, year = {1963}, author = {Barker, M. A. R.}, volume = {31}, address = {Berkeley}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Barlow2003, author = {Barlow, Jessica}, title = {{C}onstraint conflict in medial cluster reduction in {S}panish phonological acquisition}, year = {2003}, address = {Tucson, AZ}, note = {SWOT 8}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Barlow1997a, author = {Barlow, Jessica A.}, title = {{T}he representation of on-glides in {A}merican {E}nglish: {E}vidence from phonologically disordered systems}, booktitle = {{O}ptimal {V}iewpoints: {I}n {C}elebration of the 30th {A}nniversary of the {IULC} {P}ublications}, publisher = {IULC Publications}, year = {1997}, editor = {Davis, Stuart}, pages = {25--44}, address = {Bloomington, IN}, keywords = {disordered}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Barlow1999, author = {Barlow, Jessica A.}, title = {{A}n argument for adjuncts: {E}vidence from a phonologically disordered system}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 23rd {A}nnual {B}oston {U}niversity {C}onference on {L}anguage {D}evelopment}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {1999}, editor = {Greenhill, Annabel and Littlefield, Heather and Tano, Cheryl}, pages = {44--55 (vol. 1)}, address = {Somerville, Mass.}, keywords = {disordered}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Barlow2000, author = {Barlow, Jessica A.}, title = {{A} preliminary typology of word-initial clusters with an explanation for asymmetries in acquisition}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {E}xperimental and {T}heoretical {L}inguistics: {P}roceedings of the {W}orkshop on the {L}exicon in {P}honetics and {P}honology}, publisher = {Department of Linguistics, University of Alberta}, year = {2000}, editor = {Kirchner, Robert and Pater, Joe and Wikely, Wolf}, address = {Edmonton}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Barlow1996, author = {Barlow, Jessica A.}, title = {{T}he development of on-glides in {A}merican {E}nglish}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 20th {A}nnual {B}oston {U}niversity {C}onference on {L}anguage {D}evelopment}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {1996}, editor = {Stringfellow, A. and Cahana-Amitay, D. and Hughes, E. and Zukowski, A.}, pages = {40--51}, address = {Somerville, Mass.}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Barlow1997, author = {Barlow, Jessica A.}, title = {{A} {C}onstraint-{B}ased {A}ccount of {S}yllable {O}nsets: {E}vidence from {D}eveloping {S}ystems}, school = {Indiana University}, year = {1997}, address = {Bloomington, IN}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Barlow.Dinnsen1998, author = {Barlow, Jessica A. and Dinnsen, Daniel A.}, title = {{A}symmetrical cluster development in a disordered system}, journal = {Language Acquisition}, year = {1998}, volume = {7}, pages = {1--49}, keywords = {disordered}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Barlow.Gierut1999, author = {Barlow, Jessica A. and Gierut, Judith A.}, title = {{O}ptimality theory in phonological acquisition}, journal = {Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research}, year = {1999}, volume = {42}, pages = {1482--1498}, keywords = {disordered acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Barnes2004, author = {Barnes, Jonathan}, title = {{V}owel reduction in {R}ussian: {T}he categorical and the gradient}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston}, note = {Handout from {LSA} 78}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 10:28:12 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Barnes2003, author = {Barnes, Jonathan}, title = {{P}ositional {N}eutralization: {A} {P}honologization {A}pproach to {T}ypological {P}atterns}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, year = {2003}, pages = {420}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Barss.Lasnik1986, author = {Barss, Andrew and Lasnik, Howard}, title = {{A} note on anaphora and double objects}, journal = {{L}inguistic {I}nquiry}, year = {1986}, volume = {17}, pages = {347--354}, abstract = {This squib is concerned with English V NP$_1$ NP$_2$ (double-object) constructions, as in (1), and in particular with the implications of such constructions for phrase structure principles governing certain anaphoric relations. (1) (a) I gave John a book. (b) I denied Fred his pay. We will present several phenomena demonstrating an asymmetrical relation between NP$_1$ and NP$_2$ (some of which have been noted before, some of which we believe are noted here for the first time). In each case it will be seen that NP$_2$ is in some sense in the domain of NP$_1$, but NP$_1$ is not in the domain of NP$_2$.}, comment = {paper, electronic, needs OCR}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @INCOLLECTION{Basboll1977, author = {Basboll, Hans}, title = {{T}he structure of the syllable and proposed hierarchy of phonological features}, booktitle = {{P}honologica 1976}, publisher = {Institut fur Sprachwissenschaft}, year = {1977}, editor = {Dressler, W. et al.}, pages = {143--148}, address = {Innsbruck}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Basboll1974, author = {Basboll, Hans}, title = {{S}tructure consonantique du mot italien}, journal = {Revue Romane}, year = {1974}, volume = {9}, pages = {27--40}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Basilico2008, author = {Basilico, David}, title = {{P}article verbs and benefactive double objects in {E}nglish: high and low attachments}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {2008}, volume = {26}, pages = {731--773}, number = {4}, abstract = {This paper analyzes verbs that can enter into a transitive (The students wrote a lab report), benefactive double object (The students wrote their professor a lab report) and particle verb (The students wrote up a lab report) construction. The analysis is situated within the Distributed Morphology framework. It argues for the presence of a small clause structure only in the particle verb construction and not in the benefactive construction; the particle merges directly with the Root while the benefactive possessive element merges with an already categorized verb. The benefactive differs from the better researched dative in that the dative does involve a caused possession small clause structure. Particle verbs can occur in double object constructions, but they involve a benefactive-like syntax and not a caused possession small clause analysis. Furthermore, I argue that the Roots that underlie these verbs are relationless and underspecified with respect to meaning, supporting the idea that the functional vocabulary introduces arguments and fully specifies the meaning of the Roots. However, rather than adopting the position that an object is introduced at only one point in the derivation, this analysis shows that an object can be introduced at several different points within the derivation. Finally, this paper shows that argument merger is sensitive to the phase structure of the clause.}, timestamp = {2010.10.10} } @MISC{Basri.etal1998, author = {Basri, Hasan and Broselow, Ellen and Finer, Dan and Selkirk, Elisabeth}, title = {{A}ffix classes in {M}akassarese: {E}xploiting the word/stem distinction}, year = {1998}, address = {Stony Brook, NY and Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bat-El2008, author = {Bat-El, Outi}, title = {{M}orphologically conditioned {V}-{$\varnothing$} alternation in {H}ebrew: distinction among nouns, adjectives and participles, and verbs}, booktitle = {{G}enerative approaches to {H}ebrew linguistics}, year = {2008}, editor = {Armon-Lotem, Sharon and Danon, Gabi and Rothstein, Susan}, date-added = {2010-06-01 13:50:59 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-06-01 15:01:47 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Bat-El2005, author = {Bat-El, Outi}, title = {{T}he emergence of the trochaic foot in {H}ebrew hypocoristics}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2005}, volume = {22}, pages = {115-143}, date-added = {2010-02-22 15:33:07 -0500}, date-modified = {2010-02-22 15:33:53 -0500}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Bat-El1996, author = {Bat-El, Outi}, title = {{S}electing the best of the worst: {T}he grammar of {H}ebrew blends}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1996}, volume = {13}, pages = {283--328}, bdsk-file-1 = 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timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Bat-El1992, author = {Bat-El, Outi}, title = {{S}tem modification and cluster transfer in {M}odern {H}ebrew}, year = {1992}, note = {ms}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Bat-El1989, author = {Bat-El, Outi}, title = {{P}honology and {W}ord {S}tructure in {M}odern {H}ebrew}, school = {UCLA}, year = {1989}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bates1986, author = {Bates, Dawn}, title = {{A}n analysis of {L}ushootseed diminutive reduplication}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 12th {A}nnual {M}eeting of the {B}erkeley {L}inguistic {S}ociety}, publisher = {BLS}, year = {1986}, editor = {Nikiforidou, V. and VanClay, M. and Niepokuj, M.}, pages = {1--12}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bates.Carlson1992, author = {Bates, Dawn and Carlson, Barry}, title = {{S}imple syllables in {S}pokane {S}alish}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1992}, volume = {23}, pages = {653--659}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bates.etal1994, title = {{L}ushootseed {D}ictionary}, publisher = {University of Washington Press}, year = {1994}, author = {Bates, Dawn and Hess, Thom and Hilbert, Vi}, address = {Seattle and London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MANUAL{Bates.Maechler2009, title = {{\textsf{lme4}: linear mixed-effects models using {S4} classes}}, author = {Douglas Bates and Martin Maechler}, year = {2009}, note = {\textsf{R} package version 0.999375-31}, abstract = {An R package for fitting and analyzing linear, nonlinear and generalized linear mixed models.}, timestamp = {2009.06.03}, url = {http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4} } @MANUAL{Bates.Maechler2009a, title = {lme4: {L}inear mixed-effects models using {S}4 classes}, author = {Douglas Bates and Maechler, Martin}, year = {2009}, note = {{R} package version 0.999375-32}, bdsk-url-1 = {http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4}, date-modified = {2010-05-31 22:41:55 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11}, url = {http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4} } @ARTICLE{Bates2005, author = {Bates, Douglas M.}, title = {{F}itting linear mixed models in {R}}, journal = {R News}, year = {2005}, volume = {5}, pages = {27-30}, date-added = {2010-05-30 10:49:00 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-31 22:41:33 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Battison1978, title = {{L}exical borrowing in {A}merican {S}ign {L}anguage}, publisher = {Linstok Press}, year = {1978}, author = {Battison, Robin}, address = {Silver Spring}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Battistella1980, author = {Battistella, Edward}, title = {{I}gbo vowel harmony}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 9}, year = {1980}, pages = {108--123}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bauer1993, title = {{M}aori}, publisher = {Routledge}, year = {1993}, author = {Bauer, Winifred}, address = {New York, London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bauernschmidt1965, author = {Bauernschmidt, A.}, title = {{A}muzgo syllable dynamics}, journal = {Language}, year = {1965}, volume = {41}, pages = {471--483}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Baugh2007, author = {Baugh, John}, title = {{A}ttitudes toward variation and ear-witness testimony}, booktitle = {{S}ociolinguistic variation}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2007}, editor = {Bayley, Robert and Lucas, Ceil}, pages = {338--348}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.05.20} } @ARTICLE{Bearth.Link1980, author = {Bearth, T. and Link, C.}, title = {{T}he tone puzzle of {W}obe}, journal = {Studies in African Linguistics}, year = {1980}, volume = {11}, pages = {147--207}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Beaver1994, author = {Beaver, David}, title = {{A}ccommodating topics}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {IBM} and {Journal of Semantics} {Conference on Focus}}, year = {1994}, editor = {van der Sandt, Rob and Bosc, Peter}, address = {Heidelberg}, publisher = {IBM}, abstract = {This paper concerns the relevance of notions of sentence topic and discourse topic to the analysis of sentences containing presuppositions. Firstly I consider sentences where quantificational determiners quantify-in to presuppositions. By considering texts containing such sentences, I show that intermediate accommodation cannot be triggered by presuppositions, contrary to the predictions of van der Sandt's recent model. However, a process I refer to as topical accommodation could justify the existence of the readings predicted by van der Sandt's model in some cases. I then show that similar problems occur in the treatment of presuppositions occurring in the consequents of conditionals, and once again conclude that current models err by not taking into account topic-focus articulation and issues of discourse coherency.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @BOOK{Becker1986, title = {{W}riting for {S}ocial {S}cientists: {H}ow to {S}tart and {F}inish {Y}our {T}hesis, {B}ook, or {A}rticle}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1986}, author = {Becker, Howard S.}, address = {Chicago}, note = {Includes a chapter by Pamela Richards.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Becker2008, author = {Becker, Michael}, title = {{P}honological trends in the lexicon: {T}he role of constraints}, school = {{U}niversity of {M}assachusetts}, year = {2008}, type = {%%Doctoral Dissertation}, address = {Amherst, {MA}}, bdsk-file-1 = 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date-added = {2009-01-12 14:58:22 -0500}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 14:30:20 -0400}, keywords = {lexicon, exceptionality, experimental}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @CONFERENCE{Becker2006, author = {Becker, Michael}, title = {{CC}amel{OT}--an implementation of {OT-CC}'s {GEN} and {EVAL} in {P}erl}, booktitle = {80th meeting of the {LSA}, {A}lbuquerque, {NM}}, year = {2006}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.05.26} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Becker2004, author = {Becker, Michael}, title = {{L}exical exceptions: putting the grammar to work}, year = {2004}, address = {Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ}, note = {HUMDRUM 3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Becker.etal2008, author = {Becker, Michael and Ketrez, Nihan and Nevins, Andrew}, title = {{T}he surfeit of the stimulus: analytic biases filter lexical statistics in {T}urkish devoicing neutralization}, howpublished = {Ms. (Available on http://theoling.auf.net)}, year = {2008}, date-added = {2010-04-12 13:39:07 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-04-12 13:42:57 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @UNPUBLISHED{Becker.Nevins2009, author = {Michael Becker and Andrew Nevins}, title = {{I}nitial-syllable faithfulness as the best model of word-size effects in alternations}, note = {{Talk given at NELS 40}}, year = {2009}, date-added = {2010-01-12 15:09:42 -0500}, date-modified = {2010-01-12 15:10:33 -0500}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Becker.Pater2007, author = {Becker, Michael and Pater, Joe}, title = {{OT}-{H}elp: {J}ava tools for {O}ptimality {T}heory}, year = {2007}, note = {Software package, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.}, owner = {joepater}, timestamp = {2007.05.02} } @INCOLLECTION{Beckman1995, author = {Beckman, Jill}, title = {{S}hona height harmony: {M}arkedness and positional identity}, booktitle = {{U}niversity of {M}assachusetts {O}ccasional {P}apers in {L}inguistics 18: {P}apers in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1995}, editor = {Beckman, Jill and Urbanczyk, Suzanne and Walsh, Laura and Beckman, Jill and Urbanczyk, Suzanne and Walsh, Laura}, pages = {53--75}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Beckman2003, author = {Beckman, Jill}, title = {{T}he {C}ase for {L}ocal {C}onjunction: {E}vidence from {F}uem}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of {WCCFL} 22}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {2003}, editor = {Tsujimura, M. and Garding, G. and Tsujimura, M. and Garding, G.}, pages = {56--69}, address = {Somerville, MA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Beckman2004, author = {Beckman, Jill}, title = {{O}n {C}oda {C}ond and epenthesis in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston}, note = {LSA 78}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Beckman1997, author = {Beckman, Jill}, title = {{P}ositional faithfulness, positional neutralization, and {S}hona vowel harmony}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1997}, volume = {14}, pages = {1--46}, number = {1}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 13:16:44 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Beckman.etal2009, author = {Beckman, Jill and Jessen, Michael and Ringen, Catherine O.}, title = {{G}erman fricatives: coda devoicing or positional faithfulness?}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2009}, volume = {26}, pages = {231-268}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-10-29 13:21:40 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-10-29 13:22:44 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Beckman.Ringen2004, author = {Beckman, Jill and Ringen, Catherine}, title = {{C}ontrast and redundancy in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, year = {2004}, address = {Davis, CA}, note = {WCCFL 23}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Beckman.etal1995, title = {{P}apers in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1995}, author = {Beckman, Jill and Walsh Dickey, Laura and Urbanczyk, Suzanne}, address = {Amherst}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Beckman1998, author = {Beckman, Jill N.}, title = {{P}ositional faithfulness}, school = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, year = {1998}, note = {New York: Routledge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Beckman1986, title = {{S}tress and {N}on-{S}tress {A}ccent.}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1986}, author = {Beckman, Mary}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Beckman1982, author = {Beckman, Mary}, title = {{S}egmental duration and the 'mora' in {J}apanese}, journal = {Phonetica}, year = {1982}, volume = {39}, pages = {113--135}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Beckman.Edwards1994, author = {Beckman, Mary and Edwards, J.}, title = {{A}rticulatory evidence for differentiating stress categories}, booktitle = {{P}honological structure and phonetic form: {P}apers in {L}aboratory {P}honology {III}}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1994}, editor = {Keating, Patricia}, pages = {7-33}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2006.11.08} } @INCOLLECTION{Beckman.Edwards1989, author = {Beckman, Mary and Edwards, Jan}, title = {{L}engthenings and shortenings and the nature of prosodic constituency}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {L}aboratory {P}honology 1: {B}etween {G}rammar and the {P}hysics of {S}peech}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1989}, editor = {Kingston, John and Beckman, Mary}, pages = {152--178}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Beckman.etal1987, author = {Beckman, Mary and de Jong, Kenneth and Edwards, Jan}, title = {{T}he surface phonology of stress clash in {E}nglish. {P}resented at the {LSA} meeting}, year = {1987}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Beckman.Pierrehumbert1986, author = {Beckman, Mary and Pierrehumbert, Janet}, title = {{I}ntonational structure in {E}nglish and {J}apanese}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1986}, volume = {3}, pages = {255--309}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Beckman.Shoji1984, author = {Beckman, Mary and Shoji, A.}, title = {{S}pectral and perceptual evidence for {CV} coarticulation in devoiced /si/ and /syu/ in {J}apanese}, journal = {Phonetica}, year = {1984}, volume = {41}, pages = {61--71}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Beckman.etal1991, author = {Beckman, Mary and Swora, M. G. and Rauschenberg, J. and Jong, Kenneth. De}, title = {{S}tress shift, stress clash and polysyllabic shortening in a prosodically annotated discourse. {P}roceedings of the 1991 {I}nternational {C}onference on {S}poken {L}anguage {P}rocessing 1:5-8}, year = {1991}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Beddor.Onsuwan2003, author = {Beddor, Pam and Onsuwan, C.}, title = {{P}erception of prenasalized stops}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {ICPhS} 15}, year = {2003}, address = {Barcelona}, date-added = {2009-11-04 14:18:05 -0500}, date-modified = {2009-11-04 14:19:00 -0500}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Bedir-Khan.Lescot1986, title = {{K}urdische {G}rammatik. {K}urmanc?-{D}ialekt}, publisher = {Kurdisches Institut}, year = {1986}, author = {Bedir-Khan, Emir Djeladet. and Lescot, Roger}, address = {Bonn}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Beekes1995, title = {{C}omparative {I}ndo-{E}uropean {L}inguistics}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1995}, author = {Beekes, Robert S. P.}, address = {Amsterdam}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Beg1988, title = {{U}rdu grammar: history and structure}, publisher = {Bahri Publications}, year = {1988}, author = {Beg, M.}, address = {New Delhi}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Behagel1909, author = {Behagel, O.}, title = {{Beziehungen zwischen Umfang und Reihenfolge von Satzgliedern}}, journal = {{Indogermanische Forschungen}}, year = {1909}, volume = {25}, pages = {110--142}, review = {(1909). . Indogermanische Forschungen, vol. (25/110).}, timestamp = {2010.08.21} } @BOOK{Bekturova.Bekturov1996, title = {{M}anual of the {K}azakh {L}anguage}, publisher = {Rauan}, year = {1996}, author = {Bekturova, A. Sh. and Bekturov, Sh. K.}, address = {Almaty}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Beland.Favreau1991, author = {Beland, Renee and Favreau, Yves}, title = {{O}n the special status of coronals in {A}phasia}, publisher = {(1991)}, year = {1991}, editor = {Paradis, Carole and Prunet, Jean-Francois and Paradis, Carole and Prunet, Jean-Francois}, pages = {201--221}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Belkaid1984, author = {Yamina Belkaid}, title = {{T}he {V}owels of {M}odern {L}iterary {A}rabic-{A} {S}pectrographic {A}nalysis}, journal = {Travaux de l'Institut de Phonetique de {S}trasbourg}, year = {1984}, volume = {16}, pages = {217-240}, note = {CD: TIPSBN}, abstract = {An examination of vowels in Classical Arabic as it is used today, also known as neo-classical Arabic or Standard Modern Arabic. This lang is distinct from Classical Arabic per se & from the Arabic dialects that are almost exclusively spoken rather than written. A corpus of vowels in consonantal contexts was collected from a single speaker & subjected to various acoustic analyses. Among the qualitative differences examined were differences in length & intensity. Only two of the six vowels of Classical Arabic were found to have invariant phonetic realizations - for the others, timbre was affected by context. 5 Tables, 6 Figures, 11 References. Modified HA}, isbn = {0750-1315}, keywords = {Vowel (vo4); Afro-Asiatic Languages (af2); Acoustic Phonetics (ac2); Sound Spectrograph (so4); Classical Arabic vowels, spectrographic analysis; qualitative differences}, language = {French}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Bell1997, author = {Bell, Alan}, title = {{L}anguage style as audience design}, booktitle = {{S}ociolinguistics: a reader and coursebook}, publisher = {St. Mattin's Press, Inc.}, year = {1997}, editor = {Coupland, N. and Jaworsk, A.}, pages = {240--250}, address = {New York}, abstract = {The style dimension of language vanatIon has not been adequately explained in sociolinguistic theory. Stylistic or intraspeaker variation derives from and mirrors interspeaker variation. Style is essentially speakers' response to their audience. In audience design. speakers accommodate primarily to their addressee. Third persons - auditors and overhearers - affect style to a lesser but regular degree. Audience design also accounts for bilingual or bidialectal code choices. Nonaudience factors like topic and setting derive their effect by association with addressee types. These style shifts are mainly responsive - caused by a situational change. Speakers can also use style as initiative. to redefine the existing situation. Initiative style is primarily referee design: divergence from the addressee and towards an absent reference group. Referee design is especially prevalent in mass communication.}, comment = {electronic (Bell1984_AudienceDesign)}, timestamp = {2009.06.07} } @INCOLLECTION{Bell1978, author = {Bell, Alan}, title = {{S}yllabic consonants}, booktitle = {{U}niversals of {H}uman {L}anguage}, publisher = {Stanford University Press}, year = {1978}, editor = {Greenberg, J. H.}, volume = {2, Phonology}, pages = {153--201}, address = {Stanford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bell1984, author = {Bell, Allan}, title = {{L}anguage style as audience design}, journal = {{L}anguage in {S}ociety}, year = {1984}, volume = {13}, pages = {145--204}, abstract = {The style dimension of language vanatIon has not been adequately explained in sociolinguistic theory. Stylistic or intraspeaker variation derives from and mirrors interspeaker variation. Style is essentially speakers' response to their audience. In audience design. speakers accommodate primarily to their addressee. Third persons - auditors and overhearers - affect style to a lesser but regular degree. Audience design also accounts for bilingual or bidialectal code choices. Nonaudience factors like topic and setting derive their effect by association with addressee types. These style shifts are mainly responsive - caused by a situational change. Speakers can also use style as initiative. to redefine the existing situation. Initiative style is primarily referee design: divergence from the addressee and towards an absent reference group. Referee design is especially prevalent in mass communication.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Bell1971, author = {Bell, Alan}, title = {{S}ome patterns of ocurrence and formation of syllable structures.}, booktitle = {{W}orking papers on language universals}, publisher = {Language Universals Project, Stanford University}, year = {1971}, volume = {6}, pages = {23-137}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2006.10.26} } @ARTICLE{Bell.etal2009, author = {Bell, Alan and Brenier, Jason and Gregory, Michelle and Girand, Cynthia and Jurafsky, Daniel}, title = {{P}redictability effects on durations of content and function words in conversational {English}}, journal = {{J}ournal of {M}emory and {L}anguage}, year = {2009}, volume = {60}, pages = {92--111}, number = {1}, abstract = {In a regression study of conversational speech, we show that frequency, contextual predictability and repetition have separate contributions to word duration, despite their substantial correlations. Moreover, content- and function-word durations are affected differently by their frequency and predictability. Content words are shorter when more frequent, and shorter when repeated, while function words are not so affected. Function words have shorter pronunciations, after controlling for frequency and predictability. While both content and function words are strongly affected by predictability from the word following them, sensitivity to predictability from the preceding word is largely limited to very frequent function words. The results support the view that content and function words are accessed differently in production. We suggest a lexical-access-based model of our results, in which frequency or repetition lead to shorter or longer word durations by causing faster or slower lexical access, mediated by a general mechanism that coordinates the pace of higher-level planning and the execution of the articulatory plan.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.05.19} } @BOOK{Bell.Hooper1978, title = {{S}yllables and segments}, publisher = {Elsevier--North Holland}, year = {1978}, author = {Bell, Alan and Joan Bybee Hooper}, address = {New York}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2006.10.26} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Bell.etal1999, author = {Bell, Alan and Jurafsky, Daniel and Fosler-Lussier, E. and Girand, C. and Gildea, D.}, title = {{F}orms of {English} function words --- effects of disfluencies, turn position, age and sex, and predictability}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {Fourteenth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences}}, year = {1999}, pages = {395--398}, address = {San Francsico, CA}, abstract = {This study examines the role of several non--phonetic factors in the reduction of ten frequent English function words ( I, and, the, that, a, you, to, of, it, and in) in the phoneticallytranscribed portion of the Switchboard corpus of spontaneous telephone conversations. Using ordinary linear and logistic regression models, we examined the length of the words and whether their vowels were full or reduced. We show that function words are more likely to be longer or unreduced when they are turn --- initial or utterance --- final, when the speaker is female (mostly but not completely due to slower rate of speech) and when the word is surprising given the previous or following words. Finally, focusing on finer details of the effect of planning problems on reduction, we show that filled pauses (uh and um) are the strongest factor in predicting lengthening of a previous function word. The results bear on issues in speech recognition and models of speech production.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.05.07} } @ARTICLE{Bell1983, author = {Bell, Sarah}, title = {{I}nternal {C} reduplication in {S}huswap}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1983}, volume = {14}, pages = {332--338}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bender1968, author = {Bender, Byron}, title = {{M}arshallese phonology}, journal = {Oceanic Linguistics}, year = {1968}, volume = {7}, pages = {16--35}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bender2008, author = {Bender, Emily}, title = {{G}rammar engineering for linguistic hypothesis testing}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the Texas Linguistics Society X Conference: Computational Linguistics for Less-Studied Languages.}}, publisher = {CSLI Publications}, year = {2008}, editor = {Gaylord, Nick and Palmer, Alexis and Ponvert, Elias}, pages = {16--36}, address = {Stanford}, abstract = {In this paper, I argue that the tools and techniques of grammar engineering provide a means to take the development and evaluation of syntactic hypothesis testing to a new level. Grammar engineering is the process of creating machine-readable implementations of formal grammars. Traditionally, linguistic hypotheses are encoded as statements within a grammatical theory and tested by collecting relevant examples and manually verifying that the grammars correctly predict the grammaticality and linguistic structure of those examples. Computerized implementations of their grammars allow linguists to more efficiently and effectively test hypotheses, for two reasons: First, languages are made up of many subsystems with complex interactions. Linguists generally focus on just one subsystem at a time, yet the predictions of any particular analysis cannot be calculated independently of the interacting subsystems. With implemented grammars, the computer can track the effects of all aspects of the implementation while the linguist focuses on developing just one. Second, automated application of grammars to test suites and naturally occurring data allows for much more thorough testing of linguistic analyses?against thousands as opposed to tens of examples and including examples not anticipated by the linguist.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @PHDTHESIS{Bender2001, author = {Bender, Emily}, title = {{S}yntactic variation and linguistic competence: the case of {AAVE} copula absence}, school = {Department of Linguistics, Stanford University}, year = {2001}, abstract = {This thesis explores the implications for competence theories of syntax of the data on variation found by sociolinguists working in the Labovian tradition, through a case study of variable copula absence in African American Vernacular English (AAVE). A distributional analysis of the categorical constraints on AAVE copula absence shows that it is indeed a syntactic, rather than phonological variable, contra Labov (1969, 1995). Further, its analysis requires a phonologically empty element, even the surface-oriented framework of Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) (Pollard and Sag 1994). AAVE copula absence is also subject to well-studied and robust non-categorical grammatical constraints. Previous formal approaches to such non-categorical constraints on variation treat non-categorical grammatical constraints as separate from whatever social constraints might also apply. Building on the idea that variation is socially meaningful (Labov 1963, Eckert 2000), I propose that, on the contrary, social and grammatical constraints interact: social constraints are conceptualized as the social meaning of a variable, and grammatical constraints as the intensifying or attenuating effect of the grammatical environment on the social meaning or social value of the variable. This hypothesis is tested and substantiated by a matched-guise experiment, focusing on the effect of the following grammatical environment. Three types of linguistic knowledge seem to be involved in the judgments the participants gave in the experimental task: knowledge of social meaning attached to linguistic forms, direct knowledge of a grammatical structure that is computable from more basic signs already in the grammar, and knowledge of the frequentistic, non-categorical grammatical constraints on variation. Traditional conceptions of linguistic competence place all three of these types of knowledge outside the grammar proper. However, I argue that that distinction is not based on empirical evidence and should be subject to reevaluation. Further, I suggest that sign-based grammars are uniquely suited as models for exploring possible extensions of linguistic competence and that sociolinguistic variation, the social value of variables and the non-categorical grammatical constraints that apply to them provide an interesting locus for the study of the boundaries of linguistic competence.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @BOOK{Bender1976, title = {{T}he {N}on-{S}emitic {L}anguages of {E}thiopia}, publisher = {Michigan State University African Studies Center}, year = {1976}, author = {Bender, M. Lionel}, address = {East Lansing, MI}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bender.1976, title = {{L}anguage in {E}thiopia}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1976}, author = {Bender, M. Lionel and al., et}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bender.Fulass1978, title = {{A}mharic {V}erb {M}orphology}, publisher = {African Studies Center}, year = {1978}, author = {Bender, M. Lionel and Fulass, Hailu}, volume = {7}, address = {East Lansing, MI}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bendor-Samuel1970, author = {Bendor-Samuel, J.}, title = {{S}ome problems of segmentation in the phonological analysis of {T}erena}, booktitle = {{P}rosodic {A}nalysis}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1970}, editor = {Palmer, F. R. and Palmer, F. R.}, pages = {214--21}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Benhallam1990, author = {Benhallam, Abderrafi}, title = {{M}oroccan {A}rabic syllable structure}, journal = {Langues et litteratures}, year = {1990}, volume = {VIII}, pages = {177--191}, note = {Non videtur.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Benjamin1976, author = {Benjamin, Geoffrey}, title = {{A}n outline of {T}emiar grammar}, booktitle = {{A}ustroasiatic studies}, publisher = {University of Hawai'i Press}, year = {1976}, editor = {Jenner, Philip N. and Thompson, Laurence C. and Starosta, Stanley}, address = {Honolulu}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Benor.Levy2006, author = {Benor, Sarah and Levy,, Roger}, title = {{T}he chicken or the egg? {A} probabilistic analysis of {English} binomials}, journal = {{L}angauge}, year = {2006}, volume = {82}, pages = {233-278}, number = {2}, abstract = {Why is it preferable to say salt and pepper over pepper and salt? Based on an analysis of 692 binomial tokens from online corpora, we show that a number of semantic, metrical, and frequency constraints contribute significantly to ordering preferences, overshadowing the phonological factors that have traditionally been considered important. The ordering of binomials exhibits a considerable amount of variation. For example, although principal and interest is the more frequent order, interest and principal also occurs. We consider three frameworks for analysis of this variation: traditional optimality theory, stochastic optimality theory, and logistic regression. Our best models-using logistic regression-predict 79.2% of the binomial tokens and 76.7% of types, and the remainder are predicted as less frequent-but not ungrammatical-variants.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @PHDTHESIS{Bensoukas2001, author = {Bensoukas, Karim}, title = {{S}tem {F}orms in the {T}emplatic {M}orphology of {B}erber}, school = {Mohammed V University}, year = {2001}, address = {Rabat, Morocco}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Benua1995, author = {Benua, Laura}, title = {{I}dentity effects in morphological truncation}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1995}, editor = {Beckman, Jill and Walsh Dickey, Laura and Urbanczyk, Suzanne}, pages = {77--136}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Benua1997a, author = {Benua, Laura}, title = {{A}ffixes {C}lasses are defined by {F}aithfulness}, booktitle = {{U}niversity of {M}aryland {W}orking {P}apers in {L}inguistics 5. {S}elected {P}honology {P}apers from {H}opkins {O}ptimality {T}heory {W}orkshop 1997 / {U}niversity of {M}aryland {M}ayfest 1997}, year = {1997}, editor = {Miglio, Viola and Moren, Bruce}, pages = {1--27}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Benua1997, author = {Benua, Laura}, title = {{T}ransderivational {I}dentity: {P}honological {R}elations between {W}ords}, school = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, year = {1997}, note = {Available on the Rutgers Optimality Archive, ROA-259, http://roa.rutgers.edu.}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 13:10:03 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Benua.Smolensky2001, author = {Benua, Laura and Smolensky, Paul}, title = {{M}arkedness and preconditions on vowel harmony}, year = {2001}, note = {Handout from talk presented at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.}, address = {College Park and Baltimore, MD}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Berent.etal2001, author = {Berent, Iris and Everett, Daniel and Shimron, J.}, title = {{D}o phonological representations specify formal variables? {E}vidence from the {O}bligatory {C}ontour {P}rinciple}, journal = {Cognitive Psychology}, year = {2001}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Berent.Shimron1997, author = {Berent, Iris and Shimron, J.}, title = {{T}he representation of {H}ebrew words: {E}vidence from the {O}bligatory {C}ontour {P}rinciple}, journal = {Cognition}, year = {1997}, volume = {64}, pages = {39--72}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Berg2001, author = {Berg, Thomas}, title = {{A}n experimental study of syllabification in {I}celandic}, journal = {Nordic Journal of Linguisics}, year = {2001}, volume = {24}, pages = {71--106}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bermudez-Otero2012, author = {Berm\'udez-Otero, Ricardo}, title = {{T}he architecture of grammar and the division of labour in exponence}, booktitle = {The morphology and phonology of exponence (Oxford Studies in Theoretical Linguistics 41).}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {2012}, editor = {Jochen Trommer}, pages = {8--83}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2011.09.19} } @MISC{Bermudez-Otero2006, author = {Berm\'udez-Otero, R.}, title = {{T}he phonology of cliticization in {Stratal Optimality Theory}}, howpublished = {Handout of paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Linguistics Association of Great Britain, Newcastle upon Tyne, 31 August}, year = {2006}, note = {Available at \url{www.bermudez-otero.com/clitics.pdf}}, timestamp = {2011.10.26} } @PHDTHESIS{Bermudez-Otero1999, author = {Berm\'udez-Otero, Ricardo}, title = {{C}onstraint interaction in language change: quantity in {English} and {German}}, school = {Department of Linguistics, University of Manchester}, year = {1999}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.10.19} } @UNPUBLISHED{Bermudez-Otero1996, author = {Berm\'udez-Otero, Ricardo}, title = {{S}tress and quantity in {Old} and early {Middle English}: evidence for an optimality-theoretic model of language change}, note = {Ms., University of Manchester}, year = {1996}, comment = {none; removed from ROA}, timestamp = {2009.10.19} } @ARTICLE{Berman.Szamosi1972, author = {Berman, Arlene and Szamosi, Michael}, title = {{O}bservations on sentential stress}, journal = {Language}, year = {1972}, volume = {48}, pages = {304--325}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @UNPUBLISHED{Bermudez-Otero2001, author = {Bermudez-Otero, Ricardo}, title = {{U}nderlyingly {N}onmoraic {C}oda {C}onsonants, {F}aithfulness, and {S}ympathy}, note = {University of Manchester. http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/bermudez/DEP-mora.pdf (accessed on 02 February 2007)}, year = {2001}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 12:58:00 -0400}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.02.02} } @PHDTHESIS{Bermudez-Otero1999a, author = {Bermudez-Otero, Ricardo}, title = {{C}onstraint {I}nteraction in {L}anguage {C}hange: {Q}uantity in {E}nglish and {G}ermanic}, school = {University of Manchester}, year = {1999}, address = {Manchester, UK}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Bermudez-Otero1999b, author = {Bermudez-Otero, Ricardo}, title = {{O}pacity: {E}vidence from {W}est {G}ermanic gemination}, year = {1999}, address = {Manchester Linguistic Association of Great Britain}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bermudez-Otero1998, author = {Bermudez-Otero, Ricardo}, title = {{P}rosodic optimization: {T}he {M}iddle {E}nglish length adjustment}, journal = {English Language and Linguistics}, year = {1998}, volume = {2}, pages = {169--197}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Bermudez-Otero1996a, author = {Bermudez-Otero, Ricardo}, title = {{S}tress and quantity in {O}ld and early {M}iddle {E}nglish: {E}vidence for an {O}ptimality-{T}heoretic model of language change}, year = {1996}, address = {Manchester}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bernard1957, title = {{A}n {I}ntroduction to the {S}tudy of {E}xperimental {M}edicine}, publisher = {Dover}, year = {1957}, author = {Bernard, C.}, address = {New York}, note = {First French edition, 1865}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Bernard.etal2007, author = {Bernard, Ellen and Andrus, Curtis and Anttila, Arto}, title = {{L}inking-r in {Eastern Massachusetts} and {Optimality Theory}}, year = {2007}, note = {{Talk given at New Ways of Analyzing Variation 36 (NWAV), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, October 13}}, abstract = {In Optimality Theory, variation is usually derived from multiple constraint rankings (Multiple Grammars, Kiparsky 1993; Floating Constraints, Nagy and Reynolds 1997; Partially Ordered Grammars, Anttila 1997; Stochastic OT, Boersma and Hayes 2001). All these models involve multiple rankings where the number of rankings predicting an output is proportional to the frequency of occurrence of that output. These models can describe variable data with great accuracy, but they face an explanatory question: what do they exclude? Do they make general predictions about possible and impossible quantitative patterns? We illustrate the challenge from linking-r deletion where an etymological r is deleted in the syllable coda, e.g. He put the tuner [tuwn-] down. The generalization is that linking-r tends to be preserved before a vowel where it can be parsed as an onset and deleted before a consonant where it must be parsed as a coda, depending on stress and vowel quality (McCarthy 1993, Bernard 2007). We examined two data sets from Eastern Massachusetts English: President John F. Kennedy?s nomination acceptance speech, July 15, 1960 (JFK, 652 tokens) and interview data collected in Boston in July 2005 by several interviewers as part of a sociolinguistics course (BOS, 2,438 tokens). The absolute numbers vary, but the same implicational hierarchy emerges in both data sets. Two observations emerged. First, the typology reveals several implicational universals that are independent of ranking. These universals are of the form ``If r is retained in environment E1 it is retained in environment E2''. Second, since the implicational universals are preserved by every ranking, and variation results from combining rankings, it follows that implicational universals should emerge quantitatively in variation. This is confirmed by both data sets in (1). We verified these predictions using a (freely available) Windows program that finds the implicational universals hidden in an optimality-theoretic grammar and visualizes them as a directed graph (Anttila and Andrus 2006). We conclude that Optimality Theory imposes strict limits on possible quantitative variation patterns, given a set of grammatical constraints, and that these limits emerge in the quantitative patterning of linking-r in Eastern Massachusetts English.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @BOOK{Bernhardt.Stemberger1998, title = {{H}andbook of {P}honological {D}evelopment from the {P}erspective of {C}onstraint-{B}ased {N}onlinear {P}honology}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1998}, author = {Bernhardt, Barbara H. and Stemberger, Joseph P.}, address = {San Diego}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bernstein2006, author = {Bernstein, Cynthia Goldin}, title = {{R}epresenting {Jewish} identity through {English}}, booktitle = {{E}nglish and ethnicity: signs of race}, publisher = {Macmillan Palgrave}, year = {2006}, pages = {107--129}, address = {London}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @ARTICLE{Bertinetto.Jetchev2005, author = {Bertinetto, Pier Marco and Jetchev, Georgi Ivanov}, title = {{L}exical access in {B}ulgarian: nouns and adjectives with and without floating vowels}, journal = {Catalan {J}ournal of {L}inguistics}, year = {2005}, volume = {4}, pages = {171-198}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-07-02 16:07:01 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-07-02 16:08:19 -0400}, keywords = {yers}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Bertoloinpress, title = {{L}anguage {A}cquisition and {L}earnability}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {in press}, author = {Bertolo, Stefano}, address = {Cambridge}, keywords = {learnability}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bertran1999, author = {Bertr\'an, Antonio Pamies}, title = {{P}rosodic typology: on the dichotomy between syllable-timed and stress-timed languages}, journal = {{L}anguage {D}esign}, year = {1999}, volume = {2}, pages = {103--130}, abstract = {In order to establish a typology based on rhythm it is necessary to consider two issues of great importance: (1) The question of whether languages actually have rhythm (2) The elaboration of a definition of rhythm which is objective and precise enough to be used as a possible linguistic universal. Separately, any of these these questions could be approached with a provisional affirmative axiom, however, we cannot do it with both questions at the same time, this would create a vicious circle. If one supposes that every language has rhythm and, at the same time, that rhythm is always isochronic, there is little left to investigate. Other logical possibilities are arbitrarily eliminated. The reductionism contained in the isochronic premises practically converts the question into a tautology: What is the rhythm of language x like if all languages have rhythm and rhythm is always the reccurrence of isochronic elements? From this perspective, we have carried out research in seven languages, some of which are regarded as stress-timed (English and Russian), others of which are regarded as syllable-timed (French, Italian, Catalonian), and still others of which have been assigned to both categories (Spanish, Portuguese). Our first aim is to obtain comparative data by using the same method. Secondly, we wish to provide a more appropriate methodology for studying this phenomenon, as the disagreement among phoneticians is largely due to the enormous diversity of research methods. Thirdly, we wish to approach both things: empirical research and its possible interpretation without initial preconceptions. In other words, we do not presuppose that languages necessarily belongs to one of these groups, nor that those are the only possible types of rhythm, and not even that the languages necessarily have to have any rhythm, because that is what experiments are supposed to ``discover''.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.05.28} } @ARTICLE{Besnier1987, author = {Besnier, Niko}, title = {{A}n autosegmental approach to metathesis in {R}otuman}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {1987}, volume = {73}, pages = {201--223}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bethin2006, author = {Bethin, Christina}, title = {{S}tress and tone in {E}ast {S}lavic dialects}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2006}, volume = {23}, pages = {125-156}, number = {3}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 13:15:57 -0400}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.07.10} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Bethin2002, author = {Bethin, Christina}, title = {{M}etrical {Q}uantity in {C}zech: {E}vidence from {H}ypocoristics}, booktitle = {{F}ormal {A}pproaches to {S}lavic {L}inguistics 11}, year = {2002}, address = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bethin1998, title = {{S}lavic {P}rosody: {L}anguage {C}hange and {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1998}, author = {Bethin, Christina}, address = {Cambridge}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bethin1992, title = {{P}olish {S}yllables: {T}he role of prosody in phonology and morphology}, publisher = {Slavica Publishers}, year = {1992}, author = {Bethin, Christina}, address = {Columbus}, date-modified = {2009-07-15 13:19:43 -0400}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2006.11.13} } @ARTICLE{Bethin1987, author = {Bethin, Christina Y.}, title = {{S}yllable-final laxing in {U}krainian}, journal = {Folia Slavica}, year = {1987}, volume = {8}, pages = {185--197}, number = {2/3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Bever1967, author = {Bever, Thomas G.}, title = {{L}eonard {B}loomfield and the {M}enomini {L}anguage}, school = {MIT}, year = {1967}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, keywords = {exchange}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bhat1976, author = {Bhat, D. N. S.}, title = {{D}ichotomy in phonological change}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {1976}, volume = {39}, pages = {333--351}, keywords = {conspiracy}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Bhatt1971, author = {Bhatt, Sooda Lakshminarayan}, title = {{A} grammar of {T}ulu, a {D}ravidian language}, school = {University of Wisconsin, Madison}, year = {1971}, address = {Madison}, note = {Department of Linguistics}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bickel2009, author = {Bickel, Balthasar}, title = {{C}apturing particulars and universals in clause linkage: a multivariate analysis}, booktitle = {{C}lause-hierarchy and clause-linking: the syntax and pragmatics interface}, publisher = {Benjamins}, year = {2009}, editor = {Bril, Isabelle}, address = {Amsterdam}, note = {in press}, abstract = {Cross-linguistic variation in adjoined clause linkage is higher than is what is allowed by universal concepts like `coordination' and `subordination' which entail sets of strictly correlated properties. This chapter uses statistical techniques to uncover probabilistic relations and clusters in a pilot database. For this, a set of variables that ranges in coverage from the scope of illocutionary force operators to extraction constraints and that allows both detailed quantitative analysis of language-specific clause linkage structures and large-scaled quantified measurement of the similarities of such structures within and between languages. The study tentatively suggests that there is a prototype of subordination which is closer to `and'-like than to `chaining' constructions, and that there is a continuum between more vs. less tightly constrained types of converb and chaining constructions, but no general prototype of `cosubordination'.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.07.15} } @INCOLLECTION{Bickmore1990, author = {Bickmore, Lee}, title = {{B}ranching nodes and prosodic categories}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}honology-{S}yntax {C}onnection}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1990}, editor = {Inkelas, Sharon and Zec, Draga}, pages = {1--17}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:41:42 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Bickmore1996, author = {Bickmore, Lee}, title = {{B}antu tone spreading and displacement as alignment and minimal misalignment}, year = {1996}, address = {Albany, NY}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Biersack.etal2005, author = {Biersack, Sonja and Kempe, Vera and Knapton, Lorna}, title = {{F}ine-tuning speech registers: a comparison of the prosodic features of child-directed and foreigner-directed speech}, booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology: Interspeech 2005}}, year = {2005}, abstract = {The present study compares prosodic features of child-directed speech (CDS) and foreigner-directed speech (FDS), to examine whether FDS is a derivative of CDS as suggested in sociolinguistic studies. Twelve female speakers completed a simple referential communication task addressed to an imaginary adult, an imaginary foreigner, and an imaginary child. The results showed that, compared to the adult-directed baseline (ADS), participants increased pitch range and f0 maxima when addressing a child, but not when addressing a foreigner. Furthermore, participants lowered their speech rate when addressing interlocutors with limited linguistic capacity, but did so differentially: Participants tended to lengthen pauses when addressing an imaginary foreigner, and tended to lengthen segments when addressing an imaginary child. These findings suggest that the prosodic features of CDS and FDS are different, and that speakers have acquired knowledge about how to fine-tune their prosodic adjustments to the specific needs of different interlocutors.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @BOOK{Bierwisch1971, title = {{M}odern linguistics: its development, methods, and problems}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1971}, author = {Bierwisch, Manfred}, series = {Janua Linguarum, Series Minor}, address = {The Hague \& Paris}, comment = {paper}, review = {In the preface the author states that the book ``is concerned with the study of natural language, and attempts to give a survey of contemporary linguistic theory, taking into account its history and its relation to other disciplines'' (p. 5). For students of linguistics, the book is valuable for several reasons. (1) The development of contemporary linguistic theory is sketched in a compact volume of 103 pages. (2) Unlike the works of many modern linguists who tend to exaggerate their own merits and downgrade the works of others, Bierwisch's work is even-handed and does not trap the reader into focusing on problems of interest only to the author at the expense of other problems which are neglected entirely. (3) Instead of focusing on the discrepancies between schools, the author always keeps in mind the general movement of modern linguistics, and discusses the problems and contributions of various schools of linguistics in terms of this development. Even advanced students who already are familiar with the ins and outs of the most recent development of linguistic theories would find it worthwhile to spend a few hours on the book because one tends to lose sight of the general and the basic when restricted to arguments for or against specific problems. Despite the author's denial that he has not attempted to give an introduction to the subject, the reviewer believes the book to be a short, lucid, and informative introduction to contemporary linguistic theory, especially for sophisticated students of other disciplines. The reader is not burdened with details of historical development or jargons of various linguistic schools. No accurate history of the studies of language is attempted. What is attempted is a description of one broad movement named ``Structuralism'' which is currently going on. The term ``structuralism'' is not to be confused with the structuralist approach of post-Bloomfieldian linguists of America. For the author, the term designates the study of human utterances and attitudes, not as isolated individual events, but ``within the general framework of a system of relations which determines the structures of all these events'' (p. 10). Structuralism, understood in the above sense, started with the grammarian's assumption of the operation of ``sound laws,'' the nature of which is directly observable in every living language; structuralism is still important in current linguistic research represented in particular by generative-transformational linguistics. Bierwisch's emphasis is on the present stage of structuralism to which four chapters are devoted: 7. Generative Grammar, 8. Theory of Performance, 9. Grammar Construction and Language Acquisition, 10. Language Change. There are few arguments that go beyond the thoughts of Generative Grammarians. In presenting different views (views on syntax- oriented model, universals and language acquisition, for example), the author almost invariably agrees with Chomsky's views. Recent developments in ``Generative'' semantics, as opposed to Chomsky's interpretive semantics, are not mentioned. Bierwisch's recognition of discrete thought structures (p. 65), which are related, in a way as yet unknown, to Chomsky's deep structures may be incorporated into a generative model of language because thought structures are generated by cognitive or thought systems. Generative phonology, syntax as well as semantics, has been adopted by the Stratificationalists and the neo-Firthian schools of Great Britain. Bierwisch's exclusion of these two schools from modern linguistics seems an over-simplification to the reviewer. Separate chapters are devoted to each of five earlier schools of linguistic thought: 2. Comparative Philology and the Neogram- marians, 3. Ferdinand de Saussure, 4. Prague Phonology, 5. The Copenhagen School, 6. American Linguistics (by this term the author means the Bloomfieldian American structuralist linguistics). Only the basic problems and terms and concepts of individual stages of development that the author regards to be necessary in understanding the present stage of modern linguistics are discussed. The original version of the work was completed early in 1966 and subsequent developments are not included. The principle of marked and unmarked linguistic categories, the discussion of the relation between syntactic and semantic structures, and linguistic change in social contexts, are three examples of such important new developments. The reviewer agrees with the author that the orientation of the book, on the whole, has not suffered. An understanding of the development which has occurred since and which will be made in the future will presuppose an insight into the relations described in the book.}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @ARTICLE{Bierwisch1968, author = {Bierwisch, Manfred}, title = {{T}wo critical problems in accent rules}, journal = {Linguistics}, year = {1968}, volume = {4}, pages = {173--178}, abstract = {Beginning with the paper of Chomsky, Halle \& Lukoff (1956) a theory of accent has been developed which attempts to explain by certain fairly simple rules the complex pattern of degrees of prominence assigned to any given sentence. In the present paper I will not be concerned with those rules which specify the main stress for stems (or, more precisely, for words containing only one stem), but only with the rules which introduce degrees of prominence in compound words and phrases. Let me call these latter rules Phrase-Accent-rules, or for short, PA-rules. The general conditions on the form and the manner of operation of PA-rules may be stated as follows: (i) PA-rules apply cyclically, beginning with the innermost, or lowest constituents of given final derived phrase markers, proceeding ‘upward’ until the topmost constituent is reached. (ii) PA-rules pick out one of the several primary accents of a constituent to which they apply, and make it the main accent of that constituent, thereby lowering all other accents by one degree. (iii) Formally, PA-rules are strictly local transformations whose structural descriptions recognize only three factors: first, the constituents, or bracketing, of a sentence; second, the categorization of the constituents; and third, the previously assigned accents.}, timestamp = {2010.07.17} } @ARTICLE{Biggs1965, author = {Biggs, Bruce}, title = {{D}irect and indirect inheritance in {R}otuman}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {1965}, volume = {14}, pages = {385--445}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Biggs1961, author = {Biggs, Bruce}, title = {{T}he {S}tructure of {N}ew {Z}ealand {M}aaori}, journal = {Anthropological Linguistics}, year = {1961}, volume = {3}, pages = {1--54}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Biggs1959, author = {Biggs, Bruce}, title = {{R}otuman vowels and their history}, journal = {Te Reo}, year = {1959}, volume = {2}, number = {24-26}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Bilerey-Mosier2003, author = {Bilerey-Mosier, Roger}, title = {{E}xemplar-based phonotactic learning}, year = {2003}, address = {Tucson, AZ}, note = {SWOT 8}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Billings1996, author = {Billings, Loren A.}, title = {{S}andhi phenomena and language change}, booktitle = {{I}nterfaces in {P}honology}, publisher = {Akademie Verlag}, year = {1996}, editor = {Kleinhenz, Ursula}, pages = {60--82}, address = {Berlin}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Billings2002, author = {Billings, Loren A.}, title = {{P}hrasal clitics}, journal = {Journal of {S}lavic {L}inguistics}, year = {2002}, volume = {10}, pages = {53-104}, date-added = {2009-11-11 14:58:19 -0500}, date-modified = {2009-11-11 15:00:37 -0500}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Bing1980, author = {Bing, Janet}, title = {{L}inguistic rhythm and grammatical structure in {A}fghan {P}ersian}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1980}, volume = {11}, pages = {437--464}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Bing1979, author = {Bing, Janet}, title = {{A}spects of {E}nglish {P}rosody}, school = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, year = {1979}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Bird1990, author = {Bird, Steven}, title = {{C}onstraint-{B}ased {P}honology}, school = {University of Edinburgh}, year = {1990}, address = {Edinburgh}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Birk1976, title = {{T}he {M}alak{M}alak {L}anguage, {D}aly {R}iver ({W}estern {A}rnhem {L}and)}, publisher = {Australian National University}, year = {1976}, author = {Birk, D. B. W}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @UNPUBLISHED{Black, author = {Black, Cheryl}, title = {{A} step-by-step introduction to the {Government and Binding} theory of syntax}, note = {{Summer Institute of Linguistics}}, abstract = {Designed for use as a textbook, this paper provides a data-motivated, step-by-step introduction to the main tenets of the Government and Binding theory of syntax as developed by Noam Chomsky. An overview of the theory is followed by sections on subcategorization, X-bar theory, movement and traces, semantic roles, case theory, and binding theory. A number of the more recent additions proposed by other linguists, such as the DP hypothesis and the split structure for Infl, are covered in the final section. The data used is primarily English, but also includes Abaza, Chichewa, Eskimo, French, Hixkaryana, Mohawk, Tiwa, Tzotzil, Urub\'u, and Zapotec.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @PHDTHESIS{Black1993, author = {Black, H. Andrew}, title = {{C}onstraint-{R}anked {D}erivation: {A} {S}erial {A}pproach to {O}ptimization}, school = {University of California, Santa Cruz}, year = {1993}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Black1991, author = {Black, H. Andrew}, title = {{T}he phonology of the velar glide in {A}xininca {C}ampa}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1991}, volume = {8}, pages = {183--217}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Black1991a, author = {Black, H. Andrew}, title = {{T}he optimal iambic foot and reduplication in {A}xininca {C}ampa}, booktitle = {{P}honology at {S}anta {C}ruz}, year = {1991}, volume = {2}, pages = {1--18}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Black1980, author = {Black, Paul}, title = {{N}orman {P}ama historical phonology}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {A}ustralian {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Australian National University}, year = {1980}, editor = {Rigsby, B. and Sutton, P.}, volume = {13}, pages = {181--239}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Blackburn1993, author = {Blackburn, Patrick}, title = {{M}odal {L}ogic and {A}ttribute {V}alue {S}tructures}, booktitle = {{D}iamonds and {D}efaults}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = {1993}, editor = {Maarten de Rijke}, pages = {19--65}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Blackburn1994, author = {Blackburn, Patrick}, title = {{S}tructures, {L}anguages and {T}ranslations: {T}he {S}tructural {A}pproach to {F}eature {L}ogic}, booktitle = {{C}onstraints, {L}anguage and {C}omputation}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1994}, editor = {C. J. Rupp and Michael A. Rosner and Roderick Johnson}, pages = {1--27}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Blackburn2000, author = {Blackburn, Patrick}, title = {{R}epresentation, {R}easoning, and {R}elational {S}tructures: {A} {H}ybrid {L}ogic {M}anifesto}, journal = {Journal of the Interest Group in Pure and Applied Logics {$($IGPL$)$}}, year = {2000}, volume = {8}, pages = {339--365}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Blackburn.Gardent1995, author = {Blackburn, Patrick and Claire Gardent}, title = {{A} {S}pecification {L}anguage for {L}exical {F}unctional {G}rammars}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {S}eventh {C}onference of the {E}uropean {C}hapter of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = {1995}, pages = {39--44}, address = {San Francisco}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Blackburn.etal1993, author = {Blackburn, Patrick and Claire Gardent and Wilfried Meyer-Viol}, title = {{T}alking about {T}rees}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {S}ixth {C}onference of the {E}uropean {C}hapter of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = {1993}, pages = {21--29}, address = {San Francisco}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Blackburn.Meyer-Viol1997, author = {Blackburn, Patrick and Wilfried Meyer-Viol}, title = {{M}odal {L}ogic and {M}odel-{T}heoretic {S}yntax}, booktitle = {{A}dvances in {I}ntensional {L}ogic}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = {1997}, editor = {Maarten de Rijke}, pages = {29--60}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Blackburn.Rijke1997, author = {Blackburn, Patrick and Maarten de Rijke}, title = {{Z}ooming {I}n, {Z}ooming {O}ut}, journal = {Journal of Logic, Language, and Information}, year = {1997}, volume = {6}, pages = {5--31}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Blackburn.etal2001, title = {{M}odal {L}ogic}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2001}, author = {Blackburn, Patrick and Maarten de Rijke and Yde Venema}, series = {Cambridge Tracts in Computer Science 58}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Blackburn.Seligman1995, author = {Blackburn, Patrick and Seligman, Jerry}, title = {{H}ybrid {L}anguages}, journal = {Journal of Logic, Language and Information}, year = {1995}, volume = {4}, pages = {251--272}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Bladon1971, author = {Bladon, R. A. W.}, title = {{P}honotactics in a generative grammar of {O}ld {P}rovencal}, journal = {Transactions of the Philological Society}, year = {1971}, volume = {1970}, pages = {91--114}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Blair.etal2002, author = {Blair, Irene V. and Urland, Geoffrey R. and Ma, Jennifer E.}, title = {{U}sing {I}nternet search engines to estimate word frequency}, journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, \& Computers}, year = {2002}, volume = {34}, pages = {286-290}, number = {2}, date-added = {2008-10-15 15:17:43 -0400}, date-modified = {2008-10-27 21:26:51 -0400}, keywords = {search engines, frequency, CELEX}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @PHDTHESIS{Blake2001, author = {Blake, Susan}, title = {{O}n the distribution and representation of schwa in {S}liammon {S}alish: descriptive and theoretical perspectives}, school = {University of British Columbia}, year = {2001}, address = {Vancouver}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Blanc1970, author = {Blanc, Haim}, title = {{T}he {A}rabic dialect of the {N}egev {B}edouins}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {I}srael {A}cademy of {S}ciences and {H}umanities}, publisher = {Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities}, year = {1970}, volume = {4, No. 7}, pages = {112--150}, address = {Jerusalem}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Blevins1992, author = {Blevins, Juliette}, title = {{T}he nature of constraints on the non-dominant hand in {ASL}}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {I}ssues in {ASL} {P}honology}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1992}, editor = {Coulter, G. and Coulter, G.}, pages = {43--62}, address = {San Diego}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Blevins1995, author = {Blevins, Juliette}, title = {{T}he syllable in phonological theory}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John A.}, pages = {206--244}, address = {Cambridge, Mass., and Oxford, UK}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Blevins1997, author = {Blevins, Juliette}, title = {{R}ules in {O}ptimality {T}heory: {T}wo case studies}, booktitle = {{D}erivations and {C}onstraints in {P}honology}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = {1997}, editor = {Roca, Iggy}, pages = {227--260}, address = {Oxford}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Blevinstoappear, author = {Blevins, Juliette}, title = {{A}lternatives to exhaustivity and conflation in metrical theory}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {to appear}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Blevins2006, author = {Blevins, Juliette}, title = {{A} theoretical synopsis of {Evolutionary Phonology}}, journal = {{T}heoretical {L}inguistics}, year = {2006}, volume = {32}, pages = {117--166}, number = {2}, abstract = {Evolutionary Phonology (Blevins 2004a) investigates this hypothesis and explores its consequences for phonological theory and models of sound change. In this brief synopsis, I summarize results of recent research in Evolutionary Phonology, and highlight implications of these results for theoretical approaches. To set the context for this synopsis, the following section briefly reviews the central tenets of this approach, and ways in which it di�ers from, and builds on, earlier traditions. Central to Evolutionary Phonology (Blevins 2004a) is the attempt to explain why certain sound patterns have the typological distributions they do. Why are certain sound patterns extremely common, while others are rare? What factors play a role in determining similar sound patterns across languages? And what is the ultimate explanation for the striking identity between recurrent context-dependent instances of sound change and recurrent alternation types across the world?s languages.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @BOOK{Blevins2003, title = {{E}volutionary phonology. {T}he emergence of sound patterns}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2003}, author = {Blevins, Juliette}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Blevins2001, title = {{N}handa: an aboriginal language of {W}estern {A}ustralia}, publisher = {University of Hawai'i Press}, year = {2001}, author = {Blevins, Juliette}, address = {Honolulu}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Blevins1996, author = {Blevins, Juliette}, title = {{M}okilese reduplication}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1996}, volume = {27}, pages = {523-530}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2006.11.21} } @ARTICLE{Blevins1994, author = {Blevins, Juliette}, title = {{T}he bimoraic foot in {R}otuman phonology and morphology}, journal = {Oceanic Linguistics}, year = {1994}, volume = {33}, pages = {xxx-xxx}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Blevins1993, author = {Blevins, Juliette}, title = {{A} {T}onal analysis of {L}ithuanian {N}ominal {A}ccent}, journal = {Language}, year = {1993}, volume = {69}, pages = {237-73}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.09.25} } @ARTICLE{Blevins1993a, author = {Blevins, Juliette}, title = {{K}lamath laryngeal phonology}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1993}, volume = {59}, pages = {237--279}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Blevins1992a, author = {Blevins, Juliette}, title = {{R}eview of {A}n {E}ssay on {S}tress}, journal = {Language}, year = {1992}, volume = {68}, pages = {159--165}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Blevins1991, author = {Blevins, Juliette}, title = {{E}vidence for the independent representation of length and weight}, year = {1991}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Blevins1990, author = {Blevins, Juliette}, title = {{T}he independence of length and prosody in phonological representations. the {A}rizona {P}honology {C}onference, {T}ucson}, year = {1990}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Blevins.Garrett1993, author = {Blevins, Juliette and Garrett, Andrew}, title = {{T}he evolution of {P}onapeic nasal substitution}, journal = {Oceanic Linguistics}, year = {1993}, volume = {32}, pages = {199--236}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Blevins.Harrison1994, author = {Blevins, Juliette and Harrison, Sheldon}, title = {{A} binary resolution of ternary foot structure in {G}ilbertese}, year = {1994}, booktitle = {{U}niversity of {W}estern {A}ustralia}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bliese1981, title = {{A} {G}enerative {G}rammar of {A}far}, publisher = {The Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of Texas at Arlington}, year = {1981}, author = {Bliese, Loren F.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Blight.Pike1976, author = {Blight, Richard and Pike, Eunice V.}, title = {{T}he phonology of {T}enango {O}tomi}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1976}, volume = {42}, pages = {51--57}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bloch1950, author = {Bloch, Bernard}, title = {{S}tudies in {C}olloquial {J}apanese, {IV}: {P}honemics}, journal = {Language}, year = {1950}, volume = {26}, pages = {86--125}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bloomfield1962, title = {{T}he {M}enomini language}, publisher = {Yale University Press}, year = {1962}, author = {Bloomfield, Leonard}, address = {New Haven, Conn.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bloomfield1939, author = {Bloomfield, Leonard}, title = {{M}enomini morphophonemics}, journal = {{T}ravaux du {C}ercle {L}inguistique de {P}rague}, year = {1939}, volume = {8}, pages = {105--115}, abstract = {MISSING}, comment = {paper, electronic}, review = {The purpose of ``Menomini Morphophonemics'' [...] is to describe data rather than to describe a theory. Although Bloomfield presents ordered rules, only one paragraph is devoted to explaining the theoretical basis for the analysis in this paper. He does not make any arguments to support his method of description. The only thing that hints that Bloomfield is an innovator is where he specifies that ``... basic forms are not ancient forms ... and our statements of internal sandhi are not historical but descriptive'' (106). Since the use of ordered rules to describe synchronic phonology was new when he wrote this, this is a natural clarification to make. Bloomfield treats rule ordering as a tool to produce a good descriptive grammar, and nothing more.}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @BOOK{Bloomfield1933, title = {{L}anguage}, publisher = {Henry Holt}, year = {1933}, author = {Bloomfield, Leonard}, address = {New York}, comment = {book}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Bloomfield1927, author = {Bloomfield, Leonard}, title = {{L}iterate and illiterate speech}, journal = {{A}merican {S}peech}, year = {1927}, volume = {2}, pages = {432--439}, number = {10}, abstract = {MISSING}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @ARTICLE{Bloomfield1924, author = {Bloomfield, Leonard}, title = {{N}otes on the {F}ox language}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1924}, volume = {3}, pages = {219--232}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Blumenfeld2003, author = {Blumenfeld, Lev}, title = {{R}ussian palatalization in {S}tratal {OT}: morphology and [back]}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {FASL} 11. {U}niversity of {M}assachusetts, {A}mherst}, publisher = {Michigan Slavic Publications}, year = {2003}, editor = {Browne, Wayles and Kim, Ji-yung, and Partee, Barbara H., and Rothstein, Robert}, pages = {141-158}, address = {Ann Arbor}, date-added = {2009-02-03 16:44:14 -0500}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 13:17:20 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @PHDTHESIS{Blumenfeld2006, author = {Blumenfeld, Lev}, title = {{C}onstraints on phonological interactions}, school = {Stanford University}, year = {2006}, address = {Stanford, CA}, date-added = {2009-06-12 15:18:11 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-07-09 16:34:10 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Blumenfeld2004, author = {Blumenfeld, Lev}, title = {{F}oot structure and meter in {P}lautine {L}atin}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston}, note = {LSA 78}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Blumstein1991, author = {Blumstein, Sheila}, title = {{T}he {R}elation between {P}honetics and {P}honology}, journal = {Phonetica}, year = {1991}, volume = {48}, pages = {108-119}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.05.26} } @INCOLLECTION{Blust1990, author = {Blust, Robert}, title = {{T}hree recurrent changes in {O}ceanic languages}, booktitle = {{P}acific island languages: {E}ssays in honour of {G}. {B}. {M}ilner}, publisher = {University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies}, year = {1990}, editor = {Davidson, J. H. C. S. and Davidson, J. H. C. S.}, pages = {7--28}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Blust2001, author = {Blust, Robert}, title = {{S}ome remarks on stress, syncope and gemination in {M}ussau}, journal = {Oceanic Linguistics}, year = {2001}, volume = {40}, pages = {143--150}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Blust2000, author = {Blust, Robert}, title = {{C}hamorro {H}istorical {P}honology}, journal = {Oceanic Linguistics}, year = {2000}, volume = {39}, pages = {83-122}, number = {1}, date-added = {2010-05-19 13:53:07 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-19 13:54:15 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MISC{Blust1992, author = {Blust, Robert}, title = {{O}bstruent epenthesis and the unity of phonological features}, year = {1992}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Blutner2000, author = {Blutner, Reinhard}, title = {{S}ome aspects of optimality in natural languge interpretation}, year = {2000}, address = {Berlin}, keywords = {semantics}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Boadi1963, author = {Boadi, L.}, title = {{P}alatality as a factor in {T}wi vowel harmony}, journal = {Journal of African Languages}, year = {1963}, volume = {2}, pages = {133--138}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Boas1947, title = {{K}wakiutl grammar with a glossary of the suffixes}, year = {1947}, author = {Boas, Franz}, volume = {New series, Vol. 37 part 3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Boas.Deloria1941, title = {{D}akota grammar}, publisher = {US Government Printing Office}, year = {1941}, author = {Boas, Franz and Deloria, Ella}, address = {Washington, DC}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Boas.Hoijer1933, title = {{H}andbook of {A}merican {I}ndian languages}, publisher = {J.J. Augustin}, year = {1933}, author = {Boas, Franz and Hoijer, Harry}, pages = {x, 707}, address = {Gluckstadt ; New York}, note = {Part 3 / edited by Franz Boas ; illustrative sketches by Harry Hoijer ... [et al.]. Tonkawa / by H. Hoijer -- Quileute / by M.J. Andrade -- Yuchi / by G. Wagner -- Zuni / by R.L. Bunzel -- Coeur d'Alene / by G.A. Reichard. Pts. 1 and 2 published by the U.S. G.P.O., as part of the series: Bulletin / Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology.}, keywords = {Indians of North America Languages.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bobaljik2008, author = {Bobaljik, Jonathan}, title = {{P}aradigms ({O}ptimal and otherwise): a case for scepticism}, booktitle = {{I}nflectional identity}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {2008}, editor = {Bachrach, Asaf and Nevins, Andrew}, pages = {29-54}, address = {Oxford}, date-added = {2009-07-14 17:38:25 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-07-14 17:40:32 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Bobaljik2000, author = {Bobaljik, Jonathan}, title = {{T}he ins and outs of contextual allomorphy}, booktitle = {{U}niversity of {M}aryland working papers in linguistics}, publisher = {University of Maryland}, year = {2000}, volume = {10}, pages = {35--71}, address = {College Park, MD}, date-added = {2009-11-08 16:27:43 -0500}, date-modified = {2009-11-08 16:28:22 -0500}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MISC{Bobaljik1997, author = {Bobaljik, Jonathan}, title = {{M}ostly predictable: {C}yclicity and the distribution of schwa in {I}telmen}, howpublished = {{Ms., ROA-208}}, year = {1997}, annote = {ROA-208}, date-modified = {2009-04-14 21:51:00 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bobaljik2011, title = {{U}niversals in comparative morphology: suppletion, superlatives, and the structure of words}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2011}, author = {Bobaljik, Jonathan D.}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2011.10.25} } @UNPUBLISHED{Bobaljik2007, author = {Bobaljik, Jonathan D.}, title = {{O}n comparative suppletion}, note = {Ms., University of Connecticut}, year = {2007}, timestamp = {2011.10.25} } @ARTICLE{Bock1977, author = {Bock, J.}, title = {{A}ccessbility theory: an overview}, journal = {Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior}, year = {1977}, volume = {16}, pages = {723--734}, timestamp = {2009.12.01} } @ARTICLE{Bod2006, author = {Bod, Rens}, title = {{E}xemplar-based syntax: how to get productivity from examples}, journal = {{T}he {L}inguistic {R}eview}, year = {2006}, volume = {23}, pages = {291--320}, abstract = {Exemplar-based models of language propose that human language production and understanding operate with a store of concrete linguistic experiences rather than with abstract linguistic rules. While exemplar-based models are well acknowledged in areas like phonology and morphology, common wisdom has it that they are intrinsically flawed for syntax where infinite generative capacity is needed. This article shows that this common wisdom is wrong. It starts out by reviewing an exemplar-based syntactic model, known as Data-Oriented Parsing, or DOP, which operates on a corpus of phrase-structure trees. While this model is productive, it is inadequate from the point of grammatical productivity. We therefore extend it to the more sophisticated linguistic representations proposed by Lexical-Functional Grammar theory, resulting in the model known as LFG-DOP, which does allow for meta-linguistic judgments of acceptability. We show how DOP deals with first language acquisition, suggesting a unified model for language learning and language use, and go into a number of syntactic phenomena that can be explained by DOP but that challenge rule-based models. We argue that if there is anything innate in language cognition it is not Universal Grammar but ``Universal Representation''.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.09.03} } @BOOK{Bod.etal2003a, title = {{P}robabilistic linguistics}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2003}, author = {Bod, Rens and Hay, Jennifer and Jannedy, Stefanie}, abstract = {For the past forty years, linguistics has been dominated by the idea that language is categorical and linguistic competence discrete. It has become increasingly clear, however, that many levels of representation, from phonemes to sentence structure, show probabilistic properties, as does the language faculty. Probabilistic linguistics conceptualizes categories as distributions and views knowledge of language not as a minimal set of categorical constraints but as a set of gradient rules that may be characterized by a statistical distribution. Whereas categorical approaches focus on the endpoints of distributions of linguistic phenomena, probabilistic approaches focus on the gradient middle ground. Probabilistic linguistics integrates all the progress made by linguistics thus far with a probabilistic perspective. This book presents a comprehensive introduction to probabilistic approaches to linguistic inquiry. It covers the application of probabilistic techniques to phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, language acquisition, psycholinguistics, historical linguistics, and sociolinguistics. It also includes a tutorial on elementary probability theory and probabilistic grammars.}, comment = {none}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @UNPUBLISHED{Boeckx.Hornstein2003, author = {Boeckx, Cedric and Hornstein, Norbert}, title = {{T}he varying aims of linguistic theory}, note = {{Ms., University of Maryland, College Park}}, year = {2003}, abstract = {Language is part of the biological world. Once this fact is the focus of research, as it has been in generative grammar, it ``makes sense to think of this level of inquiry as in principle similar to chemistry in the twentieth century: in principle that is, not in terms of the depth and richness of the `bodies of doctrine' established'' (Chomsky 2000b: 26). Like any other scientific enterprise, linguistics has focused on different goals over the years, and has resorted to different methods to achieve them. We have here distinguished three periods in which distinct goals and methods were emphasized: the combinatoric stage, the cognitive stage, and the minimalist stage. We hope to have conveyed the sense that the evolution of linguistic theory has not been erratic, but instead has followed a coherent direction of inquiry, similar in spirit to what we find in more basic and successful sciences. The results obtained so far are promising, and their use has already extended beyond linguistic matters. Indeed, if the minimalist conjecture about the optimal character of the language organ turns out to be tenable, one will be able to draw ``conclusions of some significance, not only for the study of language itself'' (Chomsky to appear: 25), but for the biological world at large. In many ways, these are exciting times for linguistics.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.09.03} } @INCOLLECTION{Boersma2003, author = {Boersma, Paul}, title = {{T}he odds of eternal optimization in {Optimality Theory}}, booktitle = {{Optimality Theory} and language change}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = {2003}, editor = {Holt, Eric D.}, pages = {31--66}, address = {Dordrecht}, abstract = {The first part of this paper shows that a non-teleological account of sound change is possible if we assume two things: first, that Optimality-Theoretic constraints that do not contribute to determining the winning candidate are ranked randomly with respect to each other, i.e. differently for every speaker; second, that learners acquire as their underlying representations the forms that they detect most often in their environment. The resulting variation-and-selection scheme can be regarded as locally optimizing. It is shown, however, that it is possible that a sequence of such optimizing sound changes ends up in a loop rather than in a single absorbing final state. This kind of cyclic optimization is shown to be exactly what happened in the attested and reconstructed changes in the Indo-European consonant systems. The second part of this paper presents a simulation that shows that cyclic optimization is not only possible but also rather likely: twenty percent of all inventories are in an optimizing loop or heading towards one.}, comment = {electronic}, keywords = {sound change, Optimality Theory, optimization, functional principles}, timestamp = {2009.05.19} } @INCOLLECTION{Boersma2004a, author = {Boersma, Paul}, title = {{T}ypology and acquisition in functional and arbitrary phonology}, booktitle = {{C}onstraints in {P}honological {A}cquisition}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2004}, editor = {Kager, Ren{\'e} and Pater, Joe and Zonneveld, Wim}, address = {Cambridge}, keywords = {learnability functionalism}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Boersma2000, author = {Boersma, Paul}, title = {{P}honology-semantics interaction in {OT}, and its acquisition}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {E}xperimental and {T}heoretical {L}inguistics: {P}roceedings of the {W}orkshop on the {L}exicon in {P}honetics and {P}honology}, publisher = {Department of Linguistics, University of Alberta}, year = {2000}, editor = {Kirchner, Robert and Pater, Joe and Wikely, Wolf}, address = {Edmonton}, keywords = {acquisition functionalism}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Boersma2005, author = {Boersma, Paul}, title = {{P}rototypicality judgments as inverted perception}, year = {2005}, address = {University of Amsterdam}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Boersma2004, author = {Boersma, Paul}, title = {{A} stochastic {OT} account of paralinguistic tasks such as grammaticality and prototypicality judgments}, year = {2004}, note = {Ms, University of Amsterdam.}, owner = {joepater}, timestamp = {2007.05.02} } @MISC{Boersma1999, author = {Boersma, Paul}, title = {{O}n the need for a separate perception grammar}, year = {1999}, note = {Available on Rutgers Optimality Archive, http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/roa.html.}, address = {Amsterdam}, keywords = {functionalism}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Boersma1999a, author = {Boersma, Paul}, title = {{O}ptimality-{T}heoretic learning in the {P}raat program}, journal = {Proceedings of the Institute of Phonetic Sciences, University of Amsterdam}, year = {1999}, volume = {23}, pages = {17--35}, keywords = {learnability functionalism}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Boersma1998, author = {Boersma, Paul}, title = {{F}unctional {P}honology: {F}ormalizing the {I}nteractions {B}etween {A}rticulatory and {P}erceptual {D}rives}, school = {University of Amsterdam}, year = {1998}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Boersma1998a, author = {Boersma, Paul}, title = {{S}preading in functional phonology}, journal = {Proceedings of the international congress of phonetic sciences}, year = {1998}, volume = {22}, pages = {1--20}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Boersma1998b, title = {{F}unctional {P}honology: {F}ormalizing the {I}nteraction {B}etween {A}rticulatory and {P}erceptual {D}rives}, publisher = {Holland Academic Graphics}, year = {1998}, author = {Boersma, Paul}, address = {The Hague}, keywords = {acquisition learnability variation functionalism history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Boersma1997, author = {Boersma, Paul}, title = {{H}ow we learn variation, optionality, and probability}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings 21 of the {I}nstitute of {P}honetic {S}ciences, {U}niversity of {A}msterdam}, year = {1997}, pages = {43--58}, abstract = {Variation is controlled by the grammar, though indirectly: it follows automatically from the robustness requirement of learning. If every constraint in an Optimality-Theoretic grammar has a ranking value along a continuous scale, and the disharmony of a constraint at evaluation time is randomly distributed about this value, the phenomenon of optionality in determining the winning candidate follows automatically from the finiteness of the difference between the ranking values of the relevant constraints; the degree of optionality is a descending function of this difference. In the production grammar, a symmetrized maximal gradual learning algorithm will cause the learner to copy the degrees of optionality from the language environment. In the perception grammar, even the slightest degree of noise in constraint evaluation will cause the learner to become a probability-matching listener, whose categorization distributions match the production distributions of the language environment. Evidence suggests that natural learners follow a symmetric demotion-and-promotion strategy, rather than a demotion-only strategy.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @ARTICLE{Boersma1997a, author = {Boersma, Paul}, title = {{H}ow we learn variation, optionality, and probability}, journal = {Proceedings of the Institute of Phonetic Sciences of the University of Amsterdam}, year = {1997}, volume = {21}, pages = {43--58}, note = {Available on Rutgers Optimality Archive, http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/roa.html.}, keywords = {variation functionalism}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Boersma.Hayes2001, author = {Boersma, Paul and Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{E}mpirical tests of the {Gradual Learning Algorithm}}, journal = {{L}inguistic {I}nquiry}, year = {2001}, volume = {32}, pages = {45--86}, number = {1}, abstract = {The Gradual Learning Algorithm (Boersma 1997) is a constraint-ranking algorithm for learning optimality-theoretic grammars. The purpose of this article is to assess the capabilities of the Gradual Learning Algorithm, particularly in comparison with the Constraint Demotion algorithm of Tesar and Smolensky (1993, 1996, 1998, 2000), which initiated the learnability research program for Optimality Theory. We argue that the Gradual Learning Algorithm has a number of special advantages: it can learn free variation, deal effectively with noisy learning data, and account for gradient well-formedness judgments. The case studies we examine involve Ilokano reduplication and metathesis, Finnish genitive plurals, and the distribution of English light and dark /l/.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Boersma.Hayes2001a, author = {Boersma, Paul and Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{E}mpirical tests of the gradual learning algorithm}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {2001}, volume = {32}, pages = {45--86}, note = {Available on Rutgers Optimality Archive, http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/roa.html.}, keywords = {learnability variation functionalism}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Boersma.Levelt2000, author = {Boersma, Paul and Levelt, Clara C.}, title = {{G}radual constraint-ranking learning algorithm predicts acquisition order}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {T}hirtieth {A}nnual {C}hild {L}anguage {R}esearch {F}orum}, publisher = {CSLI Publications}, year = {2000}, editor = {Clark, Eve V. and Clark, Eve V.}, address = {Stanford, CA}, note = {Available on Rutgers Optimality Archive, http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/roa.html.}, keywords = {acquisition learnability functionalism}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Boersma.Weenink2009, author = {Boersma, Paul and Weenink, David}, title = {{P}raat: {D}oing phonetics by computer, version 5.1}, year = {2009}, date-added = {2009-12-11 15:04:22 -0500}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 13:11:24 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MISC{Boersma.Weenink2008, author = {Boersma, Paul and Weenink, David}, title = {{P}raat: {D}oing phonetics by computer ({V}ersion 5.0.26) [{C}omputer program].}, year = {2008}, note = {Retrieved June 16, 2008, from http://www.praat.org/}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2008.06.19} } @UNPUBLISHED{Boersma.Weenink2006, author = {Boersma, Paul and David Weenink}, title = {{P}raat: {D}oing phonetics by computer, version 4.4}, note = {{D}eveloped at the Institute of Phonetic Sciences, University of Amsterdam}, year = {2006}, bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.praat.org/}, timestamp = {2011.04.11}, url = {http://www.praat.org/} } @ARTICLE{Boersma.Weenink2005, author = {Boersma, Paul and Weenink, David}, title = {{P}raat: doing phonetics by computer ({V}ersion 4.3.19) [{C}omputer program]. {R}etrieved {J}uly 20, 2005 from http://www.praat.org/.}, year = {2005}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bogoras1922, author = {Bogoras, Waldemar}, title = {{C}hukchee}, booktitle = {{H}andbook of {A}merican {I}ndian languages: {P}art 2}, publisher = {Government Printing Office}, year = {1922}, editor = {Boas, Franz}, pages = {639--903}, address = {Washington}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:17:43 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bohnemeyer2004, author = {Bohnemeyer, J\"urgen}, title = {{S}plit intransitivity, linking, and lexical representation: the case of {Yukatek Maya}}, journal = {{L}inguistics}, year = {2004}, volume = {42}, pages = {67--107}, number = {1}, abstract = {Split-intransitive systems of argument marking provide an excellent opportunity to study the structure of the lexical-semantic representations that underlie argument structure alternations and argument linking rules. Yukatek Maya has a typologically rare split-intransitive pattern of argument marking controlled by overt aspect-mood marking. Kramer and Wunderlich (1999) have advanced an analysis according to which the linking of thematic relations to syntactic arguments is governed by lexical aspect as the sole lexical-semantic property linking principles are sensitive to in this language. Critical evidence against this proposal comes from the transitivity alternations of three classes of intransitive verbs: ``degree achievement'' verbs, ``non-internally-caused'' process verbs, and pasture verbs. Transitivity alternations emerge as being governed by the distinction of internally vs. externally-caused events. The Yukatek facts suggest that argument linking operates on a lexical information structure (``event structure'') that partially determines (and thus also underspecifies) both lexical aspect and participant structure.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.09.03} } @ARTICLE{Boland.etal1995, author = {Julie E. Boland and Michael K. Tanenhaus and Susan M. Garnsey and Greg N. Carlson}, title = {{V}erb argument structure in parsing and interpretation: evidence from wh-questions}, journal = {Journal of Memory and Language}, year = {1995}, volume = {34}, pages = {774--806}, abstract = {The hypothesis that readers use verb argument structure information to generate and evaluate likely syntactic alternatives and assign provisional interpretations was evaluated using wh-questions, such as Which client did the salesman visit while in the city? Using a word by word, self-paced reading task with a ``makes sense'' judgment, we manipulated the plausibility of the wh-phrase with respect to the semantic role that it would play if it were the direct object. We also manipulated the preferred argument structure of the verb, using (1) transitive verbs that typically occur with only a direct object; (2) objective control verbs that typically are used with both a direct object and an infinitive complement; and (3) dative verbs that are typically used with both a direct object and an indirect object. The results showed clear and immediate effects of argument structure. Sentences with implausible wh-phrases were judged to stop making sense at the verb for simple transitive verbs. However, sentences with object control verbs and dative verbs were judged to make sense as long as the wh-phrase could be plausibly interpreted as one of the verb's arguments. Thus, the bias to initially interpret a wh-phrase as the direct object of a verb was blocked when the filler was implausible in the direct object role if the verb provided another argument position. In addition, interpretation of the wh-phrase began at the verb, prior to the gap, even when the syntactic position of the gap was ambiguous. The results are taken as support for constraint-based lexicalist models of processing.}, timestamp = {2010.02.26} } @INCOLLECTION{Bolinger1965, author = {Bolinger, Dwight}, title = {{P}itch accent and sentence rhythm}, booktitle = {{F}orms of {E}nglish: {A}ccent, {M}orpheme, {O}rder}, publisher = {Hokuou}, year = {1965}, editor = {Abe, I. and Kanekiyo, T. and Abe, I. and Kanekiyo, T.}, address = {Tokyo}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bolinger1982, title = {{I}ntonation and its {P}arts: {T}he {M}elody of {S}peech.}, publisher = {Stanford University Press}, year = {1982}, author = {Bolinger, Dwight}, address = {Stanford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bolinger1972, author = {Bolinger, Dwight}, title = {{A}ccent is predictable (if you are a mind reader)}, journal = {Language}, year = {1972}, volume = {48}, pages = {633--644}, abstract = {The Chomsky-Halle Nuclear Stress Rule and its modification by Bresnan, and to some extent the criticisms that have been leveled at it, have in common an attempt to account for accent in terms of syntax. Instead, accent should be viewed as independent, directly reflecting the speaker's intent and only indirectly the syntax. Accented words are points of information focus. The Chomsky-Halle Nuclear Stress Rule and its modification by Bresnan, and to some extent the criticisms that have been leveled at it, have in common an attempt to account for accent in terms of syntax. Instead, accent should be viewed as independent, directly reflecting the speaker's intent and only indirectly the syntax. Accented words are points of information focus.}, timestamp = {2010.07.17} } @ARTICLE{Bolinger1972a, author = {Bolinger, Dwight}, title = {{A}ccent is predictable (if you're a mind reader)}, journal = {Language}, year = {1972}, volume = {48}, pages = {633--644}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bolinger1958, author = {Bolinger, Dwight}, title = {{A} theory of pitch accent in {E}nglish}, journal = {Word}, year = {1958}, volume = {14}, pages = {109--149}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bolinger1962, author = {Bolinger, Dwight L.}, title = {{B}inomials and pitch accent}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {1962}, volume = {11}, pages = {34--44}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bolker1998, title = {{W}riting your dissertation in fifteen minutes a day: {A} guide to starting, revising, and finishing your doctoral thesis}, publisher = {Owl Books}, year = {1998}, author = {Bolker, Joan}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bolognesi1998, title = {{T}he phonology of {C}ampidanian {S}ardinian: {A} unitary account of a self-organizing structure}, publisher = {HIL Disserations.}, year = {1998}, author = {Bolognesi, R.}, address = {Holland}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Bonet1991, author = {Bonet, M. Eulalia}, title = {{M}orphology after {S}yntax: {P}ronominal {C}litics in {R}omance}, school = {MIT}, year = {1991}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Booij1988, author = {Booij, Geert}, title = {{M}orphological and prosodic domains in lexical phonology}, booktitle = {{C}ertamen {P}honologicum}, publisher = {Rosenberg and Sellier}, year = {1988}, editor = {Bertinetto, Pier Marco and Loporcaro, M.}, pages = {137--156}, address = {Turin}, date-modified = {2009-12-16 16:19:15 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Booij1996, author = {Booij, Geert}, title = {{L}exical phonology and the derivational residue}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {T}rends in {P}honology: {M}odels and methods}, publisher = {University of Salford}, year = {1996}, editor = {Durand, Jacques and Laks, Bernard}, pages = {69--96}, address = {Salford, Manchester, UK}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:24:23 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Booij1997, author = {Booij, Geert}, title = {{N}on-derivational phonology meets lexical phonology}, booktitle = {{D}erivations and {C}onstraints in {P}honology}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1997}, editor = {Roca, Iggy}, pages = {261--288}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Booij1995, title = {{T}he phonology of {D}utch}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = {1995}, author = {Booij, Geert}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Booij1983, author = {Booij, Geert}, title = {{F}rench {C}/o alternations, extrasyllabicity and lexical phonology}, journal = {The Linguistic Review}, year = {1983}, volume = {3}, pages = {181--207}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Booij1981, title = {{G}eneratieve fonologie van het {N}ederlands}, publisher = {Het Spectrum}, year = {1981}, author = {Booij, Geert}, address = {Utrecht-Antwerpen}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Booij1977, title = {{D}utch morphology: a study of word formation in {G}enerative {G}rammar}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1977}, author = {Booij, Geert}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Booij.Lieber1993, author = {Booij, Geert and Lieber, Rochelle}, title = {{O}n the simultaneity of morphological and prosodic structure}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in {L}exical {P}honology}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1993}, editor = {Hargus, Sharon and Kaisse, Ellen M.}, pages = {23--44}, address = {San Diego}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Booij.Rubach1987, author = {Booij, Geert and Rubach, Jerzy}, title = {{P}ostcyclic versus postlexical rules in lexical phonology}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1987}, volume = {18}, pages = {1--44}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Booij.Rubach1984, author = {Booij, Geert and Rubach, Jerzy}, title = {{M}orphological and prosodic domains in lexical phonology}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1984}, volume = {1}, pages = {1--27}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Boomershine.etal2008, author = {Amanda Boomershine and Hall, Kathleen Currie and Elizabeth Hume and Keith Johnson}, title = {{T}he impact of allophony vs. contrast on speech perception}, booktitle = {{P}honological {C}ontrast}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {2008}, editor = {Avery, E. Dresher, Keren Rice}, note = {In Press}, abstract = {This paper explores the impact of contrast versus allophony on the perception of speech sounds in a series of four experiments contrasting the behavior of Spanish-speaking and English-speaking listeners, and considers how these empirical results should be integrated into a theory of speech perception. In addition to the basic finding that models of speech perception are in fact correct in their prediction that phonemic contrasts are more perceptually distinct than allophonic contrasts, the results of experiments like the ones presented here can be used to differentiate models of speech perception based on the mechanisms by which this more basic finding is predicted in the different models, as will be discussed. In section 6, we consider the effectiveness of two different models in accounting for the results: a phonological inferencing model (e.g. Gaskell and Marslen-Wilson 1998) and an exemplar model (e.g. Goldinger 1992, 1996; Palmeri et al. 1993; Johnson 1997a, b, 2004; Coleman 2002; Pierrehumbert 2003; Hawkins 2003). To anticipate our conclusion, both models are successful in predicting our findings relating to allophony versus phonemic contrast. Only the exemplar model, however, is able to account for the full range of results obtained in this study.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.02.18} } @INCOLLECTION{Borer1988, author = {Borer, Hagit}, title = {{O}n the morphological parallelism between compounds and constructs}, booktitle = {{Y}earbook of morphology}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = {1988}, editor = {Booij, G. and van Marte, J.}, volume = {1}, pages = {45--65}, address = {Dordrecht}, abstract = {MISSING}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @INCOLLECTION{Borg1997, author = {Borg, Alexander}, title = {{M}altese phonology}, booktitle = {{P}honologies of {A}sia and {A}frica}, publisher = {Eisenbrauns}, year = {1997}, editor = {Kaye, Alan S.}, pages = {245--285}, address = {Winona Lake, IN}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Borg.Azzopardi-Alexander1997, title = {{M}altese}, publisher = {Routledge}, year = {1997}, author = {Borg, Albert and Azzopardi-Alexander, Marie}, address = {London \& New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Borgstrom1940, title = {{A} {L}inguistic {S}urvey of the {G}aelic {D}ialects of {S}cotland}, publisher = {Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, Suppl. Bind 1}, year = {1940}, author = {Borgstrom, C. Hj.}, volume = {1: The Dialects of the Outer Hebrides}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Borgstrom1937, author = {Borgstrom, C. Hj.}, title = {{T}he {D}ialect of {B}arra in the {O}uter {H}ebrides}, journal = {Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap}, year = {1937}, volume = {8}, pages = {71--242}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Borowsky1993, author = {Borowsky, Toni}, title = {{O}n the word level}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in {L}exical {P}honology}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1993}, editor = {Hargus, Sharon and Kaisse, Ellen M.}, pages = {199--234}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Borowsky1998, author = {Borowsky, Toni}, title = {{W}ord faithfulness and the direction of assimilation}, booktitle = {{UMOP} 24: {P}apers from the 25th reunion}, publisher = {GLSA}, year = {1998}, editor = {de Lacy, Paul and Nowak, Anita and de Lacy, Paul and Nowak, Anita}, pages = {1--24}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Borowsky2000, author = {Borowsky, Toni}, title = {{W}ord-faithfulness and the direction of assimilation}, journal = {Linguistic Review}, year = {2000}, volume = {17}, pages = {1--28}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Borowsky1989, author = {Borowsky, Toni}, title = {{S}tructure preservation and the syllable coda in {English}}, journal = {{N}atural {L}anguage and {L}inguistic {T}heory}, year = {1989}, volume = {7}, pages = {145--166}, abstract = {Complex codas in English syllables have an asymmetrical distribution: rimes of more than two positions are limited to word edges. This fact is attributed to a CODA CONDITION which restricts syllabification to two rime positions, but which no longer holds at the word level. At Level 1, the principle of STRUCTURE PRESERVATION (Kiparsky 1985) enforces conformity with the Coda Condition, thus explaining the distribution of complex codas as well as the application of vowel shortening. Apparent exceptions to the Coda Condition result from an independent principle which licenses an additional rime position if the position is half of a partial geminate (Ito 1986). After Level 1, Structure Preservation is turned ott, and as a result, syllable structure is less restrictive, allowing larger codas and making vowel shortening unnecessary.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.09.03} } @ARTICLE{Borowsky1989a, author = {Borowsky, Toni}, title = {{S}tructure preservation and the {S}yllable {C}oda in {E}nglish}, journal = {Natural {L}anguage and {L}inguistic {T}heory}, year = {1989}, volume = {7}, pages = {145-166}, number = {2}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-06-17 16:18:00 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-06-17 16:19:00 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Borowsky1987, author = {Borowsky, Toni}, title = {{A}ntigemination in {E}nglish phonology}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1987}, volume = {18}, pages = {671--678}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Borowsky1986, author = {Borowsky, Toni}, title = {{T}opics in the {L}exical {P}honology of {E}nglish}, school = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, year = {1986}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Borowsky.Horvath1997, author = {Borowsky, Toni and Horvath, Barbara}, title = {{L}-vocalization in {A}ustralian {E}nglish}, booktitle = {{V}ariation, {C}hange, and {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1997}, editor = {Hinskens, Frans and van Hout, Roeland and Wetzels, W. Leo and Hinskens, Frans and van Hout, Roeland and Wetzels, W. Leo}, pages = {101--125}, address = {Amsterdam}, keywords = {variation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Borowsky.Mester1983, author = {Borowsky, Toni and Mester, Armin}, title = {{A}spiration to roots: remarks on the {S}anskrit diaspirates}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {CLS} 19}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistics Society}, year = {1983}, pages = {52--63}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Bosch1991, author = {Bosch, Anna}, title = {{P}honotactics at the {L}evel of the {P}honological {W}ord}, school = {University of Chicago}, year = {1991}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Bosch1988, author = {Bosch, Anna}, title = {{VC} syllable structure in {S}cottish {G}aelic: {S}ome implications for syllable theory}, year = {1988}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Bosch.Jong1998, author = {Bosch, Anna and de Jong, Ken}, title = {{S}yllables and supersyllables: {E}vidence for low level phonological domains}, year = {1998}, address = {Lexington, KY and Bloomington, IN}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bosch.Jong1997, author = {Bosch, Anna and de Jong, Kenneth}, title = {{T}he prosody of {B}arra {G}aelic epenthetic vowels}, journal = {Studies in the Linguistic Sciences}, year = {1997}, volume = {27}, pages = {1--15}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Bosch1995, author = {ten Bosch, Louis F. M.}, title = {{L}exically-based vowel dispersion: a case study for {Dutch}}, booktitle = {{Proceedings 19 of the Institute of Phonetic Sciences, University of Amsterdam}}, year = {1995}, pages = {39--50}, abstract = {The `vowel dispersion theory' states that the acoustic structure of the vowel inventory in a language can be explained by optimizing the acoustic inter-vowel contrast, under the constraint of articulatory conditions. In this paper, the primacy of the acoustic principles of contrast and effort is questioned by considering the possible effect of the lexicon on vowel dispersion. As an extreme point of view, the need for acoustic contrast between two vowels will be assumed to be determined only by the 'functional load' of the vowel opposition. This functional load is determined by the lexicon. The results for Dutch indicate that the functional load explains at least a part of the acoustic structure of the Dutch vowel inventory. Since the model is tested for one language only, we emphasize the used methodology, rather than the language-specific results.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @ARTICLE{Boskovic.Takahashi1998, author = {Boskovic, Zeljko and Takahashi, D.}, title = {{S}crambling and {L}ast {R}esort}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1998}, volume = {29}, pages = {347--36}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bosshardt.etal1997, author = {Bosshardt, H.-G. and Sappok, C. and Knipschild, M. and H\"olscher, C.}, title = {{S}pontaneous imitation of fundamental frequency and speech rate by nonstutterers and stutterers}, journal = {{J}ournal of {P}sycholinguistic {R}esearch}, year = {1997}, volume = {26}, pages = {425--448}, number = {4}, abstract = {Speech can be described either in terms of acoustics, as a perceptual outcome, or as a motor event. Central to theories of speech perception and production is an attempt to describe how these aspects of speech are interrelated. The present experiment investigated how the nonstutterers' and stutterers' reproductions of acoustically presented interrogative sentences were influenced by experimental variations of intonation (sentence initial vs. sentence final) and speech rate (normal vs. time compressed). We studied the effects of these stimulus manipulations on the speech rate and fundamental frequency (F0) of 10 adult German-speaking nonstutterers and seven stutterers. Experimental manipulations of intonation and speech rate significantly influenced the syllable duration and speech rate of both normal speakers and stutterers. The fundamental frequency of the subjects' responses were also significantly influenced by the intonation of the stimulus. But the stutterers' increase in F0 for stressed syllables was generally less pronounced than that of nonstutterers. These results imply that (a) the subjects not only extract linguistic meaning from intonation but that they also store extragrammatical speech rate information, and (b) the speakers adopt these speech rate variations for their own productions. Generally, these results demonstrate that speech perception is not limited to extracting linguistically invariant information. The results show that speakers actively generate their own prosody and that this generative process is influenced by the prosodic structure of another speaker's antecedent speech. The implications of these results for theories of speech production are discussed.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Boston.etal2008, author = {Boston, Marisa Ferrara and Hale, John and Kliegl, Reinhold and Vasishth, Shravan}, title = {{S}urprising parser actions and reading difficulty}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {ACL}-08: {HLT}, {S}hort {P}apers}, year = {2008}, pages = {5--8}, address = {Columbus, Ohio}, publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics}, abstract = {An incremental dependency parser's probability model is entered as a predictor in a linear mixed-effects model of German readers' eye-fixation durations. This dependencybased predictor improves a baseline that takes into account word length, n-gram probability, and Cloze predictability that are typically applied in models of human reading. This improvement obtains even when the dependency parser explores a tiny fraction of its search space, as suggested by narrow-beam accounts of human sentence processing such as Garden Path theory.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @ARTICLE{Boudelaa.Marslen-Wilson2004, author = {Sami Boudelaa and William D. Marslen-Wilson}, title = {{A}bstract {M}orphemes and {L}exical {R}epresentation: {T}he {CV}-{S}keleton in {A}rabic}, journal = {Cognition}, year = {2004}, volume = {92}, pages = {271-303}, number = {3}, month = {July}, note = {CD: CGTNAU}, abstract = {Overlaps in form & meaning between morphologically related words have led to ambiguities in interpreting priming effects in studies of lexical organization. In Semitic languages like Arabic, however, linguistic analysis proposes that one of the three component morphemes of a surface word is the CV-Skeleton, an abstract prosodic unit coding the phonological shape of the surface word & its primary syntactic function, which has no surface phonetic content (McCarthy, J. J. (1981). A prosodic theory of non-concatenative morphology, Linguistic Inquiry, 12 373-418). The other two morphemes are proposed to be the vocalic melody, which conveys additional syntactic information, & the root, which defines meaning. In three experiments using masked, cross-modal, & auditory-auditory priming we examined the role of the vocalic melody & the CV-Skeleton as potential morphemic units in the processing & representation of Arabic words. Prime/target pairs sharing the vocalic melody but not the CV-Skeleton consistently failed to prime. In contrast, word pairs sharing only the CV-Skeleton primed reliably throughout, with the amount of priming being as large as that observed between word pattern pairs sharing both vocalic melody & CV-Skeleton. Priming between morphologically related words can be observed when there is no overlap either in meaning or in surface phonetic form. 5 Tables, 2 Figures, 1 Appendix, 71 References. [Copyright 2003 Elsevier B.V.]}, isbn = {0010-0277}, keywords = {Morphological Processing (55440); Arabic (03750); Morphemes (55350); Vowels (95650); Consonants (14900); Priming (67670); Lexical Access (46630); Roots (Morphology) (74200)}, language = {English}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @PHDTHESIS{Boudlal2001, author = {Boudlal, Abdelaziz}, title = {{C}onstraint {I}nteraction in the {P}honology and {M}orphology of {C}asablanca {M}oroccan {A}rabic}, school = {Mohammed V University}, year = {2001}, address = {Rabat, Morocco}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bouma.etal2001, author = {Bouma, Gosse and Malouf, Robert, and Sag, Ivan}, title = {{S}atisfying constraints on extraction and adjunction}, journal = {{N}atural {L}anguage and {L}inguistic {T}heory}, year = {2001}, volume = {19}, pages = {1--65}, abstract = {In this paper, we present a unified feature-based theory of complement, adjunct, and subject extraction, in which there is no need either for valence reducing lexical rules or for phonologically null traces. Our analysis rests on the assumption that the mapping between argument structure and valence is defined by realization constraints which are satisfied by all lexical heads. Arguments can be realized as local dependents, in which case they are selected via the head's valence features. Alternatively, arguments may be realized in a long-distance dependency construction, in which case they are selected via the head's SLASH features. Furthermore, we argue that in English post-verbal adjuncts, as well as complements, are syntactic dependents selected by the verb, thus providing a uniform analysis of complement and adjunct extraction. Finally, we provide an alternative treatment of subject extraction which is subsumed by our general analysis and offer a new account of the that-trace effect.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @BOOK{Bourciez.Bourciez1967, title = {{P}honetique francaise: {E}tude historique}, publisher = {Editions Klincksieck}, year = {1967}, author = {Bourciez, E. and Bourciez, J.}, address = {Paris}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bourdieu1977, author = {Bourdieu, Pierre}, title = {{T}he economics of linguistic exchanges}, journal = {{S}ocial {S}cience {I}nformation}, year = {1977}, volume = {16}, pages = {645--668}, abstract = {A sociological critique of language which substitutes the notion of acceptability for grammaticallity; the analogy of symbolic force for communication; the question of the value and power of discourse for meaning; and ``symbolic capital,'' inseparable from the social position of the interlocuter, for purely linguistic competence.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Bouzon.Hirst2004, author = {Bouzon, Caorline and Hirst, Daniel}, title = {{I}sochrony and prosodic structure in {British English}}, booktitle = {{S}peech-{P}rosody 2004}, year = {2004}, pages = {223--226}, abstract = {This paper attempts to translate two phonological models of prosodic structure into quantitative predictions which can be empirically tested on a large corpus of spoken English. Specifically the Abercrombie/Halliday model of the stressfoot is compared to the Jassem model of (narrow) rhythm unit and anacrusis. The data analysed was a five and a half hour corpus of spoken English (Aix-Marsec). Preliminary results from this analysis suggest that the Jassem model is in nearly all cases superior to the Abercrombie/Halliday model, i.e. that it is the narrow rhythm unit and not the foot which is the essential component of the rhythm of British English. The data suggest furthermore that there is no specific lengthening for stressed syllables.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, journal = {{S}peech-{P}rosody 2004}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Bouzon.Hirst2002, author = {Bouzon, Caroline and Hirst, Daniel}, title = {{T}he influence of prosodic factors on the duration of words in {British English}}, booktitle = {{S}peech-{P}rosody 2002}, year = {2002}, pages = {191--194}, abstract = {English, like all languages, typically involves a great variability in the duration of the structural units taken into account in the observation (phonemes, syllables, feet, words, etc.). In this paper some prosodic factors likely to influence the duration were tested for their influence in two analyses. In the first analysis, the predominant factor turned out to be the final position in the intonation unit. The second analysis takes a closer look at the influence of stress and accent and of the position in the intonation unit on the relative and absolute duration of each word.}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @INCOLLECTION{Bowerman1988, author = {Melissa Bowerman}, title = {{T}he `no negative evidence' problem: how do children avoid constructing an overly general grammar?}, booktitle = {{E}xplaining language universals}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1988}, editor = {John A. Hawkins}, pages = {73--101}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2010.02.26} } @INCOLLECTION{Bowern2002, author = {Bowern, Claire}, title = {{C}onstraint interplay in {B}ardi ({A}ustralian)}, booktitle = {{P}honological answers (and their corresponding questions)}, publisher = {MIT Working Papers in Linguistics}, year = {2002}, editor = {Csirmaz, Aniko and Li, Zhiqiang and Nevins, Andrew and Vaysman, Olga and Wagner, Michael and Csirmaz, Aniko and Li, Zhiqiang and Nevins, Andrew and Vaysman, Olga and Wagner, Michael}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Boxwell.Boxwell1966, author = {Boxwell, H. and Boxwell, M.}, title = {{W}eri phonemes}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {N}ew {G}uinea {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Australian National University}, year = {1966}, editor = {Wurm, S. A. and Wurm, S. A.}, volume = {5}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Boyd2007, author = {Boyd, Jeremy K.}, title = {{C}omparatively speaking: a psycholinguistic study of optionality in grammar}, school = {Department of Linguistics, University of California, San Diego}, year = {2007}, timestamp = {2011.06.02} } @PHDTHESIS{Boyes-Braem1981, author = {Boyes-Braem, Penny}, title = {{D}istinctive {F}eatures of the {H}andshapes of {A}merican {S}ign {L}anguage}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, year = {1981}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Boysson-Bardies1993, author = {de Boysson-Bardies, B.}, title = {{O}ntogeny of language-specific syllabic productions}, booktitle = {{D}evelopmental {N}eurocognition}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = {1993}, editor = {Boysson-Bardies, B. and al., et and Boysson-Bardies, B. and al., et}, pages = {353--363}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Boysson-Bardies1991, author = {B. de Boysson-Bardies}, title = {{T}arget-{L}anguage {I}nfluences on {P}respeech}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company}, year = {1991}, editor = {Pierault-Le Bonniec,Gilberte and Dolitsky,Marlene}, series = {Language Bases ... Discourse Bases: some Aspects of Contemporary French-Language Psycholinguistics Research}, pages = {57-72}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, note = {LC: 91-6685}, abstract = {The question of how & when infants attain language-specific discrimination of sounds is examined. Hypotheses regarding prelinguistic productions & their role in later speech acquisition are evaluated. The question of if & when the prosodic cues &/or segmental structure of the target language influence babbling is addressed in a study in which adult speakers of French (N = 40) were asked to discriminate between the vocal productions of 8- & 10-month-old infants. Each sample consisted of babbling by a French baby & either an Arabic or a Cantonese baby. In a second study, only comparisons of French & Arabic infants were made, with samples of the 10-month-olds selected to contain few intonation patterns. Two additional studies were conducted in which long-term spectrum analyses of adults & infants from French, Arabic, & Cantonese speech communities were evaluated. Another study involved acoustic analysis of vowels produced by French, Cantonese, Arabic, & English infants. Overall results indicate a clear influence of environment on infants' prelinguistic productions; 8-month-olds show influence on rhythmic & intonational characteristics, whereas older infants show an influence of the target language on vowel production. 5 Tables, 3 Figures. B. Annesser Murray}, isbn = {9027250278}, keywords = {Infant Vocalization (35650); Speech Perception (82700); French (25750); Cantonese (10450); Arabic (03750); English (21900); infants' prelinguistic vocal output, adult perceptions; infants' age/linguistic environment; experiments; adult French speakers, French/Cantonese/Arabic infants aged 0:8/0:10}, language = {English}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Bradley1981, title = {{T}onation}, publisher = {Australian National University}, year = {1981}, author = {Bradley, D.}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bradley2001, author = {Bradley, Travis}, title = {{A} typology of rhotic duration contrast and neutralization}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {NELS} 31}, publisher = {GLSA}, year = {2001}, address = {Amherst, MA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bradlow1992, author = {Bradlow, A.}, title = {{O}n the representation of clicks}, booktitle = {{W}orking {P}apers of the {C}ornell {P}honetics {L}aboratory}, year = {1992}, editor = {Bradlow, A. and Bradlow, A.}, volume = {7}, pages = {83--102}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Brainard1994, title = {{T}he phonology of {K}arao, the {P}hillipines}, publisher = {Australian National University}, year = {1994}, author = {Brainard, Sherri}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Braine1974, author = {Braine, M. D. S.}, title = {{O}n what might constitute learnable phonology}, journal = {Language}, year = {1974}, volume = {50}, pages = {270--299}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Brame1972, author = {Brame, Michael}, title = {{O}n the abstractness of phonology: {M}altese}, booktitle = {{C}ontributions to {G}enerative {P}honology}, publisher = {University of Texas Press}, year = {1972}, editor = {Brame, Michael and Brame, Michael}, pages = {22--61}, address = {Austin}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Brame1974, author = {Brame, Michael}, title = {{T}he cycle in phonology: {S}tress in {P}alestinian, {M}altese and {S}panish}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1974}, volume = {5}, pages = {39--60}, number = {1}, date-modified = {2010-07-09 16:34:51 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Brame1970, author = {Brame, Michael}, title = {{A}rabic {P}honology: {I}mplications for {P}honological {T}heory and {G}eneral {S}emitic}, school = {MIT}, year = {1970}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Brandenstein1982, author = {von Brandenstein, C. G.}, title = {{T}he secret respect language of the {P}ilbara ({W}estern {A}ustralia)}, booktitle = {{S}prachwissenschaft in {I}nnsbruck}, year = {1982}, editor = {Meid, W. and Olberg, H. and Schmeja, H. and Meid, W. and Olberg, H. and Schmeja, H.}, volume = {50}, pages = {33--52}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Brandon1975, author = {Brandon, Frank}, title = {{A} constraint on deletion in {S}wahili}, journal = {Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics}, year = {1975}, volume = {20}, pages = {241--259}, keywords = {Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on African Linguistics}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Brants.Franz2006, author = {Brants, Thorsten and Franz, Alex}, title = {{\textsc{Web 1T 5-gram Corpus} [Version 1.1]}}, howpublished = {Google, Inc.}, year = {2006}, abstract = {This data set, contributed by Google Inc., contains English word n-grams and their observed frequency counts. The length of the n-grams ranges from unigrams (single words) to five-grams. We expect this data will be useful for statistical language modeling, e.g., for machine translation or speech recognition, as well as for other uses.}, timestamp = {2009.05.19} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Brasoveanu.Prince2004, author = {Brasoveanu, Adrian and Prince, Alan}, title = {{M}aximally informative basis and fusional reduction}, year = {2004}, address = {Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ}, note = {HUMDRUM 3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Breen1991a, author = {Breen, Gavan}, title = {{K}arrwa and {W}anyi comparative notes}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in {C}omparative {N}on-{P}ama-{N}yungan}, year = {1991}, editor = {Evans, N.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:39:29 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Breen1976, author = {Breen, Gavan}, title = {{A}n introduction to {G}og-{N}aro}, booktitle = {{L}anguages of {C}ape {Y}ork}, publisher = {Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies}, year = {1976}, editor = {Sutton, P.}, pages = {243--259}, address = {Canberra}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:35:53 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Breen1992, author = {Breen, Gavan}, title = {{S}ome problems in {K}ukatj phonology}, journal = {Australian Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1992}, volume = {12}, pages = {1--44}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Breen1991, author = {Breen, Gavan}, title = {{T}he syllable in {A}rrernte phonology}, year = {1991}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Breen1988, author = {Breen, Gavan}, title = {{A}rrernte phonology and antisyllables. {C}entral {A}ustralian {L}inguistic {C}ircle {M}ini-conference, {A}lice {S}prings}, year = {1988}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Breen1981, title = {{T}he {M}ayu languages of the {Q}ueensland {G}ulf {C}ountry}, publisher = {Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies}, year = {1981}, author = {Breen, Gavan}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Breen1977, author = {Breen, Gavan}, title = {{A}ntegerebenha vowel phonology}, journal = {Phonetica}, year = {1977}, volume = {34}, pages = {371--391}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Breen1975, author = {Breen, Gavan}, title = {{I}nnamincka talk}, year = {1975}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Breen1971, author = {Breen, Gavan}, title = {{A} description of the {W}aluwara language}, school = {Monash University}, year = {1971}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Breen.Pensalfini1999, author = {Breen, Gavan and Pensalfini, Rob}, title = {{A}rrernte: {A} language with no syllable onsets}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1999}, volume = {30}, pages = {1--25}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Brentari1995, author = {Brentari, Diane}, title = {{S}ign language phonology: {ASL}}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John A.}, pages = {615--639}, address = {Cambridge, Mass., and Oxford, UK}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Brentari1990b, author = {Brentari, Diane}, title = {{U}nderspecification in {A}merican {S}ign language phonology}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {BLS} 16}, publisher = {Berkeley Linguistic Society}, year = {1990}, editor = {Hall, K. and Koenig, J.-P. and Meacham, M. and Reinman, S. and Sutton, L. and Hall, K. and Koenig, J.-P. and Meacham, M. and Reinman, S. and Sutton, L.}, pages = {46--56}, address = {Berkeley}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Brentari1990a, author = {Brentari, Diane}, title = {{L}icensing {ASL} {H}andshape}, booktitle = {{S}ign {L}anguage {R}esearch: {T}heoretical {I}ssues}, publisher = {Gallaudet University Press}, year = {1990}, editor = {Lucas, C. and Lucas, C.}, pages = {57--68}, address = {Washington, DC}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Brentari1994, author = {Brentari, Diane}, title = {{E}stablishing a sonority hierarchy in {A}merican {S}ign {L}anguage}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1994}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Brentari1993, author = {Brentari, Diane}, title = {{S}onority and secondary movement in {A}merican {S}ign {L}anguage: {F}ormal representation and phonetic realization. the {W}orkshop on {P}honology and {M}orphology, {A}msterdam}, year = {1993}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Brentari1990, author = {Brentari, Diane}, title = {{T}heoretical {F}oundations of {A}merican {S}ign {L}anguage {P}honology}, school = {University of Chicago}, year = {1990}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Brentari.Bosch1990, author = {Brentari, Diane and Bosch, Anna}, title = {{T}he mora: {A}utosegment or syllable constituent}, booktitle = {{CLS} 26: {P}arasession on the {S}yllable in {P}honetics and {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1990}, editor = {Ziolkowski, M. and Noske, M. and Deaton, K.}, pages = {1--16}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:07:32 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Brentari.Goldsmith1993, author = {Brentari, Diane and Goldsmith, John}, title = {{S}econdary licensing and the non-dominant hand in {ASL} phonology}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {I}ssues in {ASL} {P}honology}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1993}, editor = {Coulter, G. and Coulter, G.}, pages = {19--41}, address = {San Diego}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bresnan2001a, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, title = {{E}xplaining morphosyntactic competition}, booktitle = {{H}andbook of contemporary synactic theory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {2001}, editor = {Baltin, Mark and Collins, Chris}, pages = {11--44}, address = {Malden, MA}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Bresnan2008, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, title = {{E}xplaining morphosyntactic competition}, booktitle = {{H}andbook of contemporary syntactic theory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {2008}, editor = {Baltin, Mark and Collins, Chris and Baltin, Mark and Collins, Chris}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bresnan1998, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, title = {'{M}orphology {C}ompetes with {S}yntax: {E}xplaining {T}ypological {V}ariation in {W}eak {C}rossover {E}ffects.'}, booktitle = {{I}s the {B}est {G}ood {E}nough?}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1998}, editor = {Barbosa, Pilar and Fox, Danny and Hagstrom, Paul and McGinnis, Martha and Pesetsky, David}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bresnan2000a, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, title = {{O}ptimal syntax}, booktitle = {{O}ptimality {T}heory: {P}honology, {S}yntax, and {A}cquisition}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {2000}, editor = {Dekkers, Joost and van der Leeuw, Frank and van de Weijer, Jeroen and Dekkers, Joost}, pages = {334--385}, address = {Oxford}, keywords = {learnability}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bresnan2007, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, title = {{I}s syntactic knowledge probabilistic? {E}xperiments with the dative alternation}, booktitle = {{R}oots: linguistics in search of its evidential base}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = {2007}, editor = {Featherston, Sam and Sternefeld, Wolfgang}, pages = {75--96}, address = {Berlin}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @INCOLLECTION{Bresnan2001c, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, title = {{T}he emergence of the unmarked pronoun}, booktitle = {{O}ptimality-{T}heoretic {S}yntax}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2001}, editor = {Legendre, Geraldine and Grimshaw, Jane and Vikner, Sten}, pages = {113--142}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bresnan2001d, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, title = {{T}he emergence of the unmarked pronoun: {C}hichewa pronominals in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, booktitle = {{OT} {S}yntax}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2001}, editor = {Legendre, Geraldine and Grimshaw, Jane and Vikner, Sten}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bresnan2000, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, title = {{P}idgin genesis and {O}ptimality {T}heory}, booktitle = {{P}rocesses of language contact: case studies from {A}ustralia and the {P}acific}, publisher = {Les \'{E}ditions Fides}, year = {2000}, editor = {Siegel, Jeff}, pages = {145--173}, address = {Montreal}, timestamp = {2009.10.29} } @ARTICLE{Bresnan2007a, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, title = {{A} few lessons from typology}, journal = {{L}inguistic {T}ypology}, year = {2007}, volume = {11}, pages = {297--306}, number = {1}, abstract = {Typology has a low profile in much of American linguistics, especially outside of phonology (Nichols 2007, Hyman 2007, Van Valin 2007). Yet, as I will suggest, the study of the results and methods of modern typology has important lessons for us as the field of linguistics undergoes a paradigm shift. Typologists study a wide range of language types, but I will show that even when one does theoretical work on a single, well-studied standardized national language like English, one can (and should) benefit from an awareness of typological findings.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @BOOK{Bresnan2001b, title = {{L}exical-functional syntax}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {2001}, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, address = {Oxford}, comment = {none}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @BOOK{Bresnan1982, title = {{T}he mental representation of grammatical relations}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1982}, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, comment = {none}, review = {One of the curiosities of practical linguistics has long been the chasm between linguistics, as practiced by, for example, computational linguists, and linguistic theory. Lexical-functional grammar deserves some attention from the practical linguist if only because it contains an explicit attempt to bridge this chasm. Lexical-functional grammar is firmly planted in Chomskyan tradition. It builds on all the accepted conclusions of that theory through X-bar theory. Bresnan began lexical-functional grammar in a 1978 publication, and she has continued it since then in a number of publications. The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations brings together this work and the work of a number of collaborators into a synthesis that includes many interesting innovations. Lexical-Functional Grammar is an individual work that is not ``orthodox'', in the sense that it deviates from Bresnan's own theory in some non-trivial ways. In this review, I will concentrate on Bresnan's theory and discuss Horn's contributions only in passing. I will begin by trying to describe lexical-functional grammar for the outsider. It will be necessary to squeeze a lot into a few sentences, but the reader needs to understand some of the machinery (for instance, the striking up-arrow and down-arrow notation) to understand anything about the theory. Grammar is divided into several modules that function independently of one another to process an utterance out of the mind into speech, or in the other direction. Theoreticians like to ignore the production of sentences and move directly to a module, having no generally agreed-upon name, which generates all possible constituent structures by exercising a context-free phrase structure grammar (or an equivalent such as a recursive transition network). This leads to a string of lexical categories. Then a lexical module takes the category string as input and fills each category with a choice from the lexicon. This leads to a string of (abstract) morphemes. Then a phonological module takes the morpheme string and converts it into an utterance. Various schools of thought have inserted transformational modules between the lexical and phonological modules or even between phrase structure and lexicon. This model of speech has been criticized for leaving no place for meaning. Chomsky has defended it by insisting that it is a model of grammar and not a model of human thought; there is good reason to believe that he thinks that it is a tool, perhaps the only tool, for examining thought scientifically. But even government-and-binding theory has never really addressed this problem. The generative semanticists identified semantics with the phrase structure module; Chomsky explicitly rejected this idea and, probably, there are, nowadays, no actual generative semanticists left. Lexical-functional grammar is another attempt, quite different in spirit, to address the problem of meaning. In lexical-functional grammar, the lexical module is expanded to produce a second output --- a functional structure --- as well as the constituent structure that it passes to the phonology. The functional structure is the input to a semantic module that determines the meaning. The process of producing an utterance remains shadowy, but it is very clear how understanding must be carried out. In order to drive the lexical functional processing, the phrase structure is enriched with a set of functional statements that parallel the category statements. For example, the initial phrase-structure rule of English is expanded into: S NP (<-subj=<-) VP (<-=<-). In this notation, the <- is a variable to be filled with the identifier of the node being expanded (here S) and the is a variable to be filled with the identifier of the new node (here NP or VP). An interesting effect of this particular rule is the equation S = VP, so that the VP is identified with the sentence and its parts become sentence parts. I presume that VP is retained in the analysis because it reappears elsewhere in the phrase structure, but it clearly has no separate part to play in the meaning. Hence as an utterance leaves the phrase structure it has a conventional category string and a set of equations like these: ( f1 subj )=f2; f1=f3. The lexical module adds more of these equations on the basis of the lexical items it inserts into the category string. For example: (f2 pred) = girl The entire set of equations is a functional description, and it must be solved to provide a functional structure. The word ``function'' is not being used lightly here. It is the intent of the theory that all the unknowns, the various fs, are indeed functions in the technical sense of that word. That is, they are sets of ordered pairs of argument and value such that each argument occurs no more than once. The description has been solved when each unknown function has been worked out and the value corresponding to each argument determined. In general, this is not too hard if the sentence is well-formed. And a failure in the solution indicates that the sentence is not well-formed. Grammaticality is automatic. What makes the functional structure interesting is that a value can be another function. For example, the entire sentence might be a function with four arguments, subj, obj, tense, pred, and the value of the argument subj might be a three-place function with arguments spec, num, pred, where the three values are a, singular, girl. This has advantages; in a reflexive sentence the same function can be the value for both of the arguments subj and obj. In more complex sentences the interrelationship can be quite complicated. The claim made by lexical-functional grammar is that functional structure is an adequate representation of mental processes. This is a strong claim that will need a significant amount of testing before it can be accepted. Since a number of persons appear to already believe that thought is, in fact, based on a mixture of predicates and their arguments, this is not an outrageous claim. Lexical- functional grammar can support a clearly formulated version of predicate and argument logic. It can also support considerably more complicated structures unless, as all of our writers are careful to do, one argument of every function is a distinguished ``predicate''. This is not however required by any other part of lexical-functional grammar, and represents a separate claim. Lexical-functional grammar has no transformations. This means that it must face the problems of anaphorical behavior that government and binding was developed to handle. Some of this is relatively easy because relationships that are distant in terms of phonological strings can easily turn up as immediate after the functional description is solved. But neither Bresnan nor Horn can solve all the problems in this way, and they have to fall back onto special devices. The reader need not be concerned about specific devices, because they are sure to be changed in each treatment of the subject. Some transformations may yet be re-introduced. Another difficulty which is almost trivial but matters because it impacts on the name of the theory is that ``function'' is probably a misnomer. One situation Bresnan answers with a special device is the component, like an English temporal adjunct, which can occur an arbitrary number of times. The device used is to allow a value to be a set of functions rather than just one. This is a rather transparent trick to avoid saying that "adjunct" occurs several times as an argument and the set of ordered pairs is not, in fact, a function. Either we have to do with something we might call a ``near-function'', or we have to reformulate the well-formedness rules. Both of the books being reviewed are mainly devoted to proving that this framework does not fall apart when presented with certain standard problems. Horn's book is less rigorous and closer to conventional linguistic theory. The main difference in the two theories seems to be that Horn admits function predicates (that is, values of the argument "predicate") that are themselves functions rather than atomic logical predicates. This is interesting from the mental representation point of view and deserves more discussion from that point of view than it gets in either book. Bresnan has collected a number of very competent co-workers, most notably Ronald M. Kaplan, and Mental Representation is a collection of different contributions with a rather thin thread of continuity. Bresnan is the author or co-author of six of the thirteen chapters. The material is not restricted to English, and there are chapters on French, Russian, Icelandic, and Malayalam. All of the work is intended to prove applicability of the theory, rather than present the results of complete implementations. Part III of Mental Representation is entitled ``Cognitive Processing of Grammatical Representations''; it contains three chapters. ``A Theory of the Acquisition of Lexical Interpretive Grammars'' by Steven Pinker discusses acquisition by children. This reviewer admits to no longer being able to understand articles in this increasingly specialized sub-field of linguistics. ``A Competence- Based Theory of Syntactic Closure'' by Marilyn Ford, Bresnan, and Kaplan is, to a computationally-oriented linguist, the high point of the book. It contains a theory, supported by experimental evidence, of how real people analyze real utterances; and it ends up with a perfectly feasible plan for computerization (in terms of Kaplan's (1981) General Syntactic Processor) of lexical-functional grammars. ``Sentence Planning Units: Implications for the Speaker's Representation of Meaningful Relation's Underlying Sentences'' by Ford discusses production of utterances and presents some valuable experimental data. It is not possible, of course, in a review to do anything like justice to the wealth of detail in either of these books. For example, Horn systematically compares his English analysis with a parallel analysis of Polish. In fact, all of the authors wrestle with the problem of free word order and seem to achieve victories. In a chapter on ``Control and Complementation", Bresnan tackles word order and even worse problems with some success. The language-specific chapters contain much of value that cannot be discussed here; and so on. Lexical-functional grammar appears to be flourishing, but it has not swept away all the other schools of thought. Still other alternatives can be visualized. For example, we might question the asymmetry between phonology and semantics, and change the model to place them on a common basis. We might use phrase structure and lexicon to generate something called ``deep structure'' and two sets of descriptions, one on each side, to be solved. Horn tries to formulate the construction of functional structures with something very like transformations rather than the arrow formalism. It is true, in an empty way, that every mapping of this kind is a transformation. But the process of solving the description wreaks havoc with conventional simplicity metrics. It is not, of course, fashionable any longer to mention simplicity metrics, but a glance at the argumentation procedures of any theoretical linguist will disclose that they are alive and well, if never acknowledged. Theoretical linguists choose, continually, between models on the basis of what mathematicians call elegance. This is unobjectionable because it is simply another version of Occam's Razor; but mathematicians live in a world where anything, notationally speaking, goes. Linguists have been, generally speaking, captive to their notational devices. It may well be that the most valuable contribution of lexical-functional grammar is to introduce the implicit function theorem into linguistics. --- David Kleinecke Santa Barbara, California}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @BOOK{Bresnan1982a, title = {{T}he {M}ental {R}epresentation of {G}rammatical {R}elations}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1982}, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bresnan1976, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, title = {{O}n the form and functioning of transformations}, journal = {{L}inguistic inquiry}, year = {1976}, volume = {7}, pages = {3--40}, number = {1}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @PHDTHESIS{Bresnan1972, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, title = {{T}heory of complementation in {English} syntax}, school = {Department of Linguistics, MIT}, year = {1972}, abstract = {The subject of this study is the role of the complementizer in English synatx and its implications for syntactic theory. It is argued that the familar transformational treatment of complementizers is inadequate, and that they must be specified in deep structure by means of a Phrase Structure rule. The WH, or Q, morpheme is related systematically to THAT and FOR. Semantic functions of these three clause-initial morphemes are isolated, and applications are made to relative clause complementizers. A syntactic analysis of infinitival S complement is given: first it is shown how complementizers restrict the movement of subjects in English (the Fixed Subject Constraint), and then the ``nominative and infinitive'' and ``accusative and infinitive'' constructions are analyzed in relation to subject-moving rules. That conclusion, that not all infinitival S complements derive from FOR complements, buttresses the semantic analysis of FOR, which required this assumption. The question of how complementizers are to be represented syntactically is then returned to, and a justification is made for a syntactic level of deep structure distinct from ``logical structure''. Finally, the inventory of complementizers is extended to the comparative complementizers THAN and AS, which are parallel to the relative clause complementizers. A fairly detailed analysis of the comparative clause construction is given, and in light of new facts, the Fixed Subject Constraint is revised.}, comment = {electronic, needs OCR}, timestamp = {2009.09.03} } @ARTICLE{Bresnan1972b, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, title = {{S}tress and syntax: {A} reply}, journal = {Language}, year = {1972}, volume = {48}, pages = {325--342}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bresnan1971a, author = {Bresnan, Joan}, title = {{S}entence stress and syntactic transformations}, journal = {Language}, year = {1971}, volume = {47}, pages = {257--281}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bresnan.Aissen2002, author = {Joan Bresnan and Judith Aissen}, title = {{O}ptimality and functionality: objections and refutations}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {2002}, volume = {20}, pages = {81--95}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2011.04.10} } @INCOLLECTION{Bresnan.etal2005, author = {Bresnan, Joan and Cueni, Anna and Nikitina, Tatiana and Baayen, R. Harald}, title = {{P}redicting the dative alternation}, booktitle = {{C}ognitive foundations of interpretation}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {2005}, editor = {Zwarts, Joost and Kr\"amer, Irene and Bouma, Gerlof}, pages = {69--94}, address = {Chicago}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @UNPUBLISHED{Bresnan.Ford2009, author = {Bresnan, Joan and Ford, Marilyn}, title = {{P}redicting syntax: processing dative constructions in {A}merican and {A}ustralian varieties of {E}nglish}, note = {Ms., Stanford University}, year = {2009}, timestamp = {2009.10.29} } @ARTICLE{Bresnan.Moshi1990, author = {Bresnan, Joan and Moshi, Lioba}, title = {{O}bject asymmetries in comparative {B}antu syntax}, journal = {{L}inguistic inquiry}, year = {1990}, volume = {21}, pages = {147--185}, number = {2}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Bresnan.Nikitina2007, author = {Bresnan, Joan and Nikitina, Tatiana}, title = {{O}n the gradience of the dative alternation}, booktitle = {{R}eality exploration and discovery: pattern interaction in language and life}, publisher = {CSLI Publications}, year = {2007}, editor = {Uyechi, Linda and Hee Wee, Lian}, address = {Stanford}, abstract = {The present study addresses the gradience of the dative alternation. Itis shown that central evidential paradigms that have been used to supportsemantic explanations for the choice of dative constructions arenot well founded empirically. Some widely repeated reports of intuitivecontrasts in grammaticality appear to rest instead on judgmentsof pragmatic probabilities. An informational theory of the dative alternationis supported by the results of a corpus study on the distributionof person across dative NP and PP recipients in spoken English, and aformal model of the theory is given within the framework of stochastic Optimality Theory.}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Briem.etal2009, author = {Briem, Daniela and Balliel, Britta and Rockstroh, Brigitte and Butt, Miriam and Schulte im Walde, Sabine and Assadollahi, Ramin}, title = {{D}istinct processing of function verb categories in the human brain}, journal = {{B}rain {R}esearch}, year = {2009}, volume = {1249}, pages = {173--180}, abstract = {A subset of German function verbs can be used either in a full, concrete, `heavy' (``take a computer'') or in a more metaphorical, abstract or `light' meaning (``take a shower'', no actual ?taking? involved). The present magnetencephalographic (MEG) study explored whether this subset of `light' verbs is represented in distinct cortical processes. A random sequence of German `heavy', `light', and pseudo verbs was visually presented in three runs to 22 native German speakers, who performed lexical decision task on real versus pseudo verbs. Across runs, verbs were presented (a) in isolation, (b) in minimal context of a personal pronoun, and (c) `light' verbs only in a disambiguating context sentence. Central posterior activity 95? 135 ms after stimulus onset was more pronounced for `heavy' than for `light' uses, whether presented in isolation or in minimal context. Minimal context produced a similar heavy N light differentiation in the left visual word form area at 160?200 ms. `Light' verbs presented in sentence context allowing only for a `heavy reading' evoked larger left-temporal activation around 270-340 ms than the corresponding `light reading'. Across runs, real verbs provoked more pronounced activation than pseudo verbs in left-occipital regions at 110?150 ms. Thus, `heavy' versus `light readings' of verbs already modulate early posterior visual evoked response even when verbs are presented in isolation. This response becomes clearer in the disambiguating contextual condition. This type of study shows for the first time that language processing is sensitive to representational differences between two readings of one and the same verb stem.}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.05.19} } @INCOLLECTION{Bright1978, author = {Bright, William}, title = {{T}hings people know about language that ain't so}, booktitle = {{F}olia {S}lavica}, publisher = {Slavica Publishers, Inc.}, year = {1978}, editor = {Sunkapur, M. S. and Kull, J.S.}, volume = {1}, number = {3}, pages = {333--342}, address = {Columbus, Ohio}, journal = {{F}olia {S}lavica}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @BOOK{Bright1992, title = {{I}nternational {E}ncyclopedia of {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1992}, author = {Bright, William}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bright1975, author = {Bright, William O.}, title = {{T}he {D}ravidian enunciative vowel}, booktitle = {{D}ravidian phonological systems}, publisher = {Institute for Comparative and Foreign Area Studies and University of Washington Press}, year = {1975}, editor = {Schiffman, H. F. and Eastman, C. M. and Schiffman, H. F. and Eastman, C. M.}, pages = {11--46}, address = {Seattle}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Broadbent1991, author = {Broadbent, Judith}, title = {{L}inking and intrusive r in {E}nglish}, journal = {UCL Working Papers in Linguistics}, year = {1991}, volume = {3}, pages = {281--302}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Broadbent1964, title = {{T}he {S}outhern {S}ierra {M}iwok {L}anguage}, publisher = {University of California Press}, year = {1964}, author = {Broadbent, S. M.}, address = {Berkeley and Los Angeles}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Broadbent.Pitkin1964, author = {Broadbent, Sylvia M. and Pitkin, H.}, title = {{A} comparison of {M}iwok and {W}intu}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in {C}alifornian linguistics}, publisher = {University of California Press}, year = {1964}, editor = {Bright, William O. and Bright, William O.}, pages = {19--45}, address = {Los Angeles \& Berkeley}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Broadwell1993, author = {Broadwell, George A.}, title = {{S}ubtractive morphology in {S}outhern {M}uskogean}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1993}, volume = {59}, pages = {416--429}, number = {4}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Broe.etal1995, author = {Broe, Michael and Frisch, Stefan and Pierrehumbert, Janet}, title = {{T}he role of similarity in phonology: {E}xplaining {OCP}-{P}lace}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 13th {I}nternational {C}onference of the {P}honetic {S}ciences}, publisher = {Stockholm University}, year = {1995}, editor = {Elenius, K. and Branderud, P. and Elenius, K. and Branderud, P.}, pages = {544--547 (vol. 3)}, address = {Stockholm}, keywords = {ocp}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Broihier1995, author = {Broihier, Kevin}, title = {{O}ptimality-theoretic rankings with tied constraints: {S}lavic relatives, resumptive pronouns, and learnability.}, year = {1995}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, keywords = {learnability variation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bromberger.Halle1997, author = {Bromberger, Sylvain and Halle, Morris}, title = {{T}he contents of phonological signs: {A} comparison between their use in derivational theories and in optimality theories}, booktitle = {{D}erivations and {C}onstraints in {P}honology}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1997}, editor = {Roca, Iggy}, pages = {93--124}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bromberger.Halle1989, author = {Bromberger, Sylvain and Halle, Morris}, title = {{W}hy phonology is different}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1989}, volume = {20}, pages = {51--70}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Bromberger.Halle1988, author = {Bromberger, Sylvain and Halle, Morris}, title = {{C}onceptual issues in morphology}, year = {1988}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Broselowinpress, author = {Broselow, Ellen}, title = {{T}ransfixation}, booktitle = {{M}orphology: {A} {H}andbook on {I}nflection and {W}ord {F}ormation}, publisher = {Walter de Gruyter}, year = {in press}, editor = {Booij, Geert and Lehmann, C. and Mugdan, J. and Booij, Geert and Lehmann, C. and Mugdan, J.}, address = {Berlin}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Broselow1992a, author = {Broselow, Ellen}, title = {{P}arametric variation in {A}rabic dialect phonology}, booktitle = {{P}erspectives on {A}rabic {L}inguistics {IV}: {P}apers from the {F}ourth {S}ymposium on {A}rabic {L}inguistics}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1992}, editor = {Broselow, Ellen and Eid, Mushira and McCarthy, John J.}, volume = {4}, pages = {7--45}, address = {Amsterdam and Philadelphia}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Broselow1999a, author = {Broselow, Ellen}, title = {{S}tress, epenthesis, and segment transformation in {S}elayarese loans}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the {B}erkeley {L}inguistic {S}ociety}, year = {1999}, editor = {Chang, Steve and Liaw, Lily and Ruppenhofer, Josef and Chang, Steve and Liaw, Lily and Ruppenhofer, Josef}, pages = {311--325}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Broselow1992, author = {Broselow, Ellen}, title = {'{T}ransfer and {U}niversals in {S}econd {L}anguage {E}penthesis.'}, booktitle = {{L}anguage {T}ransfer in {L}anguage {L}earning.}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1992}, editor = {Gass, Susan and Selinker, Larry}, volume = {Language Acquisition and Language Disorders 5.}, address = {Philadelphia}, abstract = {Many CVC languages exhibit a split pattern of epenthesis in complex loanword onsets: peripheral in s-obstruent clusters, e.g. iskul for school, and internal in rising sonority clusters, e.g. pilet for plate. The Arabic dialect split between Iraqi and Cairene is examined in detail. Several hypotheses are examined, but none adopted.}, date-modified = {2010-06-29 18:07:33 -0400}, keywords = {loanword phonology, epenthesis, s-obstruent, s-stop, sonority, Arabic, Hindi, Central Pahari, Uighur, Cairene, Egyptian, Iraqi, complex segment}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Broselow1995, author = {Broselow, Ellen}, title = {{S}keletal positions and moras}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John A.}, pages = {175--205}, address = {Cambridge, Mass., and Oxford, UK}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Broselow2001, author = {Broselow, Ellen}, title = {{U}h-oh: {G}lottal stops and syllable organization in {S}ulawesi}, booktitle = {{S}urface syllable structure and segment sequencing}, publisher = {Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics}, year = {2001}, editor = {Hume, Elizabeth and Smith, Norval and van de Weijer, Jeroen}, pages = {77--90}, address = {Leiden}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:04:07 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Broselow1984, author = {Broselow, Ellen}, title = {{D}efault consonants in {A}mharic morphology}, booktitle = {{P}apers from the {J}anuary 1984 {MIT} {W}orkshop in {M}orphology}, publisher = {MIT Dept. of Linguistics}, year = {1984}, editor = {Speas, Margaret and Sproat, Robert and Speas, Margaret and Sproat, Robert}, volume = {7}, pages = {15--32}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Broselow2008, author = {Broselow, Ellen}, title = {{S}tress-epenthesis interactions}, booktitle = {{R}ules, {C}onstraints, and {P}honological {P}henomena}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {2008}, editor = {Vaux, Bert and Nevins, Andrew}, pages = {121-149}, address = {Oxford}, annote = {ROA-446}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 10:29:23 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Broselow1999, author = {Broselow, Ellen.}, title = {'{L}oanwords and {L}earnability.' {H}andout of a talk given at the {U}niversity of {M}aryland, 3 {D}ecember 1999}, year = {1999}, keywords = {Loanword phonology, epenthesis, s-obstruent, s-stop, sonority, Arabic, Hindi, Central Pahari, Uighur, Cairene, Egyptian, Iraqi}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Broselow1985, author = {Broselow, Ellen}, title = {{A}mharic, automatic spreading, and the {O}bligatory {C}ontour {P}rinciple}, year = {1985}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Broselow1983, author = {Broselow, Ellen}, title = {{S}ubjacency in morphology: {S}alish double reduplication}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1983}, volume = {1}, pages = {317--346}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Broselow1982, author = {Broselow, Ellen}, title = {{O}n predicting the interaction of stress and epenthesis}, journal = {Glossa}, year = {1982}, volume = {16}, pages = {115--132}, keywords = {winnebago mohawk iraqi arabic swahili}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Broselow1979, author = {Broselow, Ellen}, title = {{C}airene {A}rabic syllable structure}, journal = {Linguistic Analysis}, year = {1979}, volume = {5}, pages = {345--382}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Broselow1976, author = {Broselow, Ellen}, title = {{T}he {P}honology of {E}gyptian {A}rabic}, school = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, year = {1976}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Broselow.etal1997, author = {Broselow, Ellen and Chen, Su-I and Huffman, Marie}, title = {{S}yllable weight: {C}onvergence of phonology and phonetics}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1997}, volume = {14}, pages = {47--82}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Broselow.etal1998, author = {Broselow, Ellen and Chen, Su-I and Wang, Chilin}, title = {{T}he emergence of the unmarked in second language phonology}, journal = {Studies in Second Language Acquisition}, year = {1998}, volume = {20}, pages = {261--280}, keywords = {L2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Broselow.etal1995, author = {Ellen Broselow and Marie Huffman and Su-I Chen and Ruohmei Hsieh}, title = {{T}he {T}iming {S}tructure of {CVVC} {S}yllables}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company}, year = {1995}, editor = {Eid,Mushira}, series = {Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics Vii: Papers from the Seventh Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics}, pages = {119-138}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, abstract = {In the framework of optimality theory, which permits syllables of the CVVC type to be trimoraic under certain conditions, a constraint-based cross-dialectal analysis of Arabic syllable structure argues for a bimoraic analysis of Arabic word-internal CVVC syllables. The analysis is supported by a phonetic study of word & sentence productions of Alexandrian, Cairene, Syrian, & Lebanese speakers (total N = 4) instructed & monitored to use colloquial Arabic; internal & final CVVC syllables are contrasted with other syllable types. Duration measures of long vowels & coda consonants show that both are shorter in CVVC syllables than in other environments & favor a shortening analysis of the Egyptian constraint on word-internal CVVC syllables. Further support is provided by a comparison with Hindi, where stress assignment patterns evidence three degrees of syllable weight; in the trimoraic CVVC syllables of Hindi, long vowels & coda consonants are not shortened. 6 Figures, 2 Appendixes, 15 References. J. Hitchcock}, isbn = {902723633X}, keywords = {Arabic (03750); Mora (55200); Syllables (86500); Length (Phonological) (46340); Phonological Analysis (64950); Regional Dialects (72100); Colloquial Language (13300); Hindi (31950); Comparative Linguistics (13850); Arabic CVVC-type syllables, bi- vs trimoraic analysis, sound duration evidence; dialect/syllable type; experiment; Alexandrian /Cairene/Syrian/Lebanese speakers}, language = {English}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Broselow.McCarthy1983, author = {Broselow, Ellen and McCarthy, John J.}, title = {{A} theory of internal reduplication}, journal = {The Linguistic Review}, year = {1983}, volume = {3}, pages = {25--98}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Broselow.Niyondagara1989, author = {Broselow, Ellen and Niyondagara, A.}, title = {{F}eature geometry of {K}irundi palatalization}, journal = {Studies in the Linguistic Sciences}, year = {1989}, volume = {20(1)}, pages = {71--88}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Broselow.Xu2004, author = {Broselow, Ellen and Xu, Zheng}, title = {{D}ifferential difficulty in the acquisition of second language phonology}, journal = {International Journal of English Studies}, year = {2004}, volume = {4}, pages = {135--163}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Brosnahan.Malmberg1970, title = {{I}ntroduction to {P}honetics}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1970}, author = {Brosnahan, L. F. and Malmberg, Bertil}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Browman.Goldstein1992a, author = {Browman, Catherine P. and Goldstein, Louis}, title = {'{T}argetless' schwa: {A}n articulatory analysis}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {L}aboratory {P}honology {II}: {G}esture, {S}egment, {P}rosody}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1992}, editor = {Docherty, G. and Ladd, R.}, pages = {26--56}, address = {Cambridge}, date-modified = {2009-11-06 13:38:52 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Browman.Goldstein1992, author = {Browman, Catherine P. and Goldstein, Louis}, title = {{A}rticulatory phonology: {A}n overview}, journal = {Phonetica}, year = {1992}, volume = {49}, pages = {155--180}, date-modified = {2009-11-06 13:39:19 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Browman.Goldstein1989, author = {Browman, Catherine P. and Goldstein, Louis}, title = {{A}rticulatory gestures as phonological units}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1989}, volume = {6}, pages = {201--251}, date-modified = {2009-11-06 13:39:07 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Browman.Goldstein1988, author = {Browman, Catherine P. and Goldstein, Louis}, title = {{S}ome notes on syllable structure in articulatory phonology.}, journal = {Phonetica}, year = {1988}, volume = {45}, pages = {140-155}, date-added = {2009-11-06 13:36:24 -0500}, date-modified = {2009-11-06 13:37:21 -0500}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Brown.Witkowski1980, author = {Brown, Cecil H. and Witkowski, Stanley R.}, title = {{L}anguage universals}, booktitle = {{T}oward explaining human culture: a critical review of the findings of word-wide cross-cultural research.}, publisher = {HRAF Press}, year = {1980}, editor = {Levinson, David and Malone, Martin J. and Levinson, David and Malone, Martin J.}, pages = {359--384}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bruce1977, title = {{S}wedish {W}ord {A}ccents in {S}entence {P}erspective}, publisher = {Gleerup}, year = {1977}, author = {Bruce, Gosta}, address = {Lund}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bruce1970, author = {Bruce, Gosta}, title = {{D}iphthongization in the {M}almo dialect}, booktitle = {{W}orking {P}apers in {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Lund University}, year = {1970}, volume = {3}, pages = {1--20}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bruck.etal1974, title = {{P}apers from the {P}arasession on {N}atural {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1974}, author = {Bruck, Anthony and Fox, Robert A. and La Galy, Michael W.}, address = {Chicago}, keywords = {natural phonology}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bruening2010, author = {Bruening, Benjamin}, title = {{D}ouble object constructions disguised as prepositional datives}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {2010}, volume = {41}, pages = {287--305}, number = {2}, abstract = {Recent work by Bresnan and colleagues (Bresnan 2007, Bresnan et al. 2007, Bresnan and Nikitina 2007) has argued that double object and prepositional dative constructions are essentially identical, the choice between them being conditioned by various factors. I argue against this conclusion, showing that the grammar clearly distinguishes double object from prepositional dative constructions. Under certain circumstances, the first object of a double object construction can shift to the right, with the preposition to appearing, but the grammar still distinguishes this from a prepositional dative construction that looks identical on the surface. The phenomena that I investigate are scope interactions with quantifiers and locative inversion. In addition, the rightward reordering operations investigated here indicate that constraints on variable binding, including weak crossover, must be formulated in terms of linear order rather than hierarchy.}, timestamp = {2010.08.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bruening1997, author = {Bruening, Benjamin}, title = {{A}bkhaz mabkhaz: {M}-reduplication in {A}bkhaz, weightless syllables, and base-reduplicant correspondence}, booktitle = {{MIT} working papers in linguistics 30: {PF}: {P}apers at the interface}, publisher = {Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, MIT}, year = {1997}, pages = {291--300}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Bubenik1983, title = {{T}he phonological interpretation of {A}ncient {G}reek : a pandialectal analysis}, publisher = {University of Toronto}, year = {1983}, author = {Bubenik, Vit}, address = {Toronto}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Buck1933, title = {{C}omparative {G}rammar of {G}reek and {L}atin}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1933}, author = {Buck, Carl Darling}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Buckley1991, author = {Buckley, Eugene}, title = {{K}ashaya closed-syllable shortening and prosodic syllabification}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 10}, publisher = {Stanford Linguistic Association}, year = {1991}, editor = {Bates, D.}, pages = {65--74}, address = {Stanford}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:21:49 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Buckley1999, author = {Buckley, Eugene}, title = {{U}niformity in extended paradigms}, booktitle = {{T}he {D}erivational {R}esidue in {P}honological {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1999}, editor = {Hermans, Ben and van Oostendorp, Marc}, pages = {81--104}, address = {Amsterdam}, date-modified = {2008-08-04 17:24:07 +0200}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Buckley1997a, author = {Buckley, Eugene}, title = {{E}xplaining {K}ashaya infixation}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {T}wenty-third {A}nnual {M}eeting of the {B}erkeley {L}inguistics {S}ociety}, publisher = {Berkeley Linguistic Society}, year = {1997}, editor = {Juge, Matthew L. and Moxley, Jeri L. and Juge, Matthew L. and Moxley, Jeri L.}, pages = {14--25}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, keywords = {infixation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Buckley1998, author = {Buckley, Eugene}, title = {{A}lignment in {M}anam stress}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1998}, volume = {29}, pages = {475--496}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Buckley1998a, author = {Buckley, Eugene}, title = {{I}ambic lengthening and final vowels}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1998}, volume = {64}, pages = {179--223}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Buckley1997, author = {Buckley, Eugene}, title = {{A}gainst vowel length in {T}igrinya}, journal = {Studies in African Linguistics}, year = {1997}, volume = {26}, pages = {63--102}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Buckley1994, title = {{T}heoretical aspects of {K}ashaya phonology and morphology}, publisher = {CSLI Publications}, year = {1994}, author = {Buckley, Eugene}, address = {Stanford, California}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Buckley1992, author = {Buckley, Eugene}, title = {{K}ashaya laryngeal increments, contour segments, and the moraic tier}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1992}, volume = {23}, pages = {487--496}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Buller.etal1993, author = {Buller, Barbara and Buller, Ernest and Everett, Daniel}, title = {{S}tress placement, syllable structure, and minimality in {B}anawa}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1993}, volume = {59}, pages = {280--93}, number = {1}, keywords = {hiatus, vowel height, sonority, diphthong}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bullock1990, author = {Bullock, Barbara}, title = {{V}/{C} planar segregation and the {CVC} syllable in {S}ierra {M}iwok nonconcatenative morphology}, booktitle = {{CLS} 26: {P}arasession on the {S}yllable in {P}honetics and {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1990}, editor = {Ziolkowski, M. and Noske, M. and Deaton, K.}, pages = {17--32}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:07:32 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Bunn.Bunn1970, author = {Bunn, Gordon and Bunn, Ruth}, title = {{G}olin phonology}, journal = {Papers in New Guinea Linguistics (Pacific Linguistics A)}, year = {1970}, volume = {11}, pages = {1--7}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Burger1928, title = {{E}tudes de phonetique et de morphologie latines}, publisher = {Secretariat de l'Universite}, year = {1928}, author = {Burger, A.}, volume = {treizieme fascicule}, address = {Neuchatel}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Burling1970, title = {{M}an's {M}any {V}oices}, publisher = {Holt, Reinhart and Winston}, year = {1970}, author = {Burling, Robbins}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Burnham.Anderson1998, title = {{M}odel selection and inference: a practical information-theoretic approach}, publisher = {Springer}, year = {1998}, author = {Burnham, Kenneth P. and Anderson, David Raymond}, address = {New York}, abstract = {This book is unique in that it covers the philosophy of model-based data analysis and a strategy for the analysis of empirical data. Model selection, under the information theoretic approach presented here, attempts to identify the (likely) best model, orders the models from best to worst, and measures the plausibility (calibration'') that each model is really the best as an inference. Model selection methods are extended to allow inference from more than a single "best" model. Several methods are given that allow the uncertainty as to which model is "best" to be incorporated into estimates of precision. An array of examples are given to illustrate various technical issues. This is an applied book written primarily for biologists and statisticians using models for making inferences from empirical data. Research biologists working either in the field or in the laboratory will find simple methods that are likely to be useful in their investigations. Applied statisticians will find the information theoretic methods presented here quite useful and a superior alternative, especially for observational studies. People interested in the empirical sciences will find this material useful as it offers an alternative to hypothesis testing and Bayesian approaches.}, comment = {none}, timestamp = {2009.06.07} } @BOOK{Burquest.Laidig1992, title = {{P}honological studies in four languages of {M}aluku}, publisher = {Summer Institute of Linguistics and University of Texas at Arlington}, year = {1992}, author = {Burquest, Donald A. and Laidig, Wyn D.}, pages = {viii, 227}, address = {Dallas, TX}, note = {92080562 Donald A. Burquest and Wyn D. Laidig, editors. Includes bibliographical references. Phonological studies in 4 languages of Maluku.}, keywords = {Austronesian languages Indonesia Maluku Phonology. Austronesian languages Classification.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Burton.Robblee1997, author = {Burton, Martha and Robblee, Karen}, title = {{A} phonetic analysis of voicing assimilation in {R}ussian}, journal = {Journal of Phonetics}, year = {1997}, volume = {25}, pages = {97--114}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Burzio1998a, author = {Burzio, Luigi}, title = {{A}naphora and soft constraints}, booktitle = {{I}s the {B}est {G}ood {E}nough? {O}ptimality and {C}ompetition in {S}yntax}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1998}, editor = {Barbosa, Pilar and Fox, Danny and Hagstrom, Paul and McGinnis, Martha and Pesetsky, David}, pages = {93--113}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Burzio1997b, author = {Burzio, Luigi}, title = {{I}talian participial morphology and correspondence theory}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {F}irst {M}editerranean {C}onference of {M}orphology ({M}ytilene, {G}reece, {S}ept. 19-21 1997)}, publisher = {University of Patras}, year = {1997}, editor = {Booij, Geert and Ralli, Angela and Scalise, Sergio and Booij, Geert and Ralli, Angela and Scalise, Sergio}, pages = {42--53}, address = {Patras, Greece}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Burzio2002a, author = {Burzio, Luigi}, title = {{M}any {M}orphologies}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {2002}, editor = {Boucher, P.}, chapter = {Surface-to-surface morphology: when your representations turn into constraints}, pages = {142-177}, address = {Somerville, MA}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.05.01} } @INCOLLECTION{Burzio1997a, author = {Burzio, Luigi}, title = {{S}trength in numbers}, booktitle = {{U}niversity of {M}aryland {W}orking {P}apers in {L}inguistics 5. {S}elected {P}honology {P}apers from {H}opkins {O}ptimality {T}heory {W}orkshop 1997 / {U}niversity of {M}aryland {M}ayfest 1997}, year = {1997}, editor = {Miglio, Viola and Moren, Bruce}, pages = {27--52}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Burzio1994a, author = {Burzio, Luigi}, title = {{M}etrical consistency}, booktitle = {{L}anguage {C}omputations}, publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, year = {1994}, editor = {Ristad, Eric Sven and Ristad, Eric Sven}, pages = {93--125}, address = {Providence, RI}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Burzio2006, author = {Burzio, Luigi}, title = {{L}exicon vs. grammar in {E}nglish morphophonology: modularity revisited}, journal = {Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics}, year = {2006}, volume = {6}, pages = {437-464}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.05.01} } @ARTICLE{Burzio2002, author = {Burzio, Luigi}, title = {{M}issing players: phonology and the past-tense debate}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {2002}, volume = {112}, pages = {157-199}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.05.01} } @MISC{Burzio1999, author = {Burzio, Luigi}, title = {{S}urface-to-surface morphology: {W}hen your representations turn into constraints}, year = {1999}, note = {Ms.}, address = {Baltimore, MD}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Burzio1998, author = {Burzio, Luigi}, title = {{M}ultiple correspondence}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {1998}, volume = {104}, pages = {79--109}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Burzio1997, author = {Burzio, Luigi}, title = {{C}ycles, non-derived-environment blocking, and correspondence}, year = {1997}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Burzio1995, author = {Burzio, Luigi}, title = {{T}he rise of {O}ptimality {T}heory}, journal = {Glot International}, year = {1995}, volume = {1(6)}, pages = {3--7}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Burzio1994, title = {{P}rinciples of {E}nglish {S}tress}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1994}, author = {Burzio, Luigi}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Busby1980, author = {Busby, Peter}, title = {{T}he distribution of phonemes in {A}ustralian {A}boriginal languages}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {A}ustralian {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Pacific Linguistics, A-60}, year = {1980}, volume = {14}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Butchertoappeara, author = {Butcher, Andrew}, title = {{P}honetic correlates of some consonantal contrasts in {A}ustralian languages}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in {C}omparative {N}on-{P}ama-{N}yungan}, year = {to appear}, editor = {Evans, N.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:39:29 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Butchertoappear, title = {{T}he {P}honetics of {A}ustralian {L}anguages}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {to appear}, author = {Butcher, Andrew}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Butler2005, author = {Butler, Lindsay K.}, title = {{E}xceptional blocking of {Yucatec Maya} vowel harmony}, booktitle = {{LSO} {W}orking {P}apers in {L}inguistics 5: {P}roceedings of {WIGL} 2005}, year = {2005}, pages = {25--39}, timestamp = {2009.03.12} } @MISC{Butska1997, author = {Butska, Luba}, title = {{V}oicing alternations in {U}krainian}, year = {1997}, address = {University of Toronto}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Butskhirikidze.Weijer2001, author = {Butskhirikidze, Marika and van de Weijer, Jeroen}, title = {{O}n v-metathesis in {M}odern {G}eorgian}, booktitle = {{S}urface syllable structure and segment sequencing}, publisher = {Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics}, year = {2001}, editor = {van de Weijer, J. and Hume, Elizabeth and Smith, Norval and van de Weijer, J. and Hume, Elizabeth and Smith, Norval}, address = {Leiden}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Butt2003, author = {Butt, Miriam}, title = {{T}he light verb jungle}, journal = {{H}arvard {W}orking {P}apers in {L}inguistics}, year = {2003}, volume = {9}, pages = {1--49}, abstract = {The study of light verbs and complex predicates is frought with dangers and misunderstandings that go beyond the merely terminological. This paper attempts to pic through the terminological, theoretical and empirical jungle in order to arrive at a novel understanding of the role of light verbs crosslinguistically. In particular, this paper addresses how light verbs and complex predicates can be identified crosslinguistically, what the relationship between the two is, and whether light verbs must always be associated with uniform syntactic and semantic properties. Finally, the paper proposes a novel view of how light verbs are situated in the lexicon by addressing some historical data and their relationship with preverbs and verb particles.}, timestamp = {2009.02.18} } @MISC{Butt2003a, author = {Butt, Miriam}, title = {{T}he light verb jungle}, howpublished = {Handout, Workshop on Multi-Verb Constructions}, year = {2003}, note = {Trondheim, June 26--27}, timestamp = {2009.02.18} } @INCOLLECTION{Butters2007, author = {Butters, Ronald R.}, title = {{S}ociolinguistic variation and the law}, booktitle = {{S}ociolinguistic variation}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2007}, editor = {Bayley, Robert and Lucas, Ceil}, pages = {318--337}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, timestamp = {2009.05.20} } @INCOLLECTION{Bybee2000, author = {Bybee, Joan}, title = {{T}he phonology of the lexicon: evidence from lexical diffusion}, booktitle = {{U}sage-based models of language}, publisher = {CSLI}, year = {2000}, editor = {Barlow, M. and Kemmer, S.}, pages = {65--85}, address = {Stanford, CA}, timestamp = {2009.05.19} } @BOOK{Bybee2001, title = {{P}honology and language use}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2001}, author = {Bybee, Joan}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, comment = {none}, timestamp = {2009.05.29} } @ARTICLE{Bybee1995, author = {Joan Bybee}, title = {{R}egular morphology and the lexicon}, journal = {Language and Cognitive Processes}, year = {1995}, volume = {10}, pages = {425--455}, number = {5}, date-added = {2008-11-15 21:01:20 -0800}, date-modified = {2008-11-15 21:01:55 -0800}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Bybee1985, title = {{M}orphology: {A} {S}tudy of the {R}elation between {M}eaning and {F}orm}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1985}, author = {Bybee, Joan}, address = {Amsterdam}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bye1998, author = {Bye, Patrik}, title = {{C}oherence in {F}innish consonant gradation: {T}owards a theory of phonological lenition}, booktitle = {{CLS} 34, {P}art 2: {T}he {M}ain {S}ession}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1998}, editor = {Gruber, M. Catherine and Higgins, Derrick and Olson, Kenneth S. and Wysocki, Tamra and Gruber, M. Catherine and Higgins, Derrick and Olson, Kenneth S. and Wysocki, Tamra}, pages = {39--54}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Bye2001, author = {Bye, Patrik}, title = {{V}irtual {P}honology: {M}ultiple opacity and rule sandwiching in {N}orth {S}aami}, school = {University of Tromso}, year = {2001}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Bye1996, author = {Bye, Patrik}, title = {{C}orrespondence in the prosodic hierarchy and the grid: {C}ase studies in overlength and level stress}, school = {University of Tromso}, year = {1996}, address = {Tromso, Norway}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Bye.Lacy2000, author = {Bye, Patrik and de Lacy, Paul}, title = {{E}dge asymmetries in phonology and morphology}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {NELS} 30}, publisher = {GLSA}, year = {2000}, editor = {Kim, Ji-Yung and Hirotani, Masako and Kim, Ji-Yung and Hirotani, Masako}, pages = {121--135}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Bye.Lacyinprep., author = {Bye, Patrik and de Lacy, Paul}, title = {{R}ight-edge alignment: {T}hreat or menace? [{S}peculative working title]}, year = {in prep.}, address = {Tromso, Norway and Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Byrnes1998, author = {Byrnes, Heidi}, title = {{C}onstructing curricula in collegiate foreign language departments}, booktitle = {{L}earning foreign and second languages: perspectives in research and scholarship}, publisher = {Modern Language Association}, year = {1998}, editor = {Byrnes, Heidi}, pages = {262--295}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Byrnes2002, author = {Byrnes, Heidi}, title = {{T}oward academic-level foreign language abilities: reconsidering foundational assumptions, expanding pedagogical options}, booktitle = {{D}eveloping professional-level language proficiency}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2002}, editor = {Leaver, B. L. and Shekhtman, V.}, pages = {34--58}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Byrnes2005, author = {Byrnes, Heidi}, title = {{C}ontent-based foreign language instruction}, booktitle = {{P}rocessing approaches to adult {SLA}: theory and practice}, publisher = {Georgetown University Press}, year = {2005}, editor = {Sanz, C.}, address = {Washington, DC}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Byrnes2002a, author = {Byrnes, Heidi}, title = {{T}he role of task and task-based assessment in a content-oriented collegiate foreign language curriculum}, journal = {{L}anguage {T}esting}, year = {2002}, volume = {19}, pages = {419--437}, number = {4}, abstract = {This article explores the role of task and task-based assessment in a collegiate foreign language (FL) department that shifted its entire undergraduate curriculum from a form-based normative approach to a language-use and language-meaning orientation for instruction. It examines how the demands for specificity that characterize task-based assessment contributed significantly to an enhanced knowledge base and a new educational culture on the part of practitioners, faculty and graduate students, primarily in literary cultural studies. Deeper insights were obtained not only in terms of assessment but also with regard to the relationship between (1) curriculum, instruction and learning goals and (2) outcomes of such an adult FL program, and ultimately, with regard to possibilities for expansive interpretation of the notion of task itself.}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Byrnes2001, author = {Byrnes, Heidi}, title = {{A}uthorial stance and the `reader-in-the-text': advanced second language learning as emerging heteroglossia}, booktitle = {{M}odern {L}anguage {A}ssociation: {L}anguage in {L}iterature {T}eaching}, year = {2001}, address = {New Orleans}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Byrnes2001a, author = {Byrnes, Heidi}, title = {{R}econsidering graduate students' education as teachers: it takes a department!}, journal = {{T}he {M}odern {L}anguage {J}ournal}, year = {2001}, volume = {85}, pages = {512--530}, number = {4}, abstract = {This article argues that prevailing approaches to educating graduate students as teachers need to be broadended conceptually and in practice. In particular, it suggests that preparing graduate students to teach constitutes only one component of a two-fold responsibility of graduate programs: to educate their students both as researchers and as teachers. To establish this linkage, graduate departments require a comprehensive intellectual-academic center that touches upon all practices of its members, faculty, and graduate students, in research and teaching. The paper suggests that a carefully conceptualized, integrated 4-year, content-oriented and task-based curriculum with a literacy focus provides such an intellectual core. By overcoming the tradiontal split of language and content, it invites a reconsidertion of current practices in teaching and in the relationship of teaching research. The article elaborates these issues through a case study in one graduate department, focusing on the implications of a reconfigured departmental culture for graduate students' education as teachers and for their socialization into the profession. It conlucdes with observations about the nature and conditions of change in higher education.}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Byrnes.etal2002, author = {Byrnes, Heidi and Crane, Cori and Sprang, Katherine A.}, title = {{N}onnative teachers teaching at the advanced level: challenges and opportunities}, journal = {{ADFL} {B}ulletin}, year = {2002}, volume = {33}, pages = {25--34}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Byrnes.Kord2001, author = {Byrnes, Heidi and Kord, Susanne}, title = {{D}eveloping literacy and literary competence: challenges for foreign language departments}, booktitle = {{SLA} and the literature classroom}, publisher = {Heinle \& Heinle}, year = {2001}, editor = {Scott, V. and Tucker, H.}, pages = {35--71}, address = {Boston}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @BOOK{Byrnes.Maxim2004a, title = {{A}dvanced foreign language learning: a challenge to college programs}, publisher = {Heinle \& Heinle}, year = {2004}, author = {Byrnes, Heidi and Maxim, Hiram}, address = {Boston}, comment = {book}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Cote2004, author = {Marie-H\'{e}l\`{e}ne C\^{o}t\'{e}}, title = {{S}yntagmatic distinctness in consonant deletion}, journal = {{P}honology}, year = {2004}, volume = {21}, pages = {1--41}, abstract = {This article examines the role of distinctness between adjacent segments in consonant deletion. On the basis of five stop-deletion patterns, it establishes a correlation between the likelihood of cluster simplification and the level of similarity between the consonants in the cluster. This correlation is motivated on perceptual grounds, and an OT analysis of similarity avoidance is provided in which perceptual factors are integrated in the grammar through both faithfulness and markedness constraints. This perceptual approach improves in two ways on previous analyses, notably the OCP. First, it integrates similarity avoidance within a more general perception-based framework, which accounts naturally for its gradient nature. Second, it uncovers a distinction between absolute and contextual similarity avoidance between adjacent segments, depending on whether similarity avoidance is established without reference to the context in which the segments appear or relative to the quality of the perceptual cues available to the segments.}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2009.02.18} } @PHDTHESIS{Cote2001, author = {Marie-H\'{e}l\`{e}ne C\^{o}t\'{e}}, title = {{C}onsonant cluster phonotactics: {A} perception-based approach}, school = {MIT}, year = {2001}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2009.02.18} } @ARTICLE{Caballero2006, author = {Caballero, Cabriela}, title = {"{T}emplatic backcopying" in {G}uarijio abbreviated reduplication}, journal = {Morphology}, year = {2006}, volume = {16}, pages = {273-289}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.10.23} } @BOOK{Cable2006, title = {{S}yncope in the verbal prefixes of {T}lingit: meter and surface phonotactics}, publisher = {Lincom Europa}, year = {2006}, author = {Cable, Seth}, series = {Lincom Studies in Native American Linguistics}, address = {Muenchen}, date-added = {2009-06-12 14:47:10 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-06-12 14:48:17 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Cabre.Kenstowicz1995, author = {Cabre, Teresa and Kenstowicz, Michael}, title = {{P}rosodic trapping in {C}atalan}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1995}, volume = {26}, pages = {694--705}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Caha2009, author = {Caha, Pavel}, title = {{T}he nanosyntax of case}, school = {Faculty of Humanities, University of Troms\o}, year = {2009}, timestamp = {2011.10.27} } @ARTICLE{Cahill2008, author = {Cahill, Michael C.}, title = {{W}hy labial-velar stops merge to /gb/}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2008}, volume = {25}, pages = {379-398}, number = {03}, abstract = { ABSTRACT Most languages with labial-velar stops (i.e. // and //) have both the voiced and voiceless versions, but several dozen languages have only // or only //. Examination of the stop inventories of such languages reveals that in languages which have only // there are always other gaps in the stop inventory, but languages which have only // usually have a full set of other stops, showing that there is a different historical mechanism involved. Also, languages are more common than languages, despite the cross-linguistic tendency to favour voiceless stops. Comparative studies show that languages are often a result of a merger of * and * into //. I propose that this merger is a result of three phonetic characteristics of the phonologically voiceless //, qualities typical of voiced obstruents. Since * is already partly in the , I hypothesise that hearers interpret it as voiced. }, bdsk-url-1 = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4292228&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0952675708001541}, bdsk-url-2 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0952675708001541}, date-added = {2009-03-07 16:09:26 -0500}, date-modified = {2009-03-07 16:10:22 -0500}, doi = {10.1017/S0952675708001541}, eprint = {http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0952675708001541}, timestamp = {2011.04.11}, url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4292228&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0952675708001541} } @ARTICLE{Cahill2008a, author = {Michael C. Cahill}, title = {{R}eduplication: {D}oubling in {M}orphology}, journal = {SIL Electronic Book Reviews}, year = {2008}, volume = {1}, pages = {[np]}, note = {Review of: Inkelas, Sharon; Zoll, Cheryl; Edition date: 2005}, date-modified = {2009-03-07 16:15:55 -0500}, language = {English}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.07.17} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Cahill2004, author = {Cahill, Michael C.}, title = {{E}penthesis or substitution? [r] in {K}onni}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston}, note = {LSA 78}, date-modified = {2009-03-07 16:16:05 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Cairns1976, author = {Cairns, Charles E.}, title = {{U}niversal properties of umlaut and vowel coalescence rules: implications for {R}otuman phonology}, booktitle = {{L}inguistic studies offered to {J}oseph {G}reenberg: {V}olume 2: {P}honology}, publisher = {Anma Libri}, year = {1976}, editor = {Juilland, Alphonse and Juilland, Alphonse}, pages = {271--283}, address = {Saratoga, CA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Cairns1969, author = {Cairns, Charles E.}, title = {{M}arkedness, neutralization and universal redundancy rules}, journal = {Language}, year = {1969}, volume = {45}, pages = {863--885}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Cairns.Feinstein1982, author = {Cairns, Charles E. and Feinstein, Mark H.}, title = {{M}arkedness and the theory of syllable structure}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1982}, volume = {13}, pages = {193--226}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Caisse1981, author = {Caisse, M.}, title = {{C}ross-linguistic differences in fundamental frequency perturbation induced by voiceless aspirated stops}, journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, year = {1981}, volume = {70}, pages = {S76-S77}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Calabrese1987, author = {Calabrese, Andrea}, title = {{T}he interaction of phonological rules and filters}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 17}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1987}, editor = {Plunkett, Bernadette and McDonough, Joyce and Plunkett, Bernadette and McDonough, Joyce}, pages = {79--99}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Calabrese1995, author = {Calabrese, Andrea}, title = {{A} constraint-based theory of phonological markedness and simplification procedures}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1995}, volume = {26}, pages = {373--463}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Calabrese1988, author = {Calabrese, Andrea}, title = {{T}owards a {T}heory of {P}honological {A}lphabets}, school = {MIT}, year = {1988}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Calabrese1986, author = {Calabrese, Andrea}, title = {{M}etaphony in {S}alentino}, journal = {Rivista di grammatica generativa}, year = {1986}, volume = {9-10}, pages = {1--141}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Calle-Martin.Miranda-Garcia2009, author = {Calle-Mart\'in, Javier and Miranda-Garc\'ia, Antonio}, title = {{O}n the use of split infinitives in {E}nglish}, booktitle = {{C}orpus linguistics: refinements and {R}eassessments}, publisher = {Rodopi}, year = {2009}, editor = {Renouf, Antoinette and Kehoe, Andrew}, pages = {347--364}, abstract = {A split infinitive construction denotes a particular type of syntactic tmesis in which a word or phrase, especially an adverb, occurs between the infinitive marker to and the infinitive of the verb. Although rare from a statistical viewpoint, the earliest instances of the split infinitive date back to the 13th century, in which a personal pronoun, an adverb or two or more words could appear in such environments (Visser 1984, II: 1038-1045). Its use drops drastically throughout the 16th century, but it begins to gain ground again in the 19th century, hence resisting the severe criticisms of grammarians. Nowadays, however, a search for these types of constructions in a present-day English corpus reveals that the prejudice against split infinitives is receding. Therefore, this paper investigates the actual use of the construction in different corpora with the following objectives: a) to provide the statistics of the construction from a historical perspective; b) to analyse the type of adverbs occurring in these contexts; c) to offer a taxonomy of the adverb from a functional perspective; d) to investigate the combined effect of stress and rhythm in the development of the construction; and e) to review the actual use of a prototype splitting in present-day English usage.}, timestamp = {2010.10.10} } @ARTICLE{Camilli1929, author = {Camilli, A.}, title = {{I}l dialetto di {S}ervigliano}, journal = {Archivum Romanicum}, year = {1929}, volume = {13}, pages = {220--71}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Campbell1986, author = {Campbell, Lyle}, title = {{T}esting phonology in the field}, booktitle = {{E}xperimental {P}honology}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1986}, editor = {Ohala, J. J. and Jaeger, J. J.}, pages = {163--173}, address = {Orlando}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Campbell1980, author = {Campbell, Lyle}, title = {{T}he psychological and sociological reality of {F}innish vowel harmony}, booktitle = {{I}ssues in {V}owel {H}armony}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1980}, editor = {Vago, Robert and Vago, Robert}, pages = {245--270}, address = {Amsterdam}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Campbell1985, title = {{T}he {P}ipil language of {E}l {S}alvador}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = {1985}, author = {Campbell, Lyle}, address = {Berlin}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Campbell1974, author = {Campbell, Lyle}, title = {{P}honological features: {P}roblems and proposals}, journal = {Language}, year = {1974}, volume = {50}, pages = {52--65}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Campbell1973, title = {{E}xtrinsic {O}rder {L}ives}, publisher = {IULC Publications}, year = {1973}, author = {Campbell, Lyle}, address = {Bloomington, IN}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Campbell1992, author = {Campbell, N.}, title = {{M}ulti-level timing in speech}, school = {Department of Lingusitics, University of Sussex}, year = {1992}, timestamp = {2009.05.30} } @ARTICLE{Campbell-Kibler2007, author = {Campbell-Kibler, Katherine}, title = {{A}ccent, {(ing)}, and the social logic of listener perceptions}, journal = {{A}merican {S}peech}, year = {2007}, volume = {82}, pages = {32--64}, number = {1}, abstract = {This article reports on the relationship between the English variable (ING) and two divergent accents (Southern and gay) as they are conceptualized and given social meaning in listeners' peceptions of spontaneous speech. The study used an expanded form of the Matched Guise Technique, using recordings collected through sociolinguistic interviews with 8 speakers from North Carolina and California. Excerpts were digitally manipulated to create 32 matched pairs differing only in tokens of (ING), which were used to collect responses in group interviews (N = 55) and a Web-based exerpiment (N = 124). The alveolar variant -in increased the perceived strength of Southern accents and dampened an accent heard as gay and urban. The influence of (ING) on these accents is linked to shared social meanings of the alveolar form -in and Southern accents on the one hand (lack of education, the country, and the term "redneck") and the velar variant -ing and the gay accent on the other (lowered masculinity, the city, and the term "metrosexual"). These two accents are contrasted with a third variety, heard as nonaccented and aregional. These effects demonstrate the status of the three linguistic objects, the two accents and (ING), as social objects as well.}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Campos-Astorkiza2004, author = {Campos-Astorkiza, Rebeka}, title = {{F}aith in moras: {A} revised approach to prosodic faithfulness}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {NELS} 34}, publisher = {GLSA}, year = {2004}, editor = {Moulton, Keir and Wolf, Matthew}, pages = {164-174}, address = {UMass Amherst}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Canavan.etal1997, author = {Canavan, Alexandra and Graff, David and Zipperlen, George}, title = {{\textsc{callhome} American English Speech}}, year = {1997}, note = {Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia}, timestamp = {2011.11.11} } @ARTICLE{Cantineau1936-7, author = {Cantineau, Jean}, title = {{E}tudes sur quelques parlers nomades arabes d'{O}rient}, journal = {Annales de l'institut d'etudes orientales (Universite d'Alger)}, year = {1936-7}, volume = {II, III}, pages = {1--188, 119--217}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Cantineau1939, author = {Cantineau, Jean}, title = {{R}emarques sur les parlers de sedentaires syro-libano-palestiniens}, journal = {Bulletin de la Societe de Linguistique de Paris}, year = {1939}, volume = {40}, pages = {80--88}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Capell1967, author = {Capell, Arthur}, title = {{S}ound systems in {A}ustralia}, journal = {Phonetica}, year = {1967}, volume = {16}, pages = {85--110}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Capell.Hinch1970, title = {{M}aung {G}rammar, {T}exts and {V}ocabulary}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1970}, author = {Capell, Arthur and Hinch, Heather}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Capo1989, author = {Capo, H. B.}, title = {{L}'assimilation d'arrondissement dans le redoublement des formes verbales en gbe}, journal = {Linguistique africaine}, year = {1989}, volume = {3}, pages = {19--42}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Card1983, author = {Card, Elizabeth Ann}, title = {{A} {P}honetic and {P}honological {S}tudy of {A}rabic {E}mphasis}, school = {Cornell University}, year = {1983}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Cardona1965, title = {{G}ujarati reference grammar}, publisher = {University of Philadelphia Press}, year = {1965}, author = {Cardona, George}, address = {Philadelphia}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Carey1985, title = {{C}onceptual {C}hange in {C}hildhood}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1985}, author = {Carey, Susan}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Carlson1998, author = {Carlson, Katy}, title = {{R}eduplication and sonority in {N}akanai and {N}uxalk}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {F}ourteenth {E}astern {S}tates {C}onference on {L}inguistics '97}, publisher = {Cornell Linguistics Circle}, year = {1998}, editor = {Austin, J. and Lawson, A.}, pages = {23--33}, address = {Ithaca, NY}, date-modified = {2010-01-17 22:21:42 -0500}, keywords = {infixation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Carlson1984, author = {Carlson, Lauri}, title = {{F}ocus and dialogue games: {A} game-theoretical approach to the interpretation of intonational meaning}, booktitle = {{C}ognitive {C}onstraints on {C}ommunication}, publisher = {Reidel}, year = {1984}, editor = {Vaina, L. and Hintikka, J. and Vaina, L. and Hintikka, J.}, pages = {259--333}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Carlson1983a, title = {{D}ialogue {G}ames: {A}n {A}pproach to {D}iscourse {A}nalysis}, publisher = {Reidel}, year = {1983}, author = {Carlson, Lauri}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Carlson1983, author = {Carlson, R.}, title = {{D}ownstep in {S}upyire}, journal = {Studies in African Linguistics}, year = {1983}, volume = {14}, pages = {35--45}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Carney1994, title = {{A} {S}urvey of {E}nglish {S}pelling}, publisher = {Routledge}, year = {1994}, author = {Carney, Edward}, address = {London and New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Carnie2006b, title = {{S}yntax: a generative introduction}, publisher = {Wiley Blackwell Publishers}, year = {2006}, author = {Carnie, Andrew}, address = {Oxford}, comment = {none}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @INCOLLECTION{Carnochan1970, author = {Carnochan, J.}, title = {{V}owel harmony in {I}gbo}, booktitle = {{P}rosodic {A}nalysis}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1970}, editor = {Palmer, F. R. and Palmer, F. R.}, pages = {222--229}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Caron1987, author = {Caron, Bernard}, title = {{D}escription d'un parler haoussa de l'{A}der ({R}epublique du {N}iger)}, school = {Universite de Paris 7}, year = {1987}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Carpenter2001, author = {Carpenter, Angela}, title = {{N}oncontiguous metathesis and {A}djacency}, year = {2001}, booktitle = {{U}niversity of {M}assachusetts, {A}mherst}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Carrier1979, author = {Carrier, Jill}, title = {{T}he {I}nteraction of {P}honological and {M}orphological {R}ules in {T}agalog: {A} {S}tudy in the {R}elationship between {R}ule {C}omponents in {G}rammar}, school = {MIT}, year = {1979}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Carrier.Randall1992, author = {Carrier, Jill and Randall, Janet H.}, title = {{T}he argument structure and syntactic structure of restulatives}, journal = {{L}inguistic {I}nquiry}, year = {1992}, volume = {23}, pages = {173--234}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @INCOLLECTION{Carrier-Duncan1984, author = {Carrier-Duncan, Jill}, title = {{S}ome problems with prosodic accounts of reduplication}, booktitle = {{L}anguage {S}ound {S}tructure}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1984}, editor = {Aronoff, Mark and Oehrle, Richard T.}, pages = {260--286}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Carrington1949, title = {{T}alking {D}rums of {A}frica}, publisher = {Harry Kingsgate Press}, year = {1949}, author = {Carrington, J. F.}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Carroll1994, title = {{P}sychology of language}, publisher = {Brooks/Cole}, year = {1994}, author = {David W. Carroll}, address = {Pacific Grove, CA}, edition = {Second}, timestamp = {2010.02.26} } @BOOK{Carroll1965, title = {{A}n outline of the structure of the language of {N}ukuoro}, publisher = {Polynesian Society}, year = {1965}, author = {Carroll, Vern}, address = {Welllington}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Carroll.Soulik1973, title = {{N}ukuoro lexicon}, publisher = {University of Hawai'i Press}, year = {1973}, author = {Carroll, Vern and Soulik, T.}, address = {Honolulu}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Carstairs1987, title = {{A}llomorphy in inflexion}, publisher = {Croon Helm}, year = {1987}, author = {Carstairs, Andrew}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2011.10.26} } @ARTICLE{Carter1972, author = {Carter, Hazel}, title = {{M}orphotonology of {Z}ambian {T}onga: {S}ome developments of {M}eeussen's system, part 2}, journal = {African Language Studies}, year = {1972}, volume = {13}, pages = {52--97}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Carter1971, author = {Carter, Hazel}, title = {{M}orphotonology of {Z}ambian {T}onga: {S}ome developments of {M}eeussen's system, part 1}, journal = {African Language Studies}, year = {1971}, volume = {12}, pages = {1--30}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Carter1974, author = {Carter, Richard}, title = {{T}eton {D}akota {P}honology}, school = {University of New Mexico}, year = {1974}, address = {Albuquerque, New Mexico}, note = {Department of Anthropology}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Casali1993a, author = {Casali, Roderic F.}, title = {{L}abial harmony in {N}awuri}, booktitle = {{UCLA} {W}orking {P}apers in {P}honology}, year = {1993}, editor = {Silverman, D. and Kirchner, R. and Silverman, D. and Kirchner, R.}, volume = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Casali1997, author = {Casali, Roderic F.}, title = {{V}owel elision in hiatus contexts: {W}hich vowel goes?}, journal = {Language}, year = {1997}, volume = {73}, pages = {493--533}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Casali1996, author = {Casali, Roderic F.}, title = {{R}esolving {H}iatus}, school = {UCLA}, year = {1996}, address = {Los Angeles}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Casali1993, author = {Casali, Roderic F.}, title = {{O}n some uses of {ATR}}, year = {1993}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Cassasanto.etal2004, author = {Cassasanto, Daniel and Boroditsky, Lera and Phillips, Webb and Greene, Jesse and Goswami, Shima and Bocanegra-Thiel, Simon and Santiago-Diaz, Ilia and Fotokopulu, Olga and Pita, Ria and Gil, David}, title = {{H}ow deep are effects of language on thought? {T}ime estimation in speakers of {E}nglish, {I}ndonesian, {G}reek, and {S}panish}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {Twenty-six Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society}}, year = {2004}, abstract = {Do the languages that we speak affect how we experience the world? This question was taken up in a linguistic survey and two non-linguistic psychophysical experiments conducted in native speakers of English, Indonesian, Greek, and Spanish. All four of these languages use spatial metaphors to talk about time, but the particular metaphoric mappings between time and space vary across languages. A linguistic corpus study revealed that English and Indonesian tend to map duration onto linear distance (e.g. a LONG time), whereas Greek and Spanish preferentially map duration onto quantity (e.g. MUCH time). Two psychophysical time estimation experiments were conducted to determine whether this cross-linguistic difference has implications for speakers' temporal thinking. Performance on the pyschophysical tasks reflected the relative frequencies of the `time as distance' and `time as quantity' metaphors in English, Indonesian, Greek, and Spanish. This was true despite the fact that the tasks used entirely non-linguistic stimuli and responses. Results suggest that: (1.) The spatial metaphors in our native language may profoundly influence the way we mentally represent time. (2.) Language can shape even primitive, low-level mental processes such as estimating brief durations --- and ability we share with babies and non-human animals.}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @ARTICLE{Cassimjee.Kisseberth1989, author = {Cassimjee, Farida and Kisseberth, Charles}, title = {{S}hingazidja nominal accent}, journal = {Studies in the Linguistic Sciences}, year = {1989}, volume = {19(1)}, pages = {33--61}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Castren1854, title = {{G}rammatik de samojedischen {S}prachen}, publisher = {Buchdruckerei der Kaiserlicken Akademie der Wissenschaften}, year = {1854}, author = {Castren, M.A.}, address = {St.Petersburg}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Catford1977, title = {{F}undamental {P}roblems in {P}honetics}, publisher = {Indiana University Press}, year = {1977}, author = {Catford, J. C.}, address = {Bloomington}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Causley1996, author = {Causley, Trisha}, title = {{C}oronal underspecification in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, booktitle = {{T}oronto {W}orking {P}apers in {L}inguistics: {P}apers in phonology}, publisher = {University of Toronto}, year = {1996}, editor = {Koskinen, Paivi and Smallwood, Carolyn and Koskinen, Paivi and Smallwood, Carolyn}, volume = {15.2}, pages = {61--81}, address = {Toronto}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Causley1997, author = {Causley, Trisha}, title = {{I}dentity and featural correspondence: {T}he {A}thapaskan case}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 27}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1997}, editor = {Kusumoto, Kiyomi and Kusumoto, Kiyomi}, pages = {93--105}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Causley1999a, author = {Causley, Trisha}, title = {{F}aithfulness and contrast: {T}he problem of coalescence}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 17}, publisher = {CSLI}, year = {1999}, editor = {Shahin, Kimary N. and Blake, Susan J. and Kim, Eun-Sook}, pages = {117--131}, address = {Stanford, CA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Causley1998, author = {Causley, Trisha}, title = {{V}ariable markedness and fixed hierarchies}, booktitle = {{NELS} 28}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1998}, editor = {Tamanji, Pius N. and Kusumoto, Kiyomi and Tamanji, Pius N. and Kusumoto, Kiyomi}, volume = {1}, pages = {69--78}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Causley1999, author = {Causley, Trisha}, title = {{C}omplexity and {M}arkedness in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, school = {University of Toronto}, year = {1999}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Cedergren.Sankoff1974, author = {Cedergren, Henrietta J. and Sankoff, David}, title = {{V}ariable rules: {P}erformance as a statistical reflection of competence}, journal = {Language}, year = {1974}, volume = {50}, pages = {333--355}, keywords = {variation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chadwick1975, title = {{A} {D}escriptive {S}tudy of the {D}jingili {L}anguage}, publisher = {Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies}, year = {1975}, author = {Chadwick, Neil}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chafe1968, author = {Chafe, Wallace}, title = {{T}he ordering of phonological rules}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1968}, volume = {24}, pages = {115--136}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chambers1973, author = {Chambers, Jack}, title = {{C}anadian {R}aising}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1973}, volume = {18}, pages = {113--135}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chambers.etal2006, title = {{T}he handbook of language variation and change}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {2006}, author = {Chambers, J. K. and Schilling-Estes, Natalie and Trudgill, Peter}, address = {Oxford}, comment = {book}, timestamp = {2009.08.26} } @BOOK{Chambers.Hastie1992, title = {{S}tatistical models in {S}}, publisher = {Wadsworth \& Brooks/Cole}, year = {1992}, author = {Chambers, John M. and Hastie, T. J.}, address = {Pacific Grove, CA}, comment = {none}, timestamp = {2009.05.19} } @ARTICLE{Chan1991, author = {Chan, Marjorie}, title = {{C}ontour-tone spreading and tone sandhi in {D}anyang {C}hinese}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1991}, volume = {8}, pages = {237--259}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Chan1988, author = {Chan, Marjorie}, title = {{A}n autosegmental analysis of {D}anyang tone sandhi: {S}ome historical and theoretical issues}, year = {1988}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chang1953, author = {Chang, Kun}, title = {{O}n the tone system of the {M}iao-{Y}ao languages}, journal = {Language}, year = {1953}, volume = {29}, pages = {374--378}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chao1931, author = {Chao, Y.R.}, title = {{F}an-quie {Y}u {B}a {Z}hong "{E}ight varieties of secret language based on the principle of {F}an-qie"}, journal = {Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology}, year = {1931}, pages = {320--354}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chao1968, title = {{A} {G}rammar of {S}poken {C}hinese}, publisher = {University of California Press}, year = {1968}, author = {Chao, Y.-R.}, address = {Berkeley}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chao1947, title = {{C}antonese {P}rimer}, publisher = {Harvard University Press}, year = {1947}, author = {Chao, Y.-R.}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chao1941, author = {Chao, Y.-R.}, title = {{D}istinctions within {A}ncient {C}hinese}, journal = {Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies}, year = {1941}, volume = {5}, pages = {203--233}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chao1934, author = {Chao, Yuen-ren}, title = {{T}he non-uniqueness of phonemic solutions of phonetic systems}, journal = {Academia Sinica (Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology)}, year = {1934}, volume = {4(4)}, pages = {363--397}, note = {Reprinted in Martin Joos, ed., (1957) Readings in Linguistics, vol. 1. Washington, DC: American Council of Learned Societies. Pp. 38-54}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Charette1988, author = {Charette, Monik}, title = {{S}ome {C}onstraints on {G}overning {R}elations in {P}honology}, school = {McGill University}, year = {1988}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Chen1990, author = {Chen, Matthew}, title = {{W}hat must phonology know about syntax}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}honology-{S}yntax {C}onnection}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1990}, editor = {Inkelas, Sharon and Zec, Draga}, pages = {19--46}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:41:42 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Chen1986, author = {Chen, Matthew}, title = {{A}n overview of tone sandhi phenomena across {C}hinese dialects}, booktitle = {{L}anguages and {D}ialects of {C}hina}, year = {1986}, editor = {Wang, W. S.-Y. and Wang, W. S.-Y.}, pages = {113--158}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Chen1991, author = {Chen, Matthew}, title = {{R}ecent advances in tone sandhi studies}, year = {1991}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chen1987, author = {Chen, Matthew}, title = {{T}he syntax of {X}iamen tone sandhi}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1987}, volume = {4}, pages = {109--150}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Chen1985, author = {Chen, Matthew}, title = {{T}ianjin tone sandhi: {E}rratic rule application}, year = {1985}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chen1973, author = {Chen, Matthew}, title = {{C}ross-dialectal comparison: a case study and some theoretical considerations}, journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics}, year = {1973}, volume = {1.1}, number = {38-63}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chen1973a, author = {Chen, Matthew}, title = {{O}n the formal expression of natural rules in phonology}, journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1973}, volume = {9}, pages = {223--249}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chen.Wang1975, author = {Chen, Matthew and Wang, William S.-Y.}, title = {{S}ound change: {A}ctivation and implementation}, journal = {Language}, year = {1975}, volume = {51}, pages = {228--281}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Cheng1973, author = {Cheng, Chin-Chuan}, title = {{A} quantitative study of {C}hinese tones}, journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics}, year = {1973}, volume = {1}, pages = {93--110}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Cheng.Wang1977, author = {Cheng, C. C. and Wang, William S.-Y.}, title = {{T}one change in {C}hao-zhou {C}hinese: {A} study in lexical diffusion}, booktitle = {{T}he {L}exicon in {P}honological {C}hange}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1977}, editor = {Wang, W. and Wang, W.}, pages = {86--100}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Cheng1989, author = {Cheng, L.}, title = {{F}eature geometry of vowels and co-occurrence restrictions in {C}antonese}, year = {1989}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Chen-Main.Frank2004, author = {Chen-Main, Joan and Frank, Robert}, title = {{I}ncorporating faithfulness in finite state {O}ptimality {T}heory}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston}, note = {LSA 78}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Cherry.etal1952, author = {Cherry, E. Colin and Jakobson, Roman and Halle, Morris}, title = {{T}oward the logical description of languages in their phonemic aspect}, journal = {Language}, year = {1952}, volume = {29}, pages = {34--46}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Cheung1986, author = {Cheung, Kwan-Hin}, title = {{T}he {P}honology of {P}resent-day {C}antonese}, school = {University College, London}, year = {1986}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Chew1999, author = {Chew, Peter A.}, title = {{A} computational phonology of {R}ussian}, school = {University of {O}xford}, year = {1999}, type = {%%Doctoral Dissertation}, date-added = {2010-06-29 13:24:48 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 11:29:36 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Chi1976, author = {Chi, M.}, title = {{S}hort term memory limitations in children: {C}apacity or processing deficits?}, journal = {Memory and Cognition}, year = {1976}, volume = {4}, pages = {559--572}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Chiang1992, author = {Chiang, Wen-yu}, title = {{T}he {P}rosodic {M}orphology and {P}honology of {A}ffixation in {T}aiwanese and {O}ther {C}hinese {L}anguages.}, school = {University of Delaware}, year = {1992}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chiba.Kajiyama1941, title = {{T}he {V}owel: {I}ts {N}ature and {S}tructure}, publisher = {Tokyo-Kaiseikan Publishing Co.}, year = {1941}, author = {Chiba, T. and Kajiyama, M.}, address = {Tokyo}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Chierchia1982, author = {Chierchia, Gennaro}, title = {{A}n autosegmental theory of {R}addoppiamento}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 12}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1982}, editor = {Pustejovsky, J. and Sells, Peter and Pustejovsky, J. and Sells, Peter}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chierchia.McConnell-Ginet2000d, title = {{M}eaning and grammar: an introduction to semantics}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2000}, author = {Chierchia, Gennaro and McConnell-Ginet, Sally}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {SYNOPSIS The book consists of nine chapters and one appendix. Chapter one: The empirical domain of semantics, pp. 1-52. This chapter sets the stage for the book: it will focus on truth conditional semantics within a generative framework. Problems for this approach are sketched. Chapter two: Denotation, Truth, and Meaning, pp. 53-112. Here, the distinction between sense and reference is introduced. The importance of full sentences for interpretation is pointed out. A fragment of English F_1 is introduced and some problems discussed. Chapter three: Quantification and Logical Form, pp. 113-193. Quantification in English and the idea of quantifier raising is discussed. A new fragment is introduced, and pronouns are dealt with. Chapter four: Speaking, Meaning, and Doing, pp. 195-255. Covers pragmatics classics Grice and Austin. The authors also introduce the main idea behind dynamic semantics. Chapter five: Intensionality, pp. 257-328. An elementary intensional logic is introduced, along with a new fragment. Chapter six: Contexts: Indexicality, Discourse, and Presupposition, pp. 329-389. Introduces an new stage in language interpretation, namely the relativization to context, and discusses presuppositions in great detail. Chapter seven: Lambda abstraction, pp. 392-429. Introduces lambda abstraction. In discussing its application for cases like dis/conjunction, relative clauses and VP anaphora, its usefulness is shown. Chapter eight: Word meaning, pp. 431-500. Discusses decomposition and alternative approaches. The need for more types (for adj. like 'former') and more primitives (like 'events') is discussed. Via the discussion of theta-roles it ends in a discussion of fuzzy vs. supervaluational logic in dealing with semantic imprecision. Chapter nine: Generalized Quantifiers, pp. 501-528. Introduces generalized quantifiers and shows their advantages. Shortest chapter. Appendix: Set-Theoretic Notation and Concepts, pp. 529-540 This is a basic but good introduction to the set-theoretic notation and concepts used throughout the book. Changes from the first edition: according to the authors, chapter three, five, seven and eight were substantially rewritten. It is now intended to be modular, meaning that after the third chapter, everything necessary for the rest is introduced.}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @MISC{Chinchor1978, author = {Chinchor, Nancy}, title = {{T}he syllable in {A}merican {S}ign {L}anguage. the {MIT} {S}ign {L}anguage symposium}, year = {1978}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chitoran2002, author = {Chitoran, Ioana}, title = {{A} perception-production study of {R}omanian diphthongs and glide-vowel sequences}, journal = {Journal of the International Phonetic Association}, year = {2002}, volume = {32/2}, pages = {203-222}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.07.18} } @PROCEEDINGS{Chitoran.Babaliyeva2007, title = {{A}n acoustic description of high vowel syncope in {L}ezgian}, year = {2007}, address = {Saarbr{\:u}cken}, publisher = {ICPhS XVI}, author = {Chitoran, Ioana, and Babaliyeva, Ayten}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-01-12 15:11:39 -0500}, date-modified = {2009-01-12 15:13:35 -0500}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Cho1988, author = {Cho, Young-mee}, title = {{K}orean assimilation}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {WCCFL} 7}, publisher = {Stanford Linguistics Assocation}, year = {1988}, editor = {Borer, Hagit}, pages = {41--52}, address = {Stanford, CA}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:59:05 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Cho1991, author = {Cho, Young-mee}, title = {{T}he universality of the coronal articulator}, publisher = {(1991)}, year = {1991}, editor = {Paradis, Carol and Prunet, Jean-Francois and Paradis, Carol and Prunet, Jean-Francois}, pages = {159--179}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Cho1999, title = {{P}arameters of consonantal assimilation}, publisher = {Lincom Europa}, year = {1999}, author = {Cho, Young-mee}, address = {Munich, Newcastle}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Cho1998, author = {Cho, Young-mee Yu}, title = {{L}anguage change as reranking of constraints}, booktitle = {{H}istorical {L}inguistics 1995, {V}olume 2}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1998}, editor = {Hogg, Richard M. and van Bergen, Linda and Hogg, Richard M. and van Bergen, Linda}, pages = {45--62}, address = {Amsterdam and Philadelphia}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Cho1990a, author = {Cho, Young-mee Yu}, title = {{S}yntax and phrasing in {K}orean}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}honology-{S}yntax {C}onnection}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1990}, editor = {Inkelas, Sharon and Zec, Draga}, pages = {47--62}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:41:42 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Cho1992, author = {Cho, Young-mee Yu}, title = {{A} phonological constraint on the attachment of particles in {K}orean}, booktitle = {{H}arvard {S}tudies in {K}orean {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Hanshin Publishing Company}, year = {1992}, editor = {Kuno, S. and al., et and Kuno, S. and al., et}, volume = {4}, pages = {37--46}, address = {Seoul}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Cho1995, author = {Cho, Young-mee Yu}, title = {{L}anguage change as reranking of constraints}, howpublished = {Paper presented at the {XII International Conference on Historical Linguistics, University of Manchester, August 14}}, year = {1995}, comment = {none}, timestamp = {2009.10.19} } @INCOLLECTION{Cho1995a, author = {Cho, Young-mee Yu}, title = {{R}ule ordering and constraint interaction in {OT}}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {B}erkeley {L}inguistics {S}ociety 21}, publisher = {Berkeley Linguistics Society}, year = {1995}, pages = {336--350}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Cho1990, author = {Cho, Young-mee Yu}, title = {{P}arameters of {C}onsonantal {A}ssimilation}, school = {Stanford University}, year = {1990}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Cho1989, author = {Cho, Young-mee Yu}, title = {{O}n the {P}rinciple of {S}imilarity in {C}onsonantal {A}ssimilation}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {C}hicago {L}inguistic {S}ociety 25}, year = {1989}, pages = {14--26}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Choi2001, author = {Choi, Hye-Won}, title = {{B}inding and discourse prominence: {R}econstruction in 'focus' scrambling}, booktitle = {{O}ptimality-{T}heoretic {S}yntax}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2001}, editor = {Legendre, Geraldine and Grimshaw, Jane and Vikner, Sten}, pages = {143--170}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Choi1999, title = {{O}ptimizing {S}tructure in {C}ontext: {S}crambling and {I}nformation {S}tructure.}, publisher = {CLSI Publications}, year = {1999}, author = {Choi, Hye-Won}, address = {Stanford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Choi1992, author = {Choi, John Dongwook}, title = {{P}honetic underspecification and target-interpolation: an acoustic study of {M}arshallese vowel allophony}, school = {UCLA}, year = {1992}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Choi1992a, author = {Choi, John Dongwook}, title = {{A}n acoustic study of {K}abardian vowels}, journal = {Journal of the International Phonetic Association}, year = {1992}, volume = {21}, number = {1-12}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Chomsky1973, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, title = {{C}onditions on transformations}, booktitle = {{A} {F}estschrift for {M}orris {H}alle}, publisher = {Holt, Rinehart, and Winston}, year = {1973}, editor = {Anderson, Stephen R. and Kiparsky, Paul}, pages = {232--286}, address = {New York}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:38:10 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Chomsky2004, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, title = {{B}eyond explanatory adequacy}, booktitle = {{S}tructures and beyond: the cartography of syntactic structures}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {2004}, editor = {Belletti, A.}, volume = {3}, pages = {104--131}, address = {Oxford}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @INCOLLECTION{Chomsky1977, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, title = {{O}n {Wh}-movement}, booktitle = {{F}ormal syntax}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1977}, editor = {Cullicover, Peter and Wasow, Thomas and Akmajian, Adrian}, pages = {77--132}, address = {New York}, abstract = {This article marks an important step in dismantling the rich descriptive apparatus provided by the theory of transformations and led to a general theory of wh-movement processes. Properties of Wh-constructions were no longer described in terms of single, construction-specific rules, such as Question formation, Relative clause formation and Topicalization. Rather, a general abstract rule "Move a constituent carrying the feature Wh into COMP" was adopted and a small number of core properties was identified which were considered to be automatic, inescapable properties of any operation that involves movement to COMP. Chomsky referred to these inherent properties of Wh-movement as the wh-diagnostics. These diagnostics are: (a) COMP is involved (b) Wh-movement leaves a gap; (c) it is subject to Subjacency (i.e. it observes such island constraints as the CNPC and wh-island constraint); (d) wh-movement appears to be unbounded in contexts where a so-called bridge verb is involved. Chomsky's contention was that, if a specific construction displays this constellation of wh-properties, it may plausibly be understood as a syntactic construct whose derivation involves displacement of a wh-element. This search for commonalities among transformational rules led to a dramatic reduction in the number of transformations (ultimately Move alpha) and introduced the view that syntactic constructions are nothing but a constellation of grammatical properties, some of them being universal and some of them being ``construction-specific''.}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Chomsky1991, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, title = {{S}ome notes on economy of derivation and representation}, booktitle = {{P}rinciples and {P}arameters in {C}omparative {G}rammar}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1991}, editor = {Freidin, Robert and Freidin, Robert}, pages = {417--454}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Chomsky1993, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, title = {{A} minimalist program for linguistic theory}, booktitle = {{T}he {V}iew from {B}uilding 20: {E}ssays in {L}inguistics in {H}onor of {S}ylvain {B}romberger}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1993}, editor = {Hale, Kenneth and Keyser, Samuel Jay}, pages = {1--52}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:38:39 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Chomsky1989, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, title = {{S}ome notes on economy of derivation and representation}, booktitle = {{MIT} {W}orking {P}apers in {L}inguistics 10}, publisher = {MIT Department of Linguistics and Philosophy}, year = {1989}, editor = {Laka, Itziar and Mahajan, Anoop and Laka, Itziar and Mahajan, Anoop}, pages = {43--47}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Chomsky2000, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, title = {{L}inguistics and brain science}, booktitle = {{I}mage, language, brain. {P}apers from the {First Mind Articulation Project Symposium}}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2000}, editor = {Marantz, Alec and Miyashita, Yasushi and O'Neil, Wayne}, pages = {13--28}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @INCOLLECTION{Chomsky1971, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, title = {{D}eep structure, surface structure and semantic interpretation}, booktitle = {{S}emantics: {A}n {I}nterdisciplinary {R}eader}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1971}, editor = {Steinberg, D. and Jakobovits, L. A. and Steinberg, D. and Jakobovits, L. A.}, pages = {183--216}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chomsky2005, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, title = {{T}hree factors in language design}, journal = {{L}inguistic {I}nquiry}, year = {2005}, volume = {36}, pages = {1--22}, number = {1}, abstract = {The biolinguistic perspective regards the language faculty as an ``organ of the body,'' along with other cognitive systems. Adopting it, we expect to find three factors that interact to determine (I-) languages attained: genetic endowment (the topic of Universal Grammar), experience, and principles that are language- or even organism-independent. Research has naturally focused on I-languages and UG, the problems of descriptive and explanatory adequacy. The Principles-and-Parameters approach opened the possibility for serious investigation of the third factor, and the attempt to account for properties of language in terms of general considerations of computational efficiency, eliminating some of the technology postulated as specific to language and providing more principled explanation of linguistic phenomena.}, keywords = {minimalism, principled explanation, Extended Standard Theory, Principles-and-Parameters, internal/external Merge, single-cycle derivation, phase}, timestamp = {2009.09.03} } @MISC{Chomsky2001, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, title = {{B}eyond explanatory adequacy}, year = {2001}, note = {Occasional Papers in Linguistics}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chomsky2000a, title = {{N}ew horizons in the study of language and mind}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2000}, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, comment = {book}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @BOOK{Chomsky1995, title = {{T}he minimalist program}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1995}, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, comment = {book}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @BOOK{Chomsky1995a, title = {{T}he {M}inimalist {P}rogram}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1995}, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Chomsky1992, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, title = {{A} {M}inimalist {P}rogramme for {L}inguistic {T}heory. {MIT} {O}ccasional {P}apers in {L}inguistics {N}o. 1}, year = {1992}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chomsky1986, title = {{K}nowledge of {L}anguage: {I}ts {N}ature, {O}rigin, and {U}se}, publisher = {Praeger}, year = {1986}, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chomsky1986a, title = {{B}arriers}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1986}, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, keywords = {syntax}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chomsky1981, title = {{L}ectures on government and binding}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1981}, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2010.08.19} } @BOOK{Chomsky1981a, title = {{L}ectures on {G}overnment and {B}inding}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1981}, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chomsky1975, title = {{T}he {L}ogical {S}tructure of {L}inguistic {T}heory}, publisher = {Plenum Press}, year = {1975}, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, address = {New York}, note = {Excerpted from 1956 revision of 1955 Harvard/MIT manuscript.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chomsky1968a, title = {{L}anguage and {M}ind}, publisher = {Harcourt Brace Jovanovich}, year = {1968}, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chomsky1967, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, title = {{S}ome general properties of phonological rules}, journal = {Language}, year = {1967}, volume = {43}, pages = {102--128}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chomsky1966, title = {{T}opics in the theory of generative grammar}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1966}, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chomsky1965, title = {{A}spects of the theory of syntax}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1965}, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, comment = {book}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @BOOK{Chomsky1965a, title = {{A}spects of the {T}heory of {S}yntax}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1965}, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chomsky1964, title = {{C}urrent {I}ssues in {L}inguistic {T}heory}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1964}, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chomsky1957, title = {{S}yntactic structures}, publisher = {Mouton \& Company}, year = {1957}, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, address = {Leiden}, comment = {paper, book}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @BOOK{Chomsky1957a, title = {{S}yntactic {S}tructures}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1957}, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Chomsky1951, author = {Chomsky, Noam}, title = {{M}orphophonemics of {M}odern {H}ebrew}, school = {University of Pennsylvania}, year = {1951}, address = {Philadelphia}, note = {Published by Garland Press, New York, 1979.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Chomsky.Halle1968a, title = {{T}he {S}ound {P}attern of {E}nglish}, publisher = {Harper and Row}, year = {1968}, author = {Chomsky, Noam and Morris Halle}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Chomsky.Halle1965, author = {Chomsky, Noam and Halle, Morris}, title = {{S}ome controversial questions in phonological theory}, journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1965}, volume = {1}, pages = {97--138}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Chomsky.etal1956, author = {Chomsky, Noam and Halle, Morris and Lukoff, Fred}, title = {{O}n accent and juncture in {E}nglish}, booktitle = {{F}or {R}oman {J}akobson}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1956}, pages = {65--80}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chomsky.Lasnik1977, author = {Chomsky, Noam and Lasnik, Howard}, title = {{F}ilters and control}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1977}, volume = {8}, pages = {425--504}, keywords = {syntax}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Christdas1988, author = {Christdas, Pratima}, title = {{T}he {P}honology and {M}orphology of {T}amil}, school = {Cornell University}, year = {1988}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chumbow1982, author = {Chumbow, B. S.}, title = {{O}gori vowel harmony: {A}n autosegmental perspective}, journal = {Linguistic Analysis}, year = {1982}, volume = {10}, pages = {61--93}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Chung1999, author = {Chung, Chin Wan}, title = {{R}eduplication in {K}orean}, school = {Indiana University}, year = {1999}, address = {Bloomington, IN}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Chung1991, author = {Chung, Gyeonghee}, title = {{S}yllable structure in {T}amazight {B}erber and its theoretical implications}, year = {1991}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chung1983, author = {Sandra Chung}, title = {{T}ransderivational {R}elationships in {C}hamorro {P}honology}, journal = {Language}, year = {1983}, volume = {59}, pages = {35--66}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Chung1983a, author = {Chung, Sandra}, title = {{T}ransderivational relationships in {C}hamorro phonology}, journal = {Language}, year = {1983}, volume = {59}, pages = {35--66}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Chung1983b, author = {Chung, Sandra}, title = {{T}ransderivational constraints in {C}hamorro phonology}, journal = {Language}, year = {1983}, volume = {59}, pages = {35--66}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Chung.Timberlake1985, author = {Chung, Sandra and Timberlake, Alan}, title = {{T}ense, aspect and mood}, booktitle = {{L}anguage {T}ypology and {S}yntactic {D}escription: {G}rammatical {C}ategories in the {L}exicon}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1985}, editor = {Shopen, T. and Shopen, T.}, pages = {202--258}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Churchward1940, title = {{R}otuman {G}rammar and {D}ictionary}, publisher = {Australasia Medical Publishing Co. [Repr. 1978, AMS Press, New York.]}, year = {1940}, author = {Churchward, C. M.}, address = {Sydney}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Churchward1953, title = {{T}ongan grammar}, publisher = {Australasian Medical Publishing Company for the Methodist Church of Australasia.}, year = {1953}, author = {Churchward, Henry M.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Churchyard1991, author = {Churchyard, Henry}, title = {{C}ompensatory lengthening and 'gemination throwback' in {T}rukese and {P}uluwat as evidence for the rime in moraic theory. {LSA} {M}eeting, {C}hicago}, year = {1991}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Churma1979, author = {Churma, Don G.}, title = {{A}rguments from {E}xternal {E}vidence in {P}honology}, school = {Ohio State University}, year = {1979}, note = {Published by Garland Press, New York, 1985}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Churma.Shi1995, author = {Churma, Donald G. and Shi, Yili}, title = {{G}lottal consonants and the 'sonority' hierarchy}, booktitle = {{ESCOL} '95}, publisher = {Cornell University}, year = {1995}, editor = {Przezdziecki, Marek and Whaley, Lindsay and Przezdziecki, Marek and Whaley, Lindsay}, pages = {25--37}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Cinque1999c, title = {{A}dverbs and functional heads: a cross-linguistic perspective}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1999}, author = {Cinque, Guglielmo}, address = {Oxford}, review = {One of the world's leading syntacticians presents evidence for locating Adverb Phrases in the specifiers of distinct functional projections within a novel and well articulated theory of the clause. In this theory, both adverbs and heads, which encode the functional notions of the clause, are ordered in a rigid sequence. Cinques cutting-edge proposal suggests that the structure of natural language sentences is much richer than previously assumed.}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @ARTICLE{Cinque1993, author = {Cinque, Guglielmo}, title = {{A} null-theory of phrase and compound stress}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1993}, volume = {24}, pages = {239--298}, timestamp = {2010.08.18} } @ARTICLE{Cinque1993a, author = {Cinque, Guglielmo}, title = {{A} null theory of phrase and compound stress}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1993}, volume = {24}, pages = {239--398}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Claesson1994, author = {Claesson, Kenneth}, title = {{A} phonological outline of {M}ataco-{N}octenes}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1994}, volume = {60}, pages = {1--38}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Clark2005, author = {Clark, Brady}, title = {{D}iscussion notes: on stochastic grammar}, journal = {{L}anguage}, year = {2005}, volume = {82}, pages = {207--217}, number = {1}, abstract = {Newmeyer (2003) has argued against models of mental grammars that incorporate probabilistic information (henceforth, stochastic grammar). In the discussion that follows, I review N's arguments against stochastic grammar and attempt to show that they do not stand up to scrutiny.}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @PHDTHESIS{Clark2004, author = {Clark, Brady}, title = {{A} stochastic optimality theory approach to syntactic change}, school = {Stanford University}, year = {2004}, type = {Dissertation}, abstract = {This thesis challenges the claim that syntactic change should be modeled in terms of adjustments in the probability distribution of competing grammars (Kroch 1989b; Yang 2000). Building on work of Boersma (1998), Boersma and Hayes (2001), and Bresnan et al. (2001), I propose a novel formal framework for modeling syntactic change that is firmly embedded in the inherent variability tradition (Weinreich et al. 1968). In this approach, grammars are conceived of as constraint rankings on a continuous scale of real numbers. Further, in the process of speaking or hearing (i.e., at any evaluation point) the rank of each constraint is slightly perturbed by adding a random value drawn from a normal distribution. This perturbation of constraint ranking leads to intraspeaker variation and, consequently, defines a probability distribution over outputs from the grammar for a given input, where, roughly speaking, the input is the meaning of an utterance or the speech stream. Given this picture of linguistic competence, syntactic change is reflected by adjustments in constraint strength along a continuous scale of real numbers. Two case studies on syntactic change in early English form the empirical core of this thesis: the gradual decline of right-headed structures (e.g., OV), and change and variation in the syntax of subjects. These case studies draw on data from secondary sources, as well as novel evidence from the York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose and the Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English, Second Edition. The anal- yses proposed capture generalizations about English clause structure change discussed in earlier work, with additional empirical benefits. Certain logically possible but unattested word orders in early English are predicted to be absent. Further, a theory embedded in this framework allows one to give a unified analysis of change and variation in the syntax of different types of subjects in early English, accounting for why subject pronouns gradually adopt the syntax of full noun phrase subjects in Middle English. Apart from these empirical gains, the case studies highlight several important properties of the grammatical model advocated for in this thesis. First, the grammatical model contains a nondeterministic, noncategorical, and quantitative component that captures intratextual variability displayed by both of the phenomena explored in the case studies. Second, the steady quantitative rise in the rate of use of an innovation is reflected by gradual adjustments of constraint strength. Third, the model accounts directly for the observation that categorical phenomena at one stage of a language show up as statistical preferences at another.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @BOOK{Clark1990, title = {{T}he {T}onal {S}ystem of {I}gbo}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1990}, author = {Clark, Mary}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Clark1976, title = {{A}spects of {P}roto-{P}olynesian syntax}, publisher = {Linguistic Society of New Zealand}, year = {1976}, author = {Clark, Ross}, address = {Auckland, New Zealand}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Clayton1976, author = {Clayton, Mary L.}, title = {{T}he redundance of underlying morpheme-structure conditions}, journal = {Language}, year = {1976}, volume = {52}, pages = {295--313}, keywords = {SSC}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements.Osu2002, author = {Clements, G.N. and Osu, Sylvester}, title = {{Explosives, implosives and nonexplosives: the linguistic function of air pressure differences in stops}}, booktitle = {{L}aboratory {P}honology 7}, publisher = {Mouton de {G}ruyter}, year = {2002}, editor = {Gussenhoven, Carlos, and Warner, Natasha}, pages = {299-350}, address = {Berlin}, date-added = {2009-11-08 13:46:13 -0500}, date-modified = {2009-11-08 13:49:11 -0500}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements1988, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{T}oward a substantive theory of feature specification}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 18}, publisher = {GSLA}, year = {1988}, editor = {Blevins, Juliette and Carter, J.}, pages = {79--93}, address = {Amherst}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:26:26 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements1986a, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{S}yllabification and epenthesis in the {B}arra dialect of {G}aelic}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}honological {R}epresentation of {S}uprasegmentals}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1986}, editor = {Bogers, Koen and van der Hulst, Harry and Mous, Maarten and Bogers, Koen and van der Hulst, Harry and Mous, Maarten}, pages = {317--336}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements1987, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{P}honological feature representation and the description of intrusive stops}, booktitle = {{CLS} 23: {P}arasession on {A}utosegmental and {M}etrical {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1987}, editor = {Bosch, A. and Need, B. and Schiller, E.}, pages = {29--50}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements1984, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{P}rinciples of tone association in {K}ikuyu}, booktitle = {{A}utosegmental {S}tudies in {B}antu {T}one}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1984}, editor = {Clements, G. N. and Goldsmith, John}, pages = {281--339}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements1981a, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{T}he hierarchical representation of tone features}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {A}pproaches to {A}frican {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1981}, editor = {Dihoff, I. R. and Dihoff, I. R.}, volume = {1}, pages = {145--176}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements1992a, author = {Clements, George N.}, title = {{T}he sonority cycle and syllable organization}, booktitle = {{P}honologica 1988: proceedings of the 6th {I}nternational {P}honology {M}eeting}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1992}, editor = {Dressler, Wolfgang U. and Luschutzky, Hans C. and Pfeiffer, Oskar E. and Rennison, John R. and Dressler, Wolfgang U. and Luschutzky, Hans C. and Pfeiffer, Oskar E. and Rennison, John R.}, pages = {63--76}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements1999, author = {Clements, George N.}, title = {{A}ffricates as noncountoured stops}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {LP} '98}, publisher = {Karolinum Press}, year = {1999}, editor = {Fujimura, O. and Joseph, B.D and Palek, B. and Fujimura, O. and Joseph, B.D and Palek, B.}, pages = {271--299}, address = {Prague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements1991a, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{V}owel height assimilation in {B}antu languages}, booktitle = {{BLS} 17{S}: {P}roceedings of the {S}pecial {S}ession on {A}frican {L}anguage {S}tructures}, publisher = {Berkeley Linguistic Society}, year = {1991}, editor = {Hubbard, K. and Hubbard, K.}, pages = {25--64}, address = {Berkeley}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements1990, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{T}he role of the sonority cycle in core syllabification}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {L}aboratory {P}honology 1: {B}etween the {G}rammar and {P}hysics of {S}peech}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1990}, editor = {Kingston, John and Beckman, Mary}, pages = {283--333}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements1993, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{L}ieu d'articulation des consonnes et des voyelles: une theorie unifiee}, booktitle = {{L}'{A}rchitecture et la geometrie des representations phonologiques}, publisher = {Editions du CNRS}, year = {1993}, editor = {Laks, B. and Rialland, A.}, address = {Paris}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:15:52 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements1976, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{P}alatalization: linking or assimilation?}, booktitle = {{P}apers from {CLS} 12}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1976}, editor = {Mufwene, S. S. and Walker, C. A. and Steever, S. B. and Mufwene, S. S. and Walker, C. A. and Steever, S. B.}, pages = {96--109}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements1978, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{T}one and syntax in {E}we}, booktitle = {{E}lements of {T}one, {S}tress, and {I}ntonation}, publisher = {Georgetown University Press}, year = {1978}, editor = {Napoli, Donna Jo}, pages = {21--99}, address = {Washington, DC}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements1997, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{B}erber syllabification: derivations or constraints?}, booktitle = {{D}erivations and {C}onstraints in {P}honology}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1997}, editor = {Roca, Iggy}, pages = {289--330}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements1986, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{C}ompensatory lengthening and consonant gemination in {L}uganda}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in {C}ompensatory {L}engthening}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1986}, editor = {Wetzels, L. and Sezer, E. and Wetzels, L. and Sezer, E.}, pages = {37--77}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Clements1980[1976], title = {{V}owel {H}armony in {N}onlinear {G}enerative {P}honology: {A}n {A}utosegmental {M}odel}, publisher = {IULC Publications}, year = {1980 [1976]}, author = {Clements, G. N.}, address = {Bloomington}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Clements2003, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{F}eature economy in sound systems}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2003}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Clements1992, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{P}honological primes: {F}eatures or gestures?}, journal = {Phonetica}, year = {1992}, volume = {49}, pages = {181--193}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements1991, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{P}lace of articulation in consonants and vowels: a unified theory}, booktitle = {{W}orking {P}apers of the {C}ornell {P}honetics {L}aboratory}, publisher = {Cornell University}, year = {1991}, volume = {5}, pages = {77--123}, address = {Ithaca}, note = {Presented at NELS 21, UQAM, Montreal}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Clements1989, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{A} unified set of features for consonants and vowels}, year = {1989}, address = {Ithaca, NY}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Clements1989a, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{T}he representation of vowel height. the {C}onference on {F}eatures and {U}nderspecification, {MIT}}, year = {1989}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Clements1985, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{T}he problem of transfer in nonlinear morphology}, journal = {Cornell Working Papers in Linguistics}, year = {1985}, volume = {7}, pages = {38--73}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Clements1985a, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{T}he geometry of phonological features}, journal = {Phonology Yearbook}, year = {1985}, volume = {2}, pages = {225--252}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Clements1983, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{A} place for linking consonants in {F}rench. {U}niversity of {S}outhern {C}alifornia, {O}ctober 13, 1983}, year = {1983}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Clements1981, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{A}kan vowel harmony: {A} nonlinear analysis}, journal = {Harvard Studies in Phonology}, year = {1981}, volume = {2}, pages = {108--177}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Clements1979, author = {Clements, G. N.}, title = {{T}he description of terraced-level tone languages}, journal = {Language}, year = {1979}, volume = {55}, pages = {536--558}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements.Ford1981, author = {Clements, G. N. and Ford, K. C.}, title = {{O}n the phonological status of downstep in {K}ikuyu}, booktitle = {{P}honology in the 1980s}, publisher = {Story-Scientia}, year = {1981}, editor = {Goyvaerts, D. L.}, pages = {309--357}, address = {Ghent}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Clements.Ford1979, author = {Clements, G. N. and Ford, K. C.}, title = {{K}ikuyu tone shift and its synchronic consequences}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1979}, volume = {10}, pages = {179--210}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements.Goldsmith1984, author = {Clements, G. N. and Goldsmith, John}, title = {{I}ntroduction}, booktitle = {{A}utosegmental {S}tudies in {B}antu {T}one}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1984}, editor = {Clements, G. N. and Goldsmith, John}, pages = {1--17}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements.Hume1995, author = {Clements, G. N. and Hume, Elizabeth}, title = {{T}he internal organization of speech sounds}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John A.}, pages = {245--306}, address = {Cambridge, Mass., and Oxford, UK}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Clements.Keyser1983, title = {{CV} {P}honology: {A} {G}enerative {T}heory of the {S}yllable}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1983}, author = {Clements, G. N. and Keyser, Samuel Jay}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, keywords = {Klamath, syncope, vowel reduction, clusters}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clements.Sezer1982, author = {Clements, G. N. and Sezer, Engin}, title = {{V}owel and consonant disharmony in {T}urkish}, booktitle = {{T}he {S}tructure of {P}honological {R}epresentations}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1982}, editor = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, volume = {2}, pages = {213--55}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Clifton1975, author = {Clifton, Deborah}, title = {{T}racing {L}affitte's conspiracy or: {W}hat went down at {C}ontraband {B}ayou}, booktitle = {{P}apers from the 11th {R}egional {M}eeting, {C}hicago {L}inguistic {S}ociety}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1975}, editor = {Grossman, Robin E. and San, L. James and Vance, Timothy J. and Grossman, Robin E. and San, L. James and Vance, Timothy J.}, pages = {102--111}, address = {Chicago}, keywords = {conspiracy}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Coats1976, title = {{S}tress assignment in {R}ussian}, publisher = {Linguistic Research}, year = {1976}, author = {Coats, Herbert S}, series = {Slavic linguistics ; 2-}, address = {Edmonton, Alta.}, annote = {LDR 00886nam 2200277 i 4500 001 2725563 005 19770722000000.0 008 770706m19769999abc b 001 0 eng 035 $9(DLC) 77358417 906 $a7$bcbc$corignew$d3$encip$f19$gy-gencatlg 010 $a 77358417 015 $ac*** 040 $aDLC$cDLC$dDLC 050 00 $aPG2139$b.C6 082 00 $a491.7/1/5 100 1 $aCoats, Herbert S. 245 10 $aStress assignment in Russian /$cHerbert S. Coats. 260 $aEdmonton, Alta. :$bLinguistic Research,$cc1976- 300 $av. ;$c23 cm. 490 0 $aSlavic linguistics ; 2- 490 0 $aCurrent inquiry into language and linguistics ; 9- 504 $aBibliography: p. 201. 500 $aIncludes index. 505 0 $av. 1. Inflection. 650 0 $aRussian language$xAccents and accentuation. 991 $bc-GenColl$hPG2139$i.C6$p00025121107$tCopy 1$wBOOKS }, call-number = {PG2139}, date-added = {2008-11-24 12:52:49 -0500}, date-modified = {2008-11-24 12:52:49 -0500}, dewey-call-number = {491.7/1/5}, genre = {Russian language}, library-id = {77358417}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Coetzee2001, author = {Coetzee, Andries}, title = {{N}asal-only syllables in {T}swana}, booktitle = {{R}u{L}ing {P}apers {II}}, publisher = {Rutgers University}, year = {2001}, editor = {Horwood, Graham and Kim, Se-Kyung}, pages = {1--20}, address = {New Brunswick}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Coetzee2003, author = {Coetzee, Andries}, title = {{J}ust {H}ow {M}any {L}anguages {A}re {T}here?}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 33rd {M}eeting of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety}, publisher = {GLSA}, year = {2003}, editor = {Makoto Kadowaki and Shigeto Kawahara}, pages = {103--114}, address = {Amherst, MA}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Coetzee2009a, author = {Coetzee, Andries}, title = {{A}n integrated grammatical/non-grammatical model of phonological variation}, booktitle = {{C}urrent issues in linguistic interfaces}, publisher = {Hankookmunhwasa}, year = {2009}, editor = {Kang, Young-Se and Yoon, Jong-Yurl and Yoo, Hyunkyung and Tang Sze-Wing Tang and Yong-Soon Kang and Jang Youngjun and Kim, Chul and Kim, Kyoung-Ae and Kang Hye-Kang}, volume = {2}, pages = {267--294}, timestamp = {2013.02.21} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Coetzee2009, author = {Coetzee, A.}, title = {{P}honological variation and lexical frequency}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}ortheastern {L}inguistics {S}ociety}, year = {2009}, editor = {Schardl, Anisa and Walkow, Martin and Abdurrahman, Muhammad}, volume = {1}, pages = {189--202}, address = {Amherst, MA}, publisher = {GLSA}, timestamp = {2012.04.15} } @PHDTHESIS{Coetzee2004, author = {Coetzee, Andries}, title = {{W}hat it means to be a loser: {N}on-optimal candidates in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, school = {UMass {A}mherst}, year = {2004}, type = {%%Doctoral Dissertation}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 11:29:36 -0400}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.04.25} } @ARTICLE{Coetzee1999, author = {Coetzee, Andries}, title = {{H}ebrew and {A}ramaic segholation and the generality and ordering of phonological rules}, journal = {Journal of Semitic Studies}, year = {1999}, volume = {44}, pages = {215--225}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Coetzee1999a, title = {{T}iberian {H}ebrew {P}honology: {F}ocussing on {C}onsonant {C}lusters}, publisher = {Van Gorcum}, year = {1999}, author = {Coetzee, Andries}, address = {Assen, The Netherlands}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Coetzee.Pater2009, author = {Coetzee, Andries and Pater, Joe}, title = {{T}he place of variation in phonological theory}, booktitle = {{T}he handbook of phonological theory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {2009}, editor = {Goldsmith, John and Riggle, Jason and Yu, Alan}, pages = {401-434}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, edition = {2nd Edition}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.01.08} } @UNPUBLISHED{Coetzee.Pater2007, author = {Coetzee, Andries and Pater, Joe}, title = {{W}eighted constraints and gradient phonotactics in {M}una and {A}rabic}, note = {University of Michigan and University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, year = {2007}, date-modified = {2008-07-20 22:31:50 -0400}, owner = {joepater}, timestamp = {2007.05.02} } @MISC{Coetzee.Pater2005, author = {Coetzee, Andries and Pater, Joe}, title = {{G}radient phonotactics in {M}una and {O}ptimality {T}heory}, year = {2005}, address = {University of Michigan and University of Massachusetts}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Coetzee2006, author = {Coetzee, Andries W.}, title = {{V}ariation as accessing ``non-optimal'' candidate}, journal = {{P}honology}, year = {2006}, volume = {23}, pages = {337--385}, abstract = {This paper argues that rather than just select the best candidate, EVAL imposes a harmonic rank-ordering on the full candidate set. Language users have access to this enriched information, and it shapes their performance. This paper applies this idea to variation. The claim is that language users can access the full candidate set via the rank-ordering imposed by EVAL. In variation, more than one candidate is well-formed enough to count as grammatical. Consequently, language users will access more than just the best candidate from the rank-ordering. However, the accessibility of a candidate depends on its position on the rank-ordering. The higher the position a candidate occupies, the more likely it is to be selected. In a variable process, variants that appear higher on the rank-ordering (i.e. are more well-formed) will therefore also be the more frequent variants. This model is applied to variation in the phonology of Faialense Portuguese and Ilokano.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @UNPUBLISHED{Coetzee.Pater2006, author = {Coetzee, Andries W. and Pater, Joe}, title = {{L}exically ranked {OCP-place} constraint in {Muna}}, note = {Unpublished manuscript, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and University of Nantes, France.}, year = {2006}, abstract = {In this paper, we analyze the consonant co-occurrence restrictions in the Austronesian language Muna. As in Arabic and other languages, homorganic segments are underrepresented, particularly ones that are also similar in other ways. However, in Muna [voice] plays an unusually central role in this pattern. We analyze the Muna restrictions within Optimality Theory, using OCP-PLACE constraints relativized to [voice], [continuant], and [sonorant]. We claim that these constraints are ranked according the frequency with which they are violated in the lexicon. Interspersed amongst these OCP-PLACE constraints are lexically specific faithfulness constraints. We show how such a grammar can be used to explain gradient phonological well-formedness judgments; a nonce word is assigned a well-formedness score based on how often it would be parsed faithfully, given its indexation to each of the lexically specific constraints. We also show how a grammar that is sensitive to lexical frequency can be learned using a slightly augmented version of the Biased Constraint Demotion algorithm (Prince and Tesar 2004). Finally, we discuss the similarity avoidance model of Frisch et al. (2004); we find that the Muna data are consistent with some of its claims, but problematic for its basic premise that similarity is mediated by inventory structure.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @INCOLLECTION{Coetzee.etal2007, author = {Coetzee, Andries, and Lin, Susan, and Pretorius, Rigardt}, title = {{P}ost-nasal devoicing in {T}swana}, booktitle = {{I}nternational {C}ongress of {P}honetic {S}ciences {XVI}}, year = {2007}, editor = {Trouvain, J{\"u}rgen and Barry, William J.}, pages = {861-864}, date-added = {2009-05-12 12:22:58 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-05-12 12:26:42 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Cohen1963, title = {{N}ouveaux regards sur la langue francaise}, publisher = {Editions Sociales}, year = {1963}, author = {Cohen, Marcel}, address = {Paris}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{CohenPriva2008, author = {Cohen Priva, Uriel}, title = {{U}sing information content to predict phone deletion}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 27th {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics}, year = {2008}, editor = {Abner, Natasha and Bishop, Jason}, pages = {90--98}, address = {Somerville, MA}, publisher = {Cascadilla Proceedings Project}, note = {Available online at \url{http://www.lingref.com/cpp/wccfl/27/paper1820.pdf}}, abstract = {The very common deletion processes that target /t/ and /d/ in various English dialects have been discussed in detail in linguistic research, but English does not exhibit other well-known phonological processes such as /s/ deletion, a process that is very common in a number of Romance languages. In addition, it is not clear how we could explain the asymmetry in the hierarchy of deletion rates of English stops: /b/ deletes more frequently than /g/, but /k/ and /N/ delete more frequently than /p/ and /m/. This paper traces some of the reasons for the in-language typology of deletion processes in English to phone informativity, a concept first introduced in Cohen Priva & Jurafsky (2008). Phone informativity tries to approximate the usefulness of recognizing a phone for what it is: how useful it is for language users to understand that some segment in a sequence of segments they hear is a /t/, for instance, rather than some other phone. This approximation is done by assessing how helpful each phone usually is in word recognition, given a corpus of spoken language data. The paper considers several theoretical and functional approaches such as markedness, underspecification, frequency and local predictability, and shows that they need to be complemented by informativity in order to solve the puzzle of the asymmetry in the hierarchy of deletion rates of English stops. In addition, the paper uses multivariate logistic regression to show that phone informativity contributes significantly to evaluating the deletion rates in spoken corpora while controlling for factors introduced by previous accounts. Phone informativity emerges as a new window into the forces that shape linguistic behavior.}, timestamp = {2009.05.30} } @MISC{CohenPriva.Jurafsky2008, author = {Cohen Priva, Uriel and Jurafsky, Dan}, title = {{P}hone information content influences phone duration}, howpublished = {Poster presented at the Conference on Advances in Experimental and Theoretical Advances in Prosody, Cornell University, April 11--13}, year = {2008}, note = {Available online at \url{http://www.stanford.edu/~urielc/Prosody08Poster.pdf}}, timestamp = {2009.02.18} } @INCOLLECTION{Cohn1993a, author = {Cohn, Abigail}, title = {{T}he status of nasalized continuants}, booktitle = {{N}asality}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1993}, editor = {Huffman, M. and Krakow, R.}, pages = {329--367}, address = {San Diego}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Cohn2003, author = {Cohn, Abigail}, title = {{P}honological structure and phonetic duration: the role of the mora}, journal = {{W}orking {P}apers of the {C}ornell {P}honetics {L}aboratory}, year = {2003}, volume = {15}, pages = {69--100}, abstract = {In this paper, I investigate the role of the mora in providing an adequate account of word- internal prosodic organization and its phonetic realization. I review several phonological arguments in favor of the mora, including the cross-linguistic pervasiveness of two-way weight contrasts, observed onset/rime asymmetries, the representation of weight bearing geminates vs. ``doubled consonants'', and evidence for superheavy syllables in some languages. I then present data showing phonetic manifestations of these patterns. The phonetic and phonological evidence support the conclusion that the mora serves as the connection or link between prosodic and segmental structure. Moreover, the nature of these manifestations of moraic structure in the phonetics supports the view that phonetics is the implementation of phonological structure in that both the more abstract phonological categories (in this case the mora) and the phonetic implementation (in this case duration) work together to achieve the observed physical realization.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @ARTICLE{Cohn1993, author = {Cohn, Abigail}, title = {{A} survey of the phonology of the feature [nasal]}, journal = {Working papers of the Cornell phonetics laboratory}, year = {1993}, volume = {8}, pages = {141--203}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Cohn1992, author = {Cohn, Abigail}, title = {{T}he consequences of dissimilation in {S}undanese}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1992}, volume = {9}, pages = {199--220}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Cohn1990, author = {Cohn, Abigail}, title = {{P}honetic and {P}honological rules of {N}asalization}, school = {UCLA}, year = {1990}, address = {Los Angeles}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Cohn1989, author = {Cohn, Abigail}, title = {{S}tress in {I}ndonesian and bracketing paradoxes}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1989}, volume = {7}, pages = {167--216}, bdsk-file-1 = 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timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Cohn.McCarthy1994/1998, author = {Cohn, Abigail and McCarthy, John J.}, title = {{A}lignment and parallelism in {I}ndonesian phonology}, booktitle = {{W}orking {P}apers of the {Cornell Phonetics Laboratory}}, year = {1994/1998}, volume = {12}, pages = {53--137}, note = {Available (1994) on Rutgers Optimality Archive.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Cole1985, title = {{A}n introduction to {T}swana grammar}, publisher = {Longman}, year = {1985}, author = {Cole, Desmond T.}, address = {Capetown}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Cole1995, author = {Cole, Jennifer}, title = {{T}he cycle in phonology}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John A.}, pages = {70--113}, address = {Cambridge, Mass., and Oxford, UK}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Cole1990a, author = {Cole, Jennifer}, title = {{A}rguing for the phonological cycle: {A} critical review}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {F}ormal {L}inguistics {S}ociety of {M}idamerica}, publisher = {Linguistics Student Organization, University of Wisconsin}, year = {1990}, editor = {Meyer, D. and Tomioka, S. and Zidani-Eroglu, L. and Meyer, D. and Tomioka, S. and Zidani-Eroglu, L.}, pages = {51--67}, address = {Madison}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Cole1993, author = {Cole, Jennifer}, title = {{A} dynamic approach to rule ordering paradoxes in {K}lamath and {I}celandic}, year = {1993}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Cole1992, author = {Cole, Jennifer}, title = {{A} reexamination of cyclicity in {C}atalan phonology}, year = {1992}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Cole1987, author = {Cole, Jennifer}, title = {{P}lanar {P}honology and {M}orphology}, school = {MIT}, year = {1987}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Cole.Coleman1992, author = {Cole, Jennifer and Coleman, John}, title = {{N}o need for cyclicity in generative grammar}, booktitle = {{CLS} 28: {P}arasession on the {C}ycle in {L}inguistic {T}heory}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1992}, editor = {Denton, Jeannette Marshall and Chan, Grace P. and Canakis, Costas P.}, pages = {36--50}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Cole.Kisseberth1995, author = {Cole, Jennifer and Kisseberth, Charles}, title = {{R}estricting multi-level constraint evaluation: {O}paque rule interaction in {Y}awelmani vowel harmony}, year = {1995}, address = {Urbana, IL}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @UNPUBLISHED{Cole.Kisseberth1995a, author = {Cole, Jennifer and Kisseberth, Charles}, title = {{A}n {O}ptimal {D}omains theory of harmony}, note = {Unpublished manuscript. Urbana: University of Illinois.}, year = {1995}, owner = {joepater}, timestamp = {2007.05.01} } @INCOLLECTION{Cole.Trigo1989, author = {Cole, Jennifer and Trigo, L.}, title = {{P}arasitic harmony}, booktitle = {{F}eatures, {S}egmental {S}tructure and {H}armony {P}rocesses}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1989}, editor = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, pages = {19--38}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Cole1990, author = {Cole, Jennifer Fitzpatrick}, title = {{T}he minimal word in {B}engali}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 9}, publisher = {Stanford Linguistic Association}, year = {1990}, editor = {Halpern, Aaron and Halpern, Aaron}, pages = {157--170}, address = {Stanford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Cole1991, author = {Cole, Jennifer Fitzpatrick}, title = {{P}hrasal reduplication in {B}engali}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {T}hird {L}eiden {C}onference of {J}unior {L}inguists}, publisher = {University of Leiden}, year = {1991}, address = {Leiden}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Coleman1982, author = {Coleman, Carolyn}, title = {{A} {S}ketch {G}rammar of {K}unparlang, with {P}articular {R}eference to {G}rammatical {R}elations}, school = {Australian National University}, year = {1982}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Coleman1998, title = {{P}honological {R}epresentations: {T}heir {N}ames, {F}orms and {P}owers}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1998}, author = {Coleman, John}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Coleman1992, author = {Coleman, John}, title = {{T}he phonetic interpretation of headed phonological structures containing overlapping constituents}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1992}, volume = {9}, pages = {1--44}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Coleman1991, author = {Coleman, John}, title = {{P}honological {R}epresentations -- {T}heir {N}ames, {F}orms and {P}owers}, school = {University of York}, year = {1991}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Colina1997, author = {Colina, Sonia}, title = {{E}penthesis and deletion in {G}alician: an {O}ptimality-theoretic approach}, booktitle = {{I}ssues in the phonology and morphology of the major {I}berian languages}, publisher = {Georgetown University Press}, year = {1997}, editor = {Martinez-Gil, Fernando and Morales-Front, Alfonso and Martinez-Gil, Fernando and Morales-Front, Alfonso}, pages = {235--67}, address = {Washington}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Collie, author = {Collie, Sarah}, timestamp = {2011.04.21} } @PHDTHESIS{Collie2007, author = {Collie, Sarah}, title = {{E}nglish stress preservation and {S}tratal {O}ptimality {T}heory}, school = {University of Edinburgh}, year = {2007}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2008-07-20 23:22:27 -0400}, date-modified = {2008-07-20 23:24:07 -0400}, keywords = {cycle, stress}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/maria/Documents/work/phonology_papers/c/965-COLLIE-0-0.PDF}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Collinge1985, title = {{T}he {L}aws of {I}ndo-{E}uropean}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1985}, author = {Collinge, N. E.}, address = {Amsterdam}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Collins-Ahlgren1990, author = {Collins-Ahlgren, M.}, title = {{W}ord formation processes in {N}ew {Z}ealand {S}ign {L}anguage}, booktitle = {{T}heoretical {I}ssues in {S}ign {L}anguage {R}esearch}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1990}, editor = {Fischer, S. and Siple, P. and Fischer, S. and Siple, P.}, volume = {1}, pages = {279--312}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Compton.Streeter1977, author = {Compton, A.J. and Streeter, Mary}, title = {{C}hild phonology: {D}ata collection and preliminary analyses}, year = {1977}, address = {Stanford University}, booktitle = {{P}apers and reports on child language development 7}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Comrie1990, title = {{T}he world's major languages}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1990}, author = {Comrie, Bernard}, address = {New York}, comment = {book}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @BOOK{Comrie1989, title = {{L}anguage universals and linguistic typology (second edition)}, publisher = {Chicago University Press}, year = {1989}, author = {Comrie, Bernard}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Comrie1981, title = {{T}he {L}anguages of the {S}oviet {U}nion}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1981}, author = {Comrie, Bernard}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Comrie1980, author = {Comrie, Bernard}, title = {{T}he sun letters in {M}altese: {B}etween morphophonemics and phonetics}, journal = {Studies in the Linguistic Sciences}, year = {1980}, volume = {10}, pages = {25--37}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Comrie1976, author = {Comrie, Bernard}, title = {{T}he syntax of action nominals: a cross-language study}, journal = {{L}ingua}, year = {1976}, volume = {40}, pages = {177--201}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @BOOK{Comrie.etal1996, title = {{T}he {R}ussian language in the twentieth century}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = {1996}, author = {Comrie, Bernard and Stone, Gerald and Polinsky, Maria}, address = {Oxford}, edition = {2nd Edition}, date-added = {2008-11-12 16:23:59 -0500}, date-modified = {2008-11-12 16:25:16 -0500}, keywords = {Russian}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Condax1989, author = {Condax, I.}, title = {{D}efinitive accent in {T}ongan}, journal = {Journal of the Polynesian Society}, year = {1989}, volume = {98}, pages = {425--450}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Condoravdi1990, author = {Condoravdi, C.}, title = {{S}andhi rules of {G}reek and prosodic theory}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}honology-{S}yntax {C}onnection}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1990}, editor = {Inkelas, Sharon and Zec, Draga}, pages = {63--83}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:41:42 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Conklin1959, author = {Conklin, H.}, title = {{L}inguistic play in its cultural context}, journal = {Language}, year = {1959}, volume = {35}, pages = {631--636}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Conklin1956, author = {Conklin, H.}, title = {{T}agalog speech disguise}, journal = {Language}, year = {1956}, volume = {32}, pages = {136--139}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Conteh.etal1983, author = {Conteh, P. and Cowper, E. and James, D. and Rice, K. and Szamosi, M.}, title = {{A} reanalysis of tone in {M}ende}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {A}pproaches to {A}frican {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1983}, editor = {Kaye, J. and Koopman, H. and Sportiche, D. and Dugas, A. and Kaye, J. and Koopman, H. and Sportiche, D. and Dugas, A.}, volume = {2}, pages = {127--137}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Cook1987a, author = {Cook, Antony}, title = {{W}agiman {M}atyin}, school = {Latrobe University}, year = {1987}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Cook1987, author = {Cook, T. L.}, title = {{T}he chameleonic vowel in the harmonizing prefixes of {E}fik}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}honological {R}epresentation of {S}uprasegmentals}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1987}, editor = {Bogers, Koen and Van der Hulst, Harry and Mous, Maarten}, pages = {209--232}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Coppenrath.Prevost1974, title = {{G}rammaire approfondie de la langue tahitienne (ancienne et moderne)}, publisher = {Librarie Pureroa}, year = {1974}, author = {Coppenrath, Hubert and Prevost, Paul}, address = {Papeete}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Coppock2008, author = {Coppock, Elizabeth}, title = {{T}he logical and empirical foundations of {B}aker's {P}aradox}, school = {Department of Linguistics, Stanford University}, year = {2008}, timestamp = {2010.07.27} } @UNPUBLISHED{Coppock2004, author = {Coppock, Elizabeth}, title = {{C}reativity, generative grammar, and {Erzeugung}}, note = {Unpublished manuscript, Department of Linguistics, Stanford University}, year = {2004}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.17} } @INCOLLECTION{Corazza1990, author = {Corazza, S.}, title = {{T}he morphology of classifier handshapes in {I}talian {S}ign {L}anguage ({LIS})}, booktitle = {{S}ign {L}anguage {R}esearch: {T}heoretical {I}ssues}, publisher = {Gallaudet University Press}, year = {1990}, editor = {Lucas, C.}, pages = {71--82}, address = {Washington, DC}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Corbett.Fraser1993, author = {Corbett, Greville and Fraser, Norman}, title = {{N}etwork morphology: a {DATR} account of {R}ussian nominal inflection}, journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1993}, volume = {29}, number = {113-142}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-03-03 22:25:23 -0500}, date-modified = {2009-03-03 22:26:32 -0500}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Corbett.etal2001, author = {Corbett, Greville and Hippisley, Andrew and Brown, Dunstan and Marriott, Paul}, title = {{F}requency, regularity and the paradigm: {A} prespective from {R}ussian on a complex relation}, booktitle = {{F}requency and the {E}mergence of {L}inguistic {S}tructure}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {2001}, editor = {Bybee, Joan and Hopper, Paul}, address = {Amsterdam}, date-modified = {2009-03-03 22:25:10 -0500}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.04.19} } @ARTICLE{Corbin.Plenat1992, author = {Corbin, Danielle and Plenat, Marc}, title = {{N}ote {S}ur {L}'{H}aplologie des {M}ots {C}onstruits}, journal = {Langue Francaise}, year = {1992}, volume = {96}, pages = {101--112}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Corina1990, author = {Corina, David}, title = {{R}eassessing the role of sonority in syllable structure: {E}vidence from a visual-gestural language}, booktitle = {{CLS} 26: {P}arasession on {P}honetics and {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1990}, editor = {Ziolkowski, M. and Noske, M. and Deaton, K.}, pages = {33--44}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Cormen.etal2001, title = {{I}ntroduction to {A}lgorithms}, publisher = {MIT Press and McGraw-Hill}, year = {2001}, author = {Cormen, Thomas H. and Charles E. Leiserson and Ronald L. Rivest and Cliff Stein}, address = {Cambridge, MA and New York}, edition = {2}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Cornulier1981, author = {de Cornulier, Beno?t}, title = {{H}-aspire et la syllabation: {E}xpressions disjonctives}, booktitle = {{P}honology in the 1980s}, publisher = {E. Story-Scientia}, year = {1981}, editor = {Goyvaerts, D. L.}, pages = {183--230}, address = {Ghent}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Costa2001, author = {Costa, Jo?o}, title = {{T}he emergence of unmarked word order}, booktitle = {{O}ptimality-{T}heoretic {S}yntax}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2001}, editor = {Legendre, Geraldine and Grimshaw, Jane and Vikner, Sten}, pages = {171--204}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Costa1998, title = {{W}ord {O}rder {V}ariation: {A} {C}onstraint-{B}ased {A}pproach}, publisher = {Holland Academic Graphics}, year = {1998}, author = {Costa, Jo?o}, address = {The Hague}, note = {Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Leiden.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Cote2004a, author = {Cote, Marie-Helene}, title = {{S}yntagmatic distinctness in consonant deletion}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2004}, volume = {21}, number = {01}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Cote2004b, author = {Cote, Marie-Helene}, title = {{C}onsonant cluster simplification in {I}celandic}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston}, note = {LSA 78}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Cote2001a, author = {Cote, Marie-Helene}, title = {{C}onsonant cluster phonotactics: a perceptual approach}, school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}, year = {2001}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, note = {Linguistics}, keywords = {Cote}, pages = {367}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Coupez1969, author = {Coupez, Andre}, title = {{U}ne lecon de linguistique}, journal = {Africa-Tervuren}, year = {1969}, volume = {15}, pages = {33--37}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Cowan.Schuh1976, title = {{S}poken {H}ausa}, publisher = {Spoken Language Services, Inc}, year = {1976}, author = {Cowan, J. Ronayne and Schuh, Russell}, address = {Ithaca}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Cowan1989, author = {Cowan, N.}, title = {{A}cquisition of {P}ig {L}atin: {A} case study}, journal = {Journal of Child Language}, year = {1989}, volume = {16}, pages = {365--386}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Cowan.etal1985, author = {Cowan, N. and Braine, M. D. S. and Leavitt, L. A.}, title = {{T}he phonological and metaphonological representation of speech: {E}vidence from fluent backward talkers}, journal = {Journal of Memory and Language}, year = {1985}, volume = {24}, pages = {679--698}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Cowan.Leavitt1987, author = {Cowan, N. and Leavitt, L. A.}, title = {{T}he developmental course of two children who could talk backward five years ago}, journal = {Journal of Child Language}, year = {1987}, volume = {14}, pages = {393--395}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Cowell1965, title = {{A} {R}eference {G}rammar of {S}yrian {A}rabic}, publisher = {Georgetown University Press}, year = {1965}, author = {Cowell, M.}, address = {Washington, DC}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Cowper.Rice1987, author = {Cowper, Elizabeth and Rice, Keren}, title = {{A}re phonosyntactic rules necessary?}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1987}, volume = {4}, pages = {185--194}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Craft1971, author = {Craft, Ebbing}, title = {{U}p against the {W}all, {F}ascist {P}ig {C}ritics!}, booktitle = {{S}tudies {O}ut {I}n {L}eft {F}ield: {D}efamatory {E}ssays {P}resented to {J}ames {D}.~{M}c{C}awley on the {O}ccasion of his 33rd or 34th {B}irthday}, publisher = {Linguistic Research}, year = {1971}, editor = {Arnold M. Zwicky and Peter Salus and Robert I. Binnick and Anthony L. Vanek}, pages = {147--150}, address = {Edmonton}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Crain.Lillo-Martin1999, title = {{A}n introduction to linguistic theory and language acquisition}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1999}, author = {Stephen Crain and Diane Lillo-Martin}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2010.02.26} } @BOOK{Crain.Thornton1998, title = {{I}nvestigations in universal grammar: a guide to experiments on the acquisition of syntax and semantics}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1998}, author = {Stephen Crain and Rosalind Thornton}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, timestamp = {2010.02.26} } @ARTICLE{Crain.etal1996, author = {Stephen Crain and Rosalind Thornton and C. Boster and L. Conway and Diane Lillo-Martin and E. Woodams}, title = {{Q}uantification without qualification}, journal = {Language Acquisition}, year = {1996}, volume = {5}, pages = {83--153}, abstract = {Argues against the linguistic account of children's responses to sentences with universal quantification and reports on investigations of their comprehension and production of quantificational sentences. The article concludes that young children have full grammatical competence with universal quantification.}, timestamp = {2010.02.26} } @ARTICLE{Creider1986, author = {Creider, Chet A.}, title = {{B}inary vs. n-ary features}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {1986}, volume = {70}, pages = {1--14}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Croft1998, author = {Croft, William}, title = {{W}hat (some) functionalists can learn from (some) formalists}, booktitle = {{F}unctionalism and {F}ormalism in {L}inguistics, vol. {I}: {G}eneral {P}apers}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1998}, editor = {Darnell, Michael and Moravcsik, Edith and Newmeyer, Frederick J. and Noonan, Michael and Wheatley, Kathleen and Darnell, Michael and Moravcsik, Edith and Newmeyer, Frederick J. and Noonan, Michael}, pages = {85--108}, address = {Amsterdam}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Croft1990, title = {{T}ypology and universals}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1990}, author = {Croft, William}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Crosswhite2000a, author = {Crosswhite, Katherine}, title = {{T}he analysis of extreme vowel reduction}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {P}honology 4 [{UCLA} {W}orking {P}apers in {L}inguistics 4]}, publisher = {Department of LInguistics, UCLA}, year = {2000}, editor = {Albright, Adam and Cho, Taehong}, pages = {1--12}, address = {Los Angeles}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Crosswhite2001, author = {Crosswhite, Katherine}, title = {{P}redicting syllabicity and moraicity in {D}ihovo {M}acedonian}, booktitle = {{U}niversity of {R}ochester {W}orking {P}apers in the {L}anguage {S}ciences}, year = {2001}, editor = {Magnuson, J. S. and Crosswhite, Katherine}, volume = {2}, pages = {1--22}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Crosswhite2003, author = {Crosswhite, Katherine}, title = {{T}houghts and notes concerning a stress placement experiment in {R}ussian}, howpublished = {Ms. (Available as ROA-630 on http://roa.rutgers.edu)}, year = {2003}, note = {Review of Nikolaeva 1971}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.03.16} } @PHDTHESIS{Crosswhite1999, author = {Crosswhite, Katherine}, title = {{V}owel reduction in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, school = {UCLA}, year = {1999}, address = {Los Angeles}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 10:29:40 -0400}, keywords = {functionalism}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Crosswhite1999a, author = {Crosswhite, Katherine}, title = {{A} unified {OT} analysis of "dissimilative" and non-dissimilative {R}ussian vowel reduction}, year = {1999}, note = {SWOT}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Crosswhite1997, author = {Crosswhite, Katherine}, title = {{I}ntra-paradigmatic homophony avoidance in two dialects of {S}lavic}, year = {1997}, note = {Available for download (7/23/00) at http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/linguistics/people/grads/crosswhi/homophon.ps}, address = {Los Angeles}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Crosswhite.etal2003, author = {Crosswhite, Katherine and Alderete, John and Beasley, Tim and Markman, Vita}, title = {{M}orphological effects on default stress placement in novel {R}ussian words}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {WCCFL} 22}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {2003}, editor = {Garding, Gina and Tsujimura, Mimu}, pages = {151--164}, address = {Somerville, MA}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 10:30:26 -0400}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.03.15} } @INCOLLECTION{Crosswhite2000, author = {Crosswhite, Katherine M.}, title = {{S}onority-{D}riven reduction}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {B}erkeley {L}inguistic {S}ociety}, publisher = {BLS}, year = {2000}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Crosswhite1998, author = {Crosswhite, Katherine M.}, title = {{S}egmental vs. prosodic correspondence in {C}hamorro}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1998}, volume = {15}, pages = {281--316}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Crothers1978, author = {Crothers, J.}, title = {{T}ypology and universals of vowel systems}, booktitle = {{U}niversals of {H}uman {L}anguage}, publisher = {Stanford University Press}, year = {1978}, editor = {Greenberg, J.}, volume = {2: Phonology}, address = {Stanford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Crowhurst1999, author = {Crowhurst, Megan}, title = {{C}onflicting directionality and tonal association in {C}arib of {S}urinam}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 17}, publisher = {CSLI Publications}, year = {1999}, editor = {Shahin, Kimary N. and Blake, Susan J. and Kim, Eun-Sook}, pages = {xxx-xxx}, address = {Stanford, CA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Crowhurst1991a, author = {Crowhurst, Megan}, title = {{D}emorafication in {T}ubatulabal: {E}vidence from initial reduplication and stress}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 21}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1991}, editor = {Sherer, Tim}, pages = {49--63}, address = {Amherst}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Crowhurst2004, author = {Crowhurst, Megan}, title = {{M}ora {A}lignment}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {2004}, volume = {22}, pages = {127-177}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2006.11.26} } @ARTICLE{Crowhurst1996, author = {Crowhurst, Megan}, title = {{A}n optimal alternative to conflation}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1996}, volume = {13}, pages = {409--424}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Crowhurst1994, author = {Crowhurst, Megan}, title = {{F}oot extrametricality and template mapping in {C}upeno}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1994}, volume = {12}, pages = {177--201}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Crowhurst1992, author = {Crowhurst, Megan}, title = {{T}he minimal foot and epenthesis in {S}ierra {M}iwok}, year = {1992}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Crowhurst1992a, author = {Crowhurst, Megan}, title = {{D}iminutives and augmentatives in {M}exican {S}panish: {A} prosodic analysis}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1992}, volume = {9}, pages = {221--253}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Crowhurst1991, author = {Crowhurst, Megan}, title = {{M}inimality and {F}oot {S}tructure in {M}etrical {P}honology and {P}rosodic {M}orphology}, school = {University of Arizona, Tucson}, year = {1991}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Crowhurst.Hewitt1995a, author = {Crowhurst, Megan and Hewitt, Mark}, title = {{D}irectional footing, degeneracy, and alignment}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 25th {A}nnual {M}eeting of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistics {S}ociety}, publisher = {GLSA}, year = {1995}, editor = {Beckman, Jill}, pages = {47--61}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Crowhurst.Hewitt1997, author = {Crowhurst, Megan and Hewitt, Mark}, title = {{B}oolean operations and constraint interaction in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, year = {1997}, address = {Chapel Hill, NC, and Waltham, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Crowhurst.Hewitt1997a, author = {Crowhurst, Megan and Hewitt, Mark}, title = {{B}oolean operations and constraint interactions in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, year = {1997}, address = {Chapel Hill, NC, and Waltham, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Crowhurst.Hewitt1995, author = {Crowhurst, Megan and Hewitt, Mark}, title = {{P}rosodic overlay and headless feet in {Y}idiny}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1995}, volume = {12}, pages = {39--84}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Crowhurst.Michaeltoappear, author = {Crowhurst, Megan J. and Michael, Lev D.}, title = {{I}terative footing and prominence-driven stress in {N}anti}, booktitle = {{S}tudent {W}orkshop in {O}ptimality {T}heory 2002}, publisher = {University of Texas at Austin}, year = {to appear}, address = {Austin, TX}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Crowley1983, author = {Crowley, Terry}, title = {{U}radhi}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {A}ustralian {L}anguages}, publisher = {Oxford University Press Australia}, year = {1983}, editor = {Dixon, R. M. W. and Blake, B.}, volume = {3}, address = {Melbourne}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Crowley1981, author = {Crowley, Terry}, title = {{T}he {M}pakwithi dialect of {A}nguthimri}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {A}ustralian {L}anguages}, publisher = {Oxford University Press Australia}, year = {1981}, editor = {Dixon, R. M. W. and Blake, B.}, volume = {2}, pages = {146--194}, address = {Melbourne}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Crowley1980, author = {Crowley, Terry}, title = {{P}honological targets and {N}orthern {C}ape {Y}ork {S}andhi}, booktitle = {{C}ontributions to {A}ustralian {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Pacific Linguistics}, year = {1980}, editor = {Rigsby, B. and Sutton, P.}, pages = {241--257}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Crowley1998, title = {{A}n {E}rromangan ({S}ye) {G}rammar}, publisher = {University of Hawai'i Press}, year = {1998}, author = {Crowley, Terry}, number = {no. 27}, series = {Oceanic linguistics special publication}, address = {Honolulu}, date-added = {2010-02-03 15:34:06 -0500}, date-modified = {2010-02-03 15:35:28 -0500}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Crowley1978, title = {{T}he {M}iddle {C}larence {D}ialects of {B}andjalang}, publisher = {Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies}, year = {1978}, author = {Crowley, Terry}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Csik.Papa1979, title = {{T}heoretical {I}ssues in {P}honology: {A}n {A}nnotated {B}ibliography}, publisher = {IULC Publications}, year = {1979}, author = {Csik, Steven and Papa, Eugene}, address = {Bloomington, IN}, note = {Volumes I and II bound together. Covers 1968-1978.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Cubberly1987, author = {Cubberly, Paul}, title = {{S}tress patterns in high-frequency {R}ussian nouns and verbs}, journal = {Russian Language Journal}, year = {1987}, volume = {41}, pages = {31-44}, date-added = {2008-11-11 11:43:29 -0500}, date-modified = {2008-11-11 11:45:22 -0500}, keywords = {Russian stress}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Culicover.Rochemont1983, author = {Culicover, Peter and Rochemont, Michael}, title = {{S}tress and focus in {E}nglish}, journal = {Language}, year = {1983}, volume = {59}, pages = {123--165}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Curme1931, title = {{A} grammar of the {E}nglish language}, publisher = {D. C. Heath \& Company}, year = {1931}, author = {Curme, George O.}, address = {New York}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2011.10.25} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Curtis2006, author = {Curtis, Emily}, title = {{O}n modeling geminates}, booktitle = {{UBC} colloquium, {A}pril 6, 2006}, year = {2006}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.02.06} } @ARTICLE{Cutler.etal1997a, author = {Cutler, Anne and Dahan, Delphine and van Donselaar, Wilma}, title = {{P}rosody in the comprehension of spoken language: a literature review}, journal = {Language and Speech}, year = {1997}, volume = {2}, pages = {141-201}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.03.07} } @ARTICLE{Cutler.etal1997, author = {Cutler, A. and Dahan, D. and Donselaar, W. van}, title = {{P}rosody in the comprehension of spoken language: a literature review}, journal = {{L}anguage and {S}peech}, year = {1997}, volume = {40}, pages = {141--201}, number = {2}, abstract = {Research on the exploitation of prosodic information in the comprehension of spoken language is reviewed. The research falls into three main areas: the use of prosody in the recognition of spoken words, in which most attention has been paid to the question of whether the prosodic structure of a word plays a role in initial activation of stored lexical representations; the use of prosody in the computation of syntactic structure, in which the resolution of global and local ambiguities has formed the central focus; and the role of prosody in the processing of discourse structure, in which there has been a preponderance of work on the contribution of accentuation and deaccentuation to integration of concepts with an existing discourse model. The review reveals that in each area progress has been made towards new conceptions of prosody's role in processing, and in particular this has involved abandonment of previously held deterministic views of the relationship between prosodic structure and other aspects of linguistic structure.}, timestamp = {2009.07.13} } @ARTICLE{Czaykowska-Higgins1993, author = {Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa}, title = {{C}yclicity and stress in {M}oses-{C}olumbia {S}alish ({N}xa'amxcin)}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1993}, volume = {11}, pages = {197--278}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Czaykowska-Higgins1988, author = {Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa}, title = {{I}nvestigations into {P}olish morphology and phonology}, school = {{MIT}}, year = {1988}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, date-added = {2009-04-07 09:51:27 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-07-09 16:35:32 -0400}, keywords = {yers}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MISC{Czaykowska-Higgins1987, author = {Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa}, title = {{C}haracterizing tongue root behavior}, year = {1987}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dahlstrom1997, author = {Dahlstrom, Amy}, title = {{F}ox ({M}esquakie) reduplication}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1997}, volume = {63}, pages = {205-226}, number = {2}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-07-09 14:36:46 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-07-09 14:37:59 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Dalby1970, author = {Dalby, David}, title = {{R}eflections on the classification of {A}frican languages}, journal = {African Language Studies}, year = {1970}, volume = {11}, pages = {147--171}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Dalby1984, author = {Dalby, Jonathan}, title = {{P}honetic structure of fast speech in {A}merican {E}nglish}, school = {Indiana University}, year = {1984}, address = {Bloomington}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dalgish1975, author = {Dalgish, Gerry}, title = {{O}n underlying and superficial constraints in {O}lutsootso}, booktitle = {{P}apers from the 11th {R}egional {M}eeting, {C}hicago {L}inguistic {S}ociety}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1975}, pages = {142--151}, address = {Chicago, IL}, keywords = {conspiracy}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dantzig1981/1982, author = {Dantzig, George B}, title = {{R}eminiscences about the {O}rigins of {L}inear {P}rogramming}, journal = {Operations Research Letters}, year = {1981/1982}, volume = {1}, pages = {43--48}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Darden1971, author = {Darden, Bill}, title = {{A} note on {S}ommer's claim that there exist languages without {CV} syllables}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1971}, volume = {37}, pages = {126--128}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Dart1991, author = {Dart, S.}, title = {{A}rticulatory and {A}coustic {P}roperties of {A}pical and {L}aminal {A}rticulations}, school = {UCLA}, year = {1991}, note = {UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics vol. 79}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Davey.Priestley1990, title = {{I}ntroduction to {L}attices and {O}rder}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1990}, author = {Davey, B. A. and Priestley, H. A.}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Davidsoninpress, author = {Davidson, Lisa}, title = {{P}honology, phonetics, or frequency: {I}nfluences on the production of non-native sequences}, journal = {Journal of Phonetics}, year = {in press}, volume = {??}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Davidson2003a, author = {Davidson, Lisa}, title = {{T}he {A}toms of {P}honological {R}epresentation: {G}estures, {C}oordination, and {P}erceptual {F}eatures in {C}onsonant {C}luster {P}honotactics}, school = {Johns Hopkins University}, year = {2003}, address = {Baltimore, MD}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Davidson2002a, author = {Davidson, Lisa}, title = {{W}eak syllable elision and gestural coordination in {E}nglish}, year = {2002}, address = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, note = {HUMDRUM 2002}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Davidson2000, author = {Davidson, Lisa}, title = {{H}idden strata and graded performance in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, year = {2000}, address = {Rutgers University}, note = {HUMDRUM 2000}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Davidson.etal2004, author = {Davidson, Lisa and Juszcyk, Peter and Smolensky, Paul}, title = {{T}he initial state and the final state: {T}heoretical implications of {R}ichness of the {B}ase and empirical explorations}, booktitle = {{C}onstraints in {P}honological {A}cquisition}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2004}, editor = {Kager, Ren{\'e} and Pater, Joe and Zonneveld, Wim}, address = {Cambridge}, keywords = {acquisition learnability}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Davidson.Noyer1997, author = {Davidson, Lisa and Noyer, Rolf}, title = {{L}oan phonology in {H}uave: nativization and the ranking of faithfulness constraints}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 15}, publisher = {CSLI Publications}, year = {1997}, editor = {Agbayani, Brian and Tang, Sze-Wing}, pages = {65--79}, address = {Stanford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Davidson2003, author = {Davidson, Lisa Stone, Maureen}, title = {{E}penthesis versus gestural mistiming in consonant cluster production: an ultrasound study}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {WCCFL} 22}, year = {2003}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.02.03} } @PHDTHESIS{Davidson2002, author = {Davidson, Matthew}, title = {{S}tudies in {S}outhern {W}akashan ({N}ootkan) grammar}, school = {State University of New York at Buffalo}, year = {2002}, pages = {471}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Davies1981, title = {{K}obon}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = {1981}, author = {Davies, John}, address = {Amsterdam.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Davies2008, author = {Davies, Mark}, title = { {\sc The corpus of Contemporary {American English}:} 425 million words, 1990--present}, year = {2008}, note = {Available online at http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/}, timestamp = {2012.04.24} } @INCOLLECTION{Davis.etal1986, author = {Davis, C. E. and Hyde, J.E. and Bangdiwala, S. I. and Nelson, J. J.}, title = {{A}n example of dependencies among variables in a conditional logistic regression.}, booktitle = {{M}odern statistical methods in chronic disease epidemiology}, publisher = {Wiley Blackwell Publishers}, year = {1986}, pages = {140--147}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2009.06.07} } @INCOLLECTION{Davis1994, author = {Davis, Stuart}, title = {{G}eminate consonants in moraic phonology}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {WCCFL} 13}, publisher = {CSLI}, year = {1994}, editor = {Aranovich, Raul and Byrne, William and Preuss, Susanne and Senturia, Martha}, pages = {32-45}, address = {Stanford, CA}, date-added = {2008-08-04 20:43:44 +0200}, date-modified = {2008-08-04 20:46:30 +0200}, keywords = {geminates, weight}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Davis1999a, author = {Davis, Stuart}, title = {{T}he parallel distribution of aspirated stops and /h/ in {A}merican {E}nglish}, booktitle = {{I}ndiana {U}niversity {W}orking {P}apers in {L}inguistics}, publisher = {IULC Publications}, year = {1999}, editor = {Baertsch, Karen and Dinnsen, Daniel}, volume = {1}, pages = {1--10}, address = {Bloomington, IN}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Davis2003, author = {Davis, Stuart}, title = {{T}he controversy over geminates and syllable weight}, booktitle = {{T}he {S}yllable in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2003}, editor = {F{\'e}ry, Caroline and van de Vijver, Ruben}, pages = {77-98}, address = {Cambridge}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.11.09} } @INCOLLECTION{Davis1999, author = {Davis, Stuart}, title = {{O}n the moraic representation of underlying geminates: evidence from {P}rosodic {M}orphology}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}rosody-{M}orphology {I}nterface}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1999}, editor = {Kager, Ren{\'e} and van der Hulst, Harry and Zonneveld, Wim}, pages = {39--61}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Davis1985a, author = {Davis, Stuart}, title = {{S}yllable weight in some {A}ustralian languages}, booktitle = {{P}apers from {BLS} 11}, publisher = {Berkeley Linguistic Society}, year = {1985}, editor = {Niepokuj, M. and VanClay, M. and Nikiforidou, V. and Feder, D. and Niepokuj, M. and VanClay, M. and Nikiforidou, V. and Feder, D.}, pages = {398--407}, address = {Berkeley}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Davis1991, author = {Davis, Stuart}, title = {{C}oronals and the phonotactics of nonadjacent consonants in {E}nglish}, booktitle = {{T}he {S}pecial {S}tatus of {C}oronals: {I}nternal and {E}xternal {E}vidence}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1991}, editor = {Paradis, Carole and Prunet, Jean-Francois and Paradis, Carole and Prunet, Jean-Francois}, address = {San Diego}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Davis1997a, author = {Davis, Stuart}, title = {{A} sympathetic account of nasal substitution in {P}onapean}, booktitle = {{P}honology at {S}anta {C}ruz}, publisher = {Linguistics Research Center, University of California}, year = {1997}, editor = {Walker, Rachel and Katayama, Motoko and Karvonen, Daniel}, volume = {5}, pages = {15--28}, address = {Santa Cruz, CA}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:09:30 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Davis1992, author = {Davis, Stuart}, title = {{T}he onset as a constituent of the syllable: {E}vidence from {I}talian}, booktitle = {{CLS} 26: {P}arasession on {P}honetics and {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1992}, editor = {Ziolkowski, M. and Noske, M. and Deaton, K.}, pages = {71--80}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:07:32 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Davis2002, author = {Davis, Stuart}, title = {"{C}apitalistic" vs. "{M}ilitaristic": {T}he {P}aradigm {U}niformity {E}ffect {R}econsidered}, year = {2002}, address = {Concordia University, Montreal}, note = {North American Phonology Conference 2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Davis1998, author = {Davis, Stuart}, title = {{S}yllable {C}ontact in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, journal = {Journal of Korean Linguistics}, year = {1998}, volume = {23}, pages = {181--211}, number = {2}, abstract = {Korean sonorant assimilation is analyzed as Syllable Contact. A family of non-gradient Syllable Contact constraints is argued for.}, keywords = {Korean, Syllable Contact, gradience}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Davis1997, author = {Davis, Stuart}, title = {{T}he flowering of {O}ptimality {T}heory: {P}onapean nasal substitution and the problem of intermediate forms}, year = {1997}, address = {Bloomington, IN}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Davis1995, author = {Davis, Stuart}, title = {{E}mphasis spread in {A}rabic and {G}rounded {P}honology}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1995}, volume = {26}, pages = {465--498}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Davis1990, author = {Davis, Stuart}, title = {{E}vidence for the full copy analysis of reduplication}, year = {1990}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Davis1989, author = {Davis, Stuart}, title = {{L}ocation of the feature [continuant] in feature geometry}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {1989}, volume = {78}, pages = {1--22}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Davis1988, author = {Davis, Stuart}, title = {{S}yllable onsets as a factor in stress rules}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1988}, volume = {5}, pages = {1--19}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Davis1985, author = {Davis, Stuart}, title = {{T}opics in {S}yllable {G}eometry}, school = {University of Arizona}, year = {1985}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Davis.Shin1999, author = {Davis, Stuart and Shin, Seung-Hoon}, title = {{T}he {S}yllable {C}ontact {C}onstraint in {K}orean: {A}n {O}ptimality-{T}heoretic {A}nalysis}, journal = {Journal of East Asian Linguistics}, year = {1999}, volume = {8}, pages = {285--312}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Davis.Tsujimura1991, author = {Davis, Stuart and Tsujimura, Natsuko}, title = {{A}n autosegmental account of {J}apanese verbal conjugation}, journal = {Journal of Japanese Linguistics}, year = {1991}, volume = {13}, pages = {117--44}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Davis.Zawaydeh1996, author = {Davis, Stuart and Zawaydeh, Bushra Adnan}, title = {{O}utput configurations in phonology: {E}penthesis and syncope in {C}airene {A}rabic}, booktitle = {{O}ptimal {V}iewpoints}, publisher = {Indiana University Linguistics Club}, year = {1996}, editor = {Davis, Stuart}, pages = {46--76}, address = {Bloomington}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Dayley1985, title = {{T}zutujil {G}rammar}, publisher = {University of California Press}, year = {1985}, author = {Dayley, Jon P.}, address = {Berkeley}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{DeChene.Anderson1979, author = {De Chene, E. Brent and Anderson, Stephen R.}, title = {{C}ompensatory lengthening}, journal = {Language}, year = {1979}, volume = {55}, pages = {505--535}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Dedrick.Casad1999, title = {{S}onora {Y}aqui language structures}, publisher = {University of Arizona Press}, year = {1999}, author = {Dedrick, John M. and Casad, Eugene H.}, pages = {xxiii, 411}, address = {Tucson}, note = {99006866 John M. Dedrick and Eugene H. Casad. Includes bibliographical references (p. 409-411).}, keywords = {Yaqui language Grammar.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Deevy1995, author = {Deevy, Patricia L.}, title = {{A}n optimality theoretic analysis of stress in {M}acedonian}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1995}, editor = {Beckman, Jill and Walsh Dickey, Laura and Urbanczyk, Suzanne}, pages = {137--166}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @UNPUBLISHED{Degen.Jaeger2011, author = {Judith Degen and T. Florian Jaeger}, title = {{S}peakers sacrifice some (of the) precision in conveyed meaning to accommodate robust communication}, note = {Talk given at the 85th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Pittsburgh, PA}, year = {2011}, address = {Pittsburgh, PA}, area = {production}, booktitle = {{T}alk given at the 85th {A}nnual {M}eeting of the {L}inguistic {S}ociety of {A}merica}, howpublished = {talk}, url = {http://www.hlp.rochester.edu/publications/jdegen_lsa2011.pdf} } @BOOK{Dekkers.etal2000, title = {{O}ptimality {T}heory: {P}honology, {S}yntax, and {A}cquisition}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {2000}, author = {Dekkers, Joost and van der Leeuw, Frank and van de Weijer, Jeroen}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Delattre1971, author = {Delattre, Pierre}, title = {{P}haryngeal features in the consonants of {A}rabic, {G}erman, {S}panish, {F}rench, and {A}merican {E}nglish}, journal = {Phonetica}, year = {1971}, volume = {23}, pages = {129--155}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Delattre.Freeman1968, author = {Delattre, Pierre and Freeman, Donald C.}, title = {{A} dialect study of {A}merican r's by x-ray motion picture}, journal = {Linguistics}, year = {1968}, volume = {44}, pages = {29--68}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Delfitto.etal2009, author = {Delfitto, Denis, and F{\'a}bregas, Antonio, and Melloni, Chiara}, title = {{C}ompounding at the interfaces}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {NELS} 39}, publisher = {{GLSA} {P}ublications}, year = {2009}, address = {Amherst, {MA}}, date-added = {2009-05-11 16:19:24 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-05-11 16:23:09 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Dell1973a, author = {Dell, Francois}, title = {{T}wo cases of exceptional ordering}, booktitle = {{G}enerative {G}rammar in {E}urope}, publisher = {Reidel}, year = {1973}, editor = {Kiefer, F. and Ruwet, N.}, pages = {141--153}, address = {Dordrecht}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:13:23 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dell1993, author = {Dell, Francois}, title = {{A}ssimilations supralaryngales dans deux parlers de la {C}hine meridionale}, booktitle = {{L}'{A}rchitecture et la geometrie des representations phonologiques}, publisher = {Editions du C.N.R.S}, year = {1993}, editor = {Laks, B. and Rialland, A.}, address = {Paris}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:15:52 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dell1985, author = {Dell, Francois}, title = {{A} propos de {S}vantesson, {J}.-{O}., {K}ammu {P}honology and {M}orphology}, journal = {Cahiers de linguistique Asie Orientale}, year = {1985}, volume = {14}, pages = {259--275}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Dell1980, title = {{G}enerative {P}honology and {F}rench {P}honology}, publisher = {Cambridge University press}, year = {1980}, author = {Dell, Francois}, address = {Cambridge}, note = {Translated by Catherine Cullen. An abridged translation appeared as Generative Phonology from the same publisher in the same year.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Dell1973, title = {{L}es regles et les sons}, publisher = {Hermann, Collection Savoir}, year = {1973}, author = {Dell, Francois}, address = {Paris}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Dell1970, author = {Dell, Francois}, title = {{L}es regles phonologiques tardives et la morphologie derivationnelle du francais}, school = {MIT}, year = {1970}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dell.Elmedlaoui1992, author = {Dell, Francois and Elmedlaoui, Mohamed}, title = {{Q}uantitative transfer in the nonconcatenative morphology of {I}mdlawn {T}ashlhiyt {B}erber}, journal = {Journal of Afroasiatic Languages}, year = {1992}, volume = {3}, pages = {89--125}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dell.Elmedlaoui1988, author = {Dell, Francois and Elmedlaoui, Mohamed}, title = {{S}yllabic consonants in {B}erber: {S}ome new evidence}, journal = {Journal of African Languages and Linguistics}, year = {1988}, volume = {10}, pages = {1--17}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dell.Elmedlaoui1985, author = {Dell, Francois and Elmedlaoui, Mohamed}, title = {{S}yllabic consonants and syllabification in {I}mdlawn {T}ashlhiyt {B}erber}, journal = {Journal of African Languages and Linguistics}, year = {1985}, volume = {7}, pages = {105--130}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dell.Selkirk1978, author = {Dell, Francois and Selkirk, Elisabeth}, title = {{O}n a morphologically governed vowel alternation in {F}rench}, booktitle = {{R}ecent transformational studies in {E}uropean languages}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1978}, editor = {Keyser, Samuel Jay}, volume = {3}, series = {Linguistic {I}nquiry Monograph}, pages = {1-51}, address = {Cambridge}, date-added = {2009-07-15 11:09:28 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-07-15 11:13:12 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Demisse.Bender1983, author = {Demisse, T. and Bender, M. L.}, title = {{A}n argot of {A}ddis {A}baba unattached girls}, journal = {Language in Society}, year = {1983}, volume = {12}, pages = {339--347}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Demolin1995, author = {Demolin, Didier}, title = {{T}he phonetics and phonology of glottalized consonants in {L}endu}, booktitle = {{P}honology and phonetic evidence: {P}apers in {L}aboratory {P}honology {IV}}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1995}, editor = {Connell, B. and Arvaniti, A. and Kingston, John and Connell, B. and Arvaniti, A. and Kingston, John}, pages = {368--385}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Demolin1991, author = {Demolin, D.}, title = {{L}'analyse des segments, de la syllabe et des tons dans un jeu de langage mangbetu}, booktitle = {{L}es javanais}, publisher = {Larousse}, year = {1991}, editor = {Plenat, M.}, pages = {30--50}, address = {Paris}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Demuth1995a, author = {Demuth, Katherine}, title = {{M}arkedness and the development of prosodic structure}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 25}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1995}, editor = {Beckman, Jill}, pages = {13--25}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Demuth1996, author = {Demuth, Katherine}, title = {{A}lignment, stress and parsing in early phonological words}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {UBC} {I}nternational {C}onference on {P}honological {A}cquisition}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {1996}, editor = {Bernhardt, Barbara H. and Gilbert, John and Ingram, David}, pages = {113--124}, address = {Somerville, Mass.}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Demuth1995, author = {Demuth, Katherine}, title = {{S}tages in the acquisition of prosodic structure}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 27th {C}hild {L}anguage {R}esearch {F}orum}, publisher = {CSLI Publications}, year = {1995}, editor = {Clark, Eve}, pages = {39--48}, address = {Stanford, CA}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Demuth1997a, author = {Demuth, Katherine}, title = {{V}ariation in acquisition: {A}n optimal approach}, booktitle = {{O}ptimal {V}iewpoints: {I}n {C}elebration of the 30th {A}nniversary of the {IULC} {P}ublications}, publisher = {IULC Publications}, year = {1997}, editor = {Davis, Stuart}, pages = {77--88.}, address = {Bloomington, IN}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Demuth1997, author = {Demuth, Katherine}, title = {{M}ultiple optimal outputs in acquisition}, booktitle = {{U}niversity of {M}aryland {W}orking {P}apers in {L}inguistics 5. {S}elected {P}honology {P}apers from {H}opkins {O}ptimality {T}heory {W}orkshop 1997 / {U}niversity of {M}aryland {M}ayfest 1997}, publisher = {Department of Linguistics, University of Maryland}, year = {1997}, editor = {Miglio, Viola and Moren, Bruce}, pages = {53--71}, address = {College Park, MD}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Dench1990, author = {Dench, Alan}, title = {{N}yungar metathesis. {A}ustralian {L}inguistic {S}ociety, {M}acquarie {U}niversity}, year = {1990}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Dench1981, author = {Dench, Alan}, title = {{P}anyjima {P}honology and {M}orphology}, school = {Australian National University}, year = {1981}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Denes1955, author = {Denes, P.}, title = {{E}ffect of duration on the perception of voicing}, journal = {Journal of the Acoustical Society of America}, year = {1955}, volume = {27}, pages = {761--764}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{DenOs.Kager1986, author = {Den Os, E. and Kager, Ren{\'e}}, title = {{E}xtrametricality and stress in {S}panish and {I}talian}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {1986}, volume = {69}, pages = {23--48}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Denton.etal1993, title = {{P}apers from the 28th {R}egional {M}eeting of the {C}hicago {L}inguistic {S}ociety, vol. 2: {T}he {P}arasession: {T}he {C}ycle in {L}inguistic {T}heory}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1993}, author = {Denton, Jeannette Marshall and Chan, Grace P. and Canakis, Costas P.}, address = {Chicago}, keywords = {cycle}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Deprez1994, author = {Deprez, Viviane}, title = {{A} minimal account of the that-t effect}, booktitle = {{P}aths toward {U}niversal {G}rammar: {S}tudies in {H}onor of {R}ichard {S}. {K}ayne}, publisher = {Georgetown University Press}, year = {1994}, editor = {Cinque, Guglielmo and Koster, Jan and Pollock, J.-Y. and Zanuttini, R.}, pages = {121--135}, address = {Washington, DC}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Derbyshire1979, title = {{H}ixkaryana}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = {1979}, author = {Derbyshire, Desmond}, address = {Amsterdam}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Derbyshire1999, author = {Derbyshire, Desmond C.}, title = {{C}arib}, booktitle = {{T}he {A}mazonian {L}anguages}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1999}, editor = {Dixon, R.M.W. and Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.}, pages = {23--64}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Derbyshire1985, title = {{H}ixkaryana and {L}inguistic {T}ypology}, publisher = {SIL \& the University of Texas at Arlington}, year = {1985}, author = {Derbyshire, Desmond C.}, address = {Arlington, TX}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Derrick2006, author = {Derrick, Donald}, title = {{D}uration of {B}lackfoot /s/. {A} comparison of assibilant, affricate, singleton, geminate and syllabic /s/ in {B}lackfoot}, howpublished = {Presented at {WSCLA} 11, {UBC}}, month = {April}, year = {2006}, note = {UBC}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.02.10} } @INCOLLECTION{Derwing.Nearey1986, author = {Derwing, B. L. and Nearey, T.}, title = {{E}xperimental phonology at the {U}niversity of {A}lberta}, booktitle = {{E}xperimental {P}honology}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1986}, editor = {Ohala, J. J. and Jaeger, J. J.}, pages = {187--209}, address = {Orlando}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Derwing.etal1995, author = {Bruce L. Derwing and Dilworth B. Parkinson and Richard A. Beinert}, title = {{E}xperimental {I}nvestigations of {A}rabic {S}yllable {S}tructure}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company}, year = {1995}, editor = {Eid,Mushira}, series = {Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics Vii: Papers from the Seventh Annual Symposium on Arabic Linguistics}, pages = {107-118}, address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands}, abstract = {Investigations of Arabic syllable boundaries & the status of proposed phonological categories in Arabic are reported. (1) Based on tests with Blackfoot (Algonquian) speakers, a pause-break technique was developed for use with educated & semiliterate Arabic speakers (N = 48 & 13, respectively). Recordings of Arabic words having a medial single consonant, consonant cluster, or geminate consonant were presented orally & repeated with pauses inserted before, during, & after the medial sequence. Ss' preferences treat single consonants as onsets, divide syllables between cluster members, & diverge on geminates: educated Ss treat the latter as clusters, whereas semiliterate Ss divide evenly between cluster & simple onset treatment. This finding has a close parallel in Blackfoot speakers. (2) A sound similarity judgment task (N = 12) using 47 CVCVC word pairs tested hypothetical predictions of match/mismatch scores based on four different phonological units: segments, onsets & rimes, bodies & codas, & tiers. Overall success levels show that the segment model is far superior to the others, exceeded only by a combined model including the consonant tier as a whole with the segment model. Linear regression analyses suggest that consonants are more important than vowels & that the medial consonant in Arabic is the most important. Similar results are obtained from an ongoing experiment (N = 13) using CVCCVC word pairs. 5 Tables, 8 References. J. Hitchcock}, isbn = {902723633X}, keywords = {Arabic (03750); Syllables (86500); Juncture (40150); Consonants (14900); Phonology (65250); Phonological Processing (65110); Comparative Linguistics (13850); Algonquian Languages (01750); Arabic syllable boundaries/phonological categories status; native-speaker judgments; educated/semiliterate speakers}, language = {English}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Derwing.etal1995a, author = {Derwing, B. L. and Parkinson, D. B. and Beinert, R. A.}, title = {{E}xperimental {I}nvestigations of {A}rabic {S}yllable {S}tructure}, booktitle = {{P}apers from 7th {A}nnual {S}ymposium on {A}rabic {L}inguistics}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1995}, editor = {Eid, M.}, volume = {VII}, address = {Amsterdam}, date-modified = {2010-06-29 18:08:22 -0400}, keywords = {Arabic phonetics syllable}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Devine.Stephens1994, title = {{T}he {P}rosody of {G}reek {S}peech}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1994}, author = {Devine, A.M. and Stephens, Laurence D.}, address = {New York Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Devine.Stephens1974, author = {Devine, A. M. and Stephens, Laurence}, title = {{P}honological rules and structural constraints}, journal = {Papers in Linguistics}, year = {1974}, volume = {7}, pages = {51--68}, keywords = {conspiracy}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Devine.Stephens1980, author = {Devine, A. M. and Stephens, Laurence D.}, title = {{L}atin {P}rosody and {M}eter: {B}revis {B}revians}, journal = {Classical Philology}, year = {1980}, volume = {75}, pages = {142--157}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dickens1984, author = {Dickens, Patrick}, title = {{T}he history of so-called strengthening in {T}swana}, journal = {Journal of {A}frican Languages and Linguistics}, year = {1984}, volume = {6}, pages = {97-125}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-05-15 14:36:10 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-05-15 14:37:06 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Dickerson1975, author = {Dickerson, W. B.}, title = {{V}ariable rules in the speech community}, journal = {Studies in the Linguistic Sciences}, year = {1975}, volume = {5}, pages = {41--68}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Diderichsen2007, author = {Diderichsen, Philip}, title = {{G}ivenness marking and eye movements}, howpublished = {Poster presented at Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing, August 24--27, Turku, Finland}, year = {2007}, timestamp = {2009.05.30} } @ARTICLE{Diehl1992, author = {Diehl, R.}, title = {{O}n the relation between phonetics and phonology}, journal = {Phonetica}, year = {1992}, volume = {48}, pages = {77--278}, number = {2-4}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Diesing1992, title = {{I}ndefinites}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1992}, author = {Diesing, Molly}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Diffloth1976, author = {Diffloth, Gerard}, title = {{E}xpressives in {S}emai}, booktitle = {{A}ustroasiatic studies}, publisher = {University of Hawai'i Press}, year = {1976}, editor = {Jenner, Philip N. and Thompson, Laurence C. and Starosta, Stanley}, volume = {Part I}, address = {Honolulu}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Diffloth1976a, author = {Diffloth, Gerard}, title = {{M}inor-syllable vocalism in {S}enoic languages}, booktitle = {{A}stroasiatic studies}, publisher = {University of Hawai'i Press}, year = {1976}, editor = {Jenner, Philip N. and Thompson, Laurence C. and Starosta, Stanley}, volume = {Part I}, address = {Honolulu}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Dihoff1976, author = {Dihoff, Ivan}, title = {{A}spects of the {T}onal {S}tructure of {C}hori}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, year = {1976}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dikken2003, author = {den Dikken, Marcel}, title = {{L}exical integrity, checking, and the mirror: a checking approach to syntactic word formation}, journal = {{J}ournal of {C}omparative {G}ermanic {L}inguistics}, year = {2003}, volume = {6}, pages = {169--225}, abstract = {Admitting syntactic formation of morphologically complex words is commonly deemed to be an infringement on the Lexical Integrity Hypothesis. But syntactic word formation, if understood in terms of the checking of features of subparts of words in designated syntactic positions, is readily reconciled with strong lexicalism. This paper will argue that a checking approach to syntactic word formation, in tandem with a novel interpretation of the Mirror Principle of Baker (1985), yields a straightforward resolution of the otherwise problematic inflectional morphology of the Athapaskan languages, as well as of `bracketing paradoxes' of the unhappier and ungrammaticality type. The syntactically complex structure of unhappier and ungrammaticality that underlies the checking approach to syntactic word formation is supported on the basis of evidence from polarity item licensing, adverbial modification, and so-anaphora.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, keywords = {bracketing paradoxes, feature checking, inflectional morphology, lexical Integrity, syntactic word formation, the Mirror Principle}, timestamp = {2009.10.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dikken.Hulst1988, author = {Dikken, M. den and van der Hulst, Harry}, title = {{S}egmental hierarchitecture}, booktitle = {{F}eatures, {S}egmental {S}tructure and {H}armony {P}rocesses}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1988}, editor = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, volume = {1}, pages = {1--78}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Dimmendaal1983, title = {{T}he {T}urkana {L}anguage}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1983}, author = {Dimmendaal, Gerrit}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dimmendaal.Breedfeld1986, author = {Dimmendaal, Gerrit and Breedfeld, Anneke}, title = {{T}onal influence on vocalic quality}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}honological {R}epresentation of {S}uprasegmentals}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1986}, editor = {Bogers, K. and van der Hulst, Harry and Mous, M.}, pages = {1--33}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Dineen1989, author = {Dineen, Anne}, title = {{A} {C}omparative {S}urvey of {R}eduplication in {A}ustralian {L}anguages}, school = {Australian National University}, year = {1989}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dinnsen1985, author = {Dinnsen, D.}, title = {{A} re-examination of phonological neutralization}, journal = {Journal of {L}inguistics}, year = {1985}, volume = {21}, pages = {265-279}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.02.03} } @INCOLLECTION{Dinnsen1992, author = {Dinnsen, Daniel A.}, title = {{V}ariation in developing and fully developed phonetic inventories}, booktitle = {{P}honological {D}evelopment}, publisher = {York Press}, year = {1992}, editor = {Ferguson, C. et al.}, pages = {191--210}, address = {Timonium, Maryland}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dinnsen1981, author = {Dinnsen, Daniel A.}, title = {{S}ome formal and empirical issues in atomic phonology}, booktitle = {{P}honology in the 1980's}, publisher = {E. Story-Scientia}, year = {1981}, editor = {Goyvaerts, D. L.}, pages = {603--615}, address = {Antwerp}, keywords = {exchange}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dinnsen2001, author = {Dinnsen, Daniel A.}, title = {{N}ew insights from {O}ptimality {T}heory for acquisition}, journal = {Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics}, year = {2001}, volume = {15}, pages = {15--18}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Dinnsen1979, title = {{C}urrent {A}pproaches to {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Indiana University Press}, year = {1979}, author = {Dinnsen, Daniel A.}, address = {Bloomington}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dinnsen.Barlow1998a, author = {Dinnsen, Daniel A. and Barlow, Jessica A.}, title = {{R}oot and manner feature faithfulness in acquisition}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 22rd {A}nnual {B}oston {U}niversity {C}onference on {L}anguage {D}evelopment}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {1998}, editor = {Greenhill, Annabel and Hughes, Elizabeth and Littlefield, Heather and Walsh, H.}, pages = {165--176 (vol. 1)}, address = {Somerville, Mass.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:14:39 -0500}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dinnsen.Barlow1998, author = {Dinnsen, Daniel A. and Barlow, Jessica A.}, title = {{O}n the characterization of a chain shift in normal and delayed phonological acquisition}, journal = {Journal of Child Language}, year = {1998}, volume = {25}, pages = {61--94}, note = {To appear}, keywords = {acquisition disordered}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dinnsen.McGarrity1999, author = {Dinnsen, Daniel A. and McGarrity, Laura W.}, title = {{V}ariation and emerging faithfulness in phonological acquisition}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 23rd {A}nnual {B}oston {U}niversity {C}onference on {L}anguage {D}evelopment}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {1999}, editor = {Greenhill, Annabel and Littlefield, Heather and Tano, Cheryl}, pages = {172--183}, address = {Somerville, Mass.}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Dinnsen.etal1998, author = {Dinnsen, Daniel A. and McGarrity, Laura W. and O'Connor, Kathleen and Swanson, Kim}, title = {{O}n the role of sympathy in acquisition}, year = {1998}, address = {Bloomington, IN}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Dinnsen.etal2001, author = {Dinnsen, Daniel A. and O'Connor, Kathleen and Gierut, Judith}, title = {{A}n optimality theoretic solution to the puzzle-puddle-pickle problem}, year = {2001}, address = {Washington, DC}, note = {Annual Meeting, Linguistic Society of America}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dinnsen.Charles-Luce1984, author = {Dinnsen, Daniel and Charles-Luce, Jan}, title = {{P}honological neutralization, phonetic implementation, and individual differences}, journal = {Journal of {P}honetics}, year = {1984}, volume = {12}, pages = {49-60}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.02.03} } @PHDTHESIS{Diop1999, author = {Diop, Abdul Aziz Maalik}, title = {{A}spects of {P}ulaar {N}on-{L}inear {P}honology}, school = {University of Illinois, Urbana}, year = {1999}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dixon1979, author = {Dixon, R.M.W.}, title = {{E}rgativity}, journal = {Language}, year = {1979}, volume = {55}, pages = {59--138}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dixon.Aikhenvald1999a, author = {Dixon, R.M.W. and Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.}, title = {{C}hapter 13: {O}ther small families and isolates}, year = {1999}, editor = {Dixon, R.M.W. and Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.}, pages = {341--384}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Dixon.Aikhenvald1999, title = {{T}he {A}mazonian languages}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1999}, author = {Dixon, R.M.W. and Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dixon1991, author = {Dixon, Robert M. W.}, title = {{M}babaram}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {A}ustralian languages}, publisher = {Oxford University Press Australia}, year = {1991}, editor = {Dixon, Robert M. W. and Blake, B.}, volume = {4}, address = {Melbourne}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dixon1981, author = {Dixon, Robert M. W.}, title = {{W}argamay}, booktitle = {{H}andbook of {A}ustralian {L}anguages}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1981}, editor = {Dixon, Robert M. W. and Blake, B. J.}, volume = {2}, address = {Amsterdam}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:15:05 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dixon1990, author = {Dixon, Robert M. W.}, title = {{C}ompensating phonological changes: {A}n example from the {N}orthern {D}ialects of {D}yirbal}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {1990}, volume = {8}, pages = {1--34}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Dixon1988, title = {{A} {G}rammar of {B}oumaa {F}ijian}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1988}, author = {Dixon, Robert M. W.}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Dixon1980, title = {{T}he {L}anguages of {A}ustralia}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1980}, author = {Dixon, Robert M. W.}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dixon1977, author = {Dixon, R. M. W.}, title = {{S}ome phonological rules of {Y}idiny}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1977}, volume = {8}, pages = {1--34}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Dixon1977a, title = {{A} {G}rammar of {Y}idiny}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1977}, author = {Dixon, R. M. W.}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Dixon1972, title = {{T}he {D}yirbal language of {N}orth {Q}ueensland}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1972}, author = {Dixon, Robert M. W.}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dixon1970, author = {Dixon, Robert M. W.}, title = {{P}roto-{A}ustralian laminals}, journal = {Oceanic Linguistics}, year = {1970}, volume = {9}, pages = {79--103}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dixon1970a, author = {Dixon, Robert M. W.}, title = {{O}lgolo syllable structure and what they are doing about it}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1970}, volume = {1}, pages = {273--276}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Dmitrieva.Anttila2008, author = {Dmitrieva, Olga and Anttila, Arto}, title = {{T}he gradient phonotactics of {E}nglish {CVC} syllables}, howpublished = {Poster presented at LabPhon11, Wellington, New Zealand, June 30}, year = {2008}, abstract = {This study examines the factors affecting the gradient well-formedness of English CVC syllables. We will focus on two major effects: place dissimilation between the two consonants and the prominence alignment between stress, vowel height, and consonant place. First, recent research has shown that the Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) emerges gradiently in phonotactics. In particular, Berkley (1994) demonstrated a gradient OCP-place effect in the English lexicon: monomorphemic monosyllabic words where the onset and the coda share place of articulation are statistically underrepresented. We replicate and extend Berkley?s result using CELEX2 (Baayen, Piepenbrock, & Gulikers, 1995) and CMU (Weide, 1998) dictionaries, showing that the gradient OCP-place effect emerges not only in monomorphemic monosyllabic words, but in all CVC syllables of English. Second, we point out a gradient prominence alignment effect among stress, vowel height, and consonant place, which requires that the most prominent element in each domain combines with the most prominent elements in other domains. In our study, we code each CVC syllable in the CELEX and CMU databases for (1) the place feature of the onset and the coda (dorsal, labial, and coronal), (2) vowel height/sonority (low and mid vs. high and reduced), and (3) stress of the syllable (stressed and unstressed). The degree of the representation of each syllable type in the lexicon is quantified in terms of the Observed/Expected frequency ratio (Frisch, Pierrehumbert, & Broe, 2004). Expected frequency was calculated by multiplying the probabilities of each term, based on the assumption that they are independent. Resulting O/E values show that the CVC syllables with the homorganic consonants in onsets and codas are underrepresented in the dataset compared to the syllables with the heterorganic onsets and codas. We also observe that low and mid vowels are underrepresented in combinations with coronal consonants and in unstressed syllables, while high and reduced vowels are underrepresented in combinations with labial and dorsal consonants and in stressed syllables. To evaluate the size of the effect, we apply a multiple regression analysis (Coetzee & Pater, 2008). The prohibition against low/mid vowels in unstressed syllables and high/reduced vowels in stressed syllables emerges as the most robust factor (p < 0.001). The OCP effect emerges as the second most predictive factor (p < 0.001). Finally, the prohibition against marked consonants (dorsal, labial) in syllables that were unstressed or had low-sonority vowels (high, reduced) also reached significance (p < 0.01). This effect is more pronounced for onsets than for codas. Interestingly, the symmetric counterpart of the last factor, that is, the prohibition against unmarked consonants (coronal) in syllables that were stressed or had high-sonority vowels (low, mid) vowels was not significant. These results suggest that vowels in English CVC syllables undergo gradient neutralization in non-prominent positions and augmentation in prominent positions, while consonants undergo neutralization alone. Thus, stressed syllables achieve both acoustic salience (through more sonorous vowels) and informational efficiency (through an extended consonantal inventory). Unstressed syllables, on the other hand, reduce the vowel and consonant inventory to the least prominent segments. The study suggests a number of further questions. The most important one is the possible effect of the inflectional and derivational morphology on the statistical patterns in the data. In particular, phonological and prosodic characteristics of inflectional endings and derivational affixes could be responsible for boosting certain quantitative patterns, such as overrepresentation of coronal consonants in the unstressed syllables. A preliminary investigation using the CELEX corpus involved excluding all final syllables that are likely to carry most of the morphological suffixes. Excluding morphological suffixes did not appear to cause significant changes in the observed patterns. This suggests that that the presence of morphologically complex items in the dataset only serves to magnify the prominence alignment effects, but is not the source of these effects. A more detailed investigation of the morphological factors is left for the future work. The study has one particularly interesting theoretical consequence. The relationship between vowel sonority and syllable prominence is well attested, and phonetically grounded. Stress is often attracted to acoustically more prominent (longer, louder) low and mid vowels. Vowels can undergo augmentation in stressed syllables and reduction in unstressed syllables. The connection between consonant place and prominence, on the other hand, is controversial. De Lacy (2001) argues that constraints relating prominence and place of articulation, e.g. *STRESS/LABIAL, cannot exist since no phonological alternations of this kind are attested. Our study challenges this assumption by showing that there is a connection between the place feature of the consonants and syllable prominence. We find a statistically significant preference for coronal onsets and codas over dorsal and labial onsets and codas in unstressed CVC syllables. There is also some evidence that the connection between consonant place and prominence may be phonetically motivated. Compared to dorsals and labials, coronals require less articulatory effort and time. At least for coronal stops, in some cases this leads to less overlap with neighboring sounds and lower perceptibility. In contrast, dorsal and labial consonants involve larger and slower moving articulators, which results in more coarticulation in the adjacent sounds and enhanced perceptual salience (Jun, 2004). We propose an optimality-theoretic account for the data, which models the gradient well-formedness of syllables in terms of their relative grammatical complexity measured in terms of ranking information (Anttila, 2008). Grammatical complexity is a direct consequence of the relative markedness of the syllable: the more ranking information is required for the syllable to surface faithfully, the more grammatically complex it is. The model predicts that the grammatically most complex syllables should be least well-formed and least frequent, and the less grammatically complex the syllable is, the more well-formed and more frequent it should be. We show that the model correctly predicts a number of quantitative asymmetries in the data. The grammar benefits significantly from the results of the statistical analysis: the constraints were chosen so as to correspond to the factors that reached significance in the regression analysis, e.g. *X/i ?Avoid a combination of stressed syllable and high vowel? and the rankings among the constraints were introduced based on their factors? coefficients in the regression analysis. As a result, the advantages of the statistical techniques combined with the devices of the formal grammar make the proposed approach adequate from both a descriptive and explanatory standpoints.}, timestamp = {2009.02.18} } @ARTICLE{Doak1992, author = {Doak, I. G.}, title = {{A}nother look at {C}oeur d'{A}lene harmony}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1992}, volume = {58}, pages = {1--35}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Dobson1968, title = {{E}nglish {P}ronunciation 1500-1700}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = {1968}, author = {Dobson, E. J.}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Docherty.Ladd1992, title = {{P}apers in {L}aboratory {P}honology {II}: {G}esture, {S}egment, {P}rosody}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1992}, author = {Docherty, G. J. and Ladd, D. R.}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dogil1992, author = {Dogil, Grzegorz}, title = {{U}nderspecification, natural classes, and the sonority hierarchy.}, booktitle = {{P}honological investigations}, publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing company}, year = {1992}, editor = {Fisiak, Jacek and Puppel, Stanislaw}, pages = {329--412}, address = {Amsterdam and Philadelphia}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:15:28 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dogil1988, author = {Dogil, Gregor}, title = {{P}honological configurations: {N}atural classes, sonority and syllabicity}, booktitle = {{F}eatures, {S}egmental {S}tructure and {H}armony {P}rocesses}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1988}, editor = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, volume = {1}, pages = {79--103}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dogil1993, author = {Dogil, Gregor}, title = {{L}a phonologie peut-elle renoncer aux traits distinctifs de classe superieur?}, booktitle = {{A}rchitecture des representations phonologiques}, publisher = {Editions du CNRS}, year = {1993}, editor = {Laks, B. and Rialland, A.}, address = {Paris}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:15:52 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dogil.Luschutzky1989, author = {Dogil, Grzegorz and Luschutzky, Hans C.}, title = {{N}otes on sonority and segmental strength}, booktitle = {{P}honetica {S}araviensia}, publisher = {Saarbrucken}, year = {1989}, editor = {Mangold, Max}, address = {(Veroffentlichungen des Instituts for Phonetik, Universitat des Saarlandes no. 10)}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:16:18 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Dolbey.Orgun1996, author = {Dolbey, Andrew Eric and Orgun, Cemil Orhan}, title = {{C}yclicity vs. out-output correspondence}, year = {1996}, note = {Handout of talk presented at the Trilateroal Phonology Weekend, Stanford University.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Donaldson1980, title = {{N}giyambaa, the language of the {W}angaaybuwa}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1980}, author = {Donaldson, Tamsin}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Donegan1978, author = {Donegan, Patricia J.}, title = {{T}he {N}atural {P}honology of {V}owels}, school = {Ohio State University}, year = {1978}, note = {Published by Garland Press, New York, 1985}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Donegan.Stampe1979, author = {Donegan, Patricia J. and Stampe, David}, title = {{T}he study of natural phonology}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {A}pproaches to {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Indiana University Press}, year = {1979}, editor = {Dinnsen, Daniel A.}, pages = {126--173}, address = {Bloomington, IN}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:16:33 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Donselaar.etal2005, author = {van Donselaar, Wilma and Koster, Mariette and Cutler, Anne}, title = {{E}xploring the role of lexical stress in lexical recognition}, journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology}, year = {2005}, volume = {58A(2)}, pages = {251-273}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.03.07} } @ARTICLE{Dorais1986, author = {Dorais, Louis-Jacques}, title = {{I}nuktitut surface phonology: a trans-dialectal survey}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1986}, volume = {52}, pages = {20--53}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Doron1981, author = {Doron, Edit}, title = {{S}pirantization melodies: a prosodic treatment of {M}odern {H}ebrew spirantization}, year = {1981}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Doron.RappaportHovav2007, author = {Doron, Edit and Rappaport Hovav, Malka}, title = {{T}owards a uniform theory of valence-changing operations}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {Israel Association for Theoretical Linguistics 23}}, year = {2007}, abstract = {We argue against the position, articulated in Reinhart and Siloni (2005) that Universal Grammar allows valence changing operations to apply in the syntax as well as in the lexicon. Focusing on reflexivization and reciprocalization, we suggest that languages which are argued to have reflexivization in the syntax are in fact languages with a syncretism between the markings for valence changing and for anaphora. We suggest that no ``syntax'' language marks reflexivization with derivational morphology, and all such languages have a reflexive morpheme that is a pronominal element: this follows from analyzing putative syntactic reflexivization as anaphoric binding. The paper focuses on the French clitic se, which we claim marks lexical reflexivization and reciprocalization with naturally reflexive and reciprocal predicates, anaphoric binding with all predicates, and a long distance anaphor in syntactically restricted environments. We show that all the properties that are said to follow from the syntactic reflexivization analysis follow from the anaphoric binding analysis, and that many properties which follow from the anaphoric binding analysis cannot be accounted for naturally by the syntactic reflexivization analysis. Finally, we counter arguments raised by Grimshaw (1981) against analyzing se as an anaphor.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, howpublished = {Talk}, timestamp = {2009.10.29} } @BOOK{Douglas1964, title = {{A}n {I}ntroduction to the {W}estern {D}esert {L}anguage}, publisher = {Sydney University}, year = {1964}, author = {Douglas, Wilf}, address = {Sydney}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Downing1998b, author = {Downing, Laura}, title = {{M}orphological correspondence constraints in {K}i{K}erewe reduplication}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 16}, publisher = {CSLI Publications}, year = {1998}, editor = {Curtis, Emily and Lyle, James and Webster, Gabriel}, address = {Stanford, CA}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:16:50 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Downing1994, author = {Downing, Laura}, title = {{S}i{S}wati verbal reduplication and the theory of {G}eneralized {A}lignment}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 24th {A}nnual {M}eeting of the {N}orth-{E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety}, publisher = {GLSA}, year = {1994}, editor = {Gonzalez, Merce}, pages = {81--95}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:17:04 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Downing1999, author = {Downing, Laura}, title = {{V}erbal reduplication in three {B}antu languages}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}rosody-{M}orphology {I}nterface}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1999}, editor = {Kager, Ren{\'e} and van der Hulst, Harry and Zonneveld, Wim}, pages = {62--89}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Downing2006, title = {{C}anonical forms in {P}rosodic {M}orphology}, publisher = {Oxford {U}niversity {P}ress}, year = {2006}, author = {Downing, Laura}, address = {Oxford}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.07.03} } @ARTICLE{Downing2003, author = {Downing, Laura}, title = {{C}ompounding and tonal non-transfer in {B}antu languages}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2003}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Downing2000, author = {Downing, Laura}, title = {{M}orphological and prosodic constraints on {K}inande verbal reduplication}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2000}, volume = {17}, pages = {1--38}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Downing1998a, author = {Downing, Laura}, title = {{O}n the prosodic misalignment of onsetless syllables}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1998}, volume = {16}, pages = {1--52}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Downing1990, author = {Downing, Laura}, title = {{P}roblems in {J}ita {T}onology}, school = {University of Illinois}, year = {1990}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Downing2007, author = {Laura J. Downing}, title = {{R}eduplication: {D}oubling in {M}orphology}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {2007}, volume = {117}, pages = {1144-1149}, number = {6}, month = {June}, note = {Review of: Inkelas, Sharon; Zoll, Cheryl; CD: LINGAO; Edition date: 2005}, isbn = {0024-3841}, language = {English}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.07.17} } @ARTICLE{Downing1977, author = {Downing, Pamela}, title = {{O}n the creation and use of {E}nglish compound nouns}, journal = {Language}, year = {1977}, volume = {53}, pages = {810-842}, date-added = {2009-05-11 16:14:29 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-05-11 16:18:52 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Drachman.etal1997, author = {Drachman, G. and Kager, Ren{\'e} and Drachman, A.}, title = {{G}reek allomorphy: {A}n {O}ptimality account}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 2nd {I}nternational {C}ongress on {G}reek {L}inguistics}, publisher = {University of Salzburg}, year = {1997}, pages = {151--160}, address = {Salzburg}, keywords = {allomorphy}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dresher1981, author = {Dresher, B. Elan}, title = {{O}n the learnability of abstract phonology}, booktitle = {{T}he {L}ogical {P}roblem of {L}anguage {A}cquisition}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1981}, editor = {Baker, C. L. and McCarthy, John J.}, pages = {188--210}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dresher1983, author = {Dresher, B. Elan}, title = {{P}ostlexical phonology in {T}iberian {H}ebrew}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 2}, publisher = {Stanford Linguistic Association}, year = {1983}, editor = {Barlow, M. and Flickinger, D. and Wescoat, M.}, pages = {67--78}, address = {Stanford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dresher1993, author = {Dresher, B. Elan}, title = {{T}he chronology and status of {A}nglian smoothing}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in {L}exical {P}honology}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1993}, editor = {Hargus, Sharon and Kaisse, Ellen M.}, pages = {325--341}, address = {San Diego, CA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dreshertoappear, author = {Dresher, B. Elan}, title = {{A}cquiring stress systems}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {DIMACS} {W}orkshop on {H}uman {L}anguage}, publisher = {American Mathematical Society Press}, year = {to appear}, editor = {Ristad, E.}, address = {Providence, RI}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dresher1999, author = {Dresher, B. Elan}, title = {{C}harting the learning path: {C}ues to parameter setting}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1999}, volume = {30}, pages = {27--67}, keywords = {learnability}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dresher1985, author = {Dresher, B. Elan}, title = {{C}onstraints on empty positions in tiered phonology}, journal = {Cahiers Linguistiques d'Ottawa}, year = {1985}, volume = {14}, pages = {1--52}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Dresher.Friedberg2006, title = {{F}ormal approaches to poetry. {R}ecent developments in metrics}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = {2006}, author = {Dresher, B. Elan and Friedberg, Nila}, address = {Berlin}, comment = {none}, timestamp = {2009.11.09} } @ARTICLE{Dresher.Hulst1998, author = {Dresher, B. Elan and van der Hulst, Harry}, title = {{H}ead-dependent asymmetries in phonology: {C}omplexity and {V}isibility}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1998}, volume = {15}, pages = {317--352}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dresher.Kaye1990, author = {Dresher, B. Elan and Kaye, Jonathan}, title = {{A} computational learning model for metrical phonology}, journal = {Cognition}, year = {1990}, volume = {34}, pages = {137--195}, keywords = {learnability}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dresher.Lahiri1991, author = {Dresher, B. Elan and Lahiri, Aditi}, title = {{T}he {G}ermanic foot: {M}etrical coherence in {O}ld {E}nglish}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1991}, volume = {22}, pages = {251--286}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dressler1971, author = {Dressler, Wolfgang}, title = {{S}ome constraints on phonological change}, booktitle = {{P}apers from the 7th {R}egional {M}eeting, {C}hicago {L}inguistic {S}ociety}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1971}, editor = {Adams, Douglas and Campbell, Mary Ann and Cohen, Victor and Lovins, Julie and Maxwell, Edward and Nygren, Carolyn and Reighard, John}, pages = {340--349}, address = {Chicago}, keywords = {exchange}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dressler1974, author = {Dressler, W}, title = {{D}iachronic puzzles for {N}atural {P}honology}, booktitle = {{P}apers from the {P}arasession on {N}atural {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1974}, editor = {Bruck, Anthony and La Galy, Michael W. and Fox, Robert A.}, pages = {95--102}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dressler1977, author = {Dressler, Wolfgang}, title = {{P}hono-morphological dissimilation}, booktitle = {{P}honologica 1976}, year = {1977}, editor = {Dressler, Wolfgang and Pfeiffer, O. E.}, pages = {41--48}, address = {Innsbruck}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dressler1985, author = {Dressler, Wolfgang}, title = {{O}n the predictiveness of natural morphology}, journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1985}, volume = {21}, pages = {321--337}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Drexler1969, title = {{D}ie {I}ambenkurzung: {K}urzung der zweiten {S}ilbe eines iambischen {W}ortes, eines iambischen {W}ortanfangs}, publisher = {Olms}, year = {1969}, author = {Drexler, Hans}, address = {Hildesheim}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Drexler1967, title = {{E}infuhrung in die romische {M}etrik}, publisher = {Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft}, year = {1967}, author = {Drexler, Hans}, address = {Darmstadt}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Driem1992, title = {{A} grammar of {D}umi}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = {1992}, author = {van Driem, George}, address = {Berlin}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dryer1994, author = {Dryer, Matthew S.}, title = {{T}he {D}iscourse {F}unction of the {K}utenai {I}nverse}, booktitle = {{V}oice and {I}nversion}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1994}, editor = {Givon, Talmy}, address = {Amsterdam}, date-modified = {2010-06-29 18:08:32 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Duanmu2004, author = {Duanmu, San}, title = {{A} corpus study of {C}hinese regulated verse: phrasal stress and the analysis of variability}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2004}, volume = {21}, number = {01}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Duanmu1990, author = {Duanmu, San}, title = {{A} {F}ormal {S}tudy of {S}yllable, {T}one, {S}tress and {D}omain in {C}hinese {L}anguages}, school = {MIT}, year = {1990}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Duanmu1990a, author = {Duanmu, San}, title = {{P}honetic correlates of register in {S}hanghai. {LSA} {M}eeting}, year = {1990}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Dudas1976, author = {Dudas, Karen}, title = {{T}he phonology and morphology of {M}odern {J}avanese}, school = {University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign}, year = {1976}, address = {Urbana, IL}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Dunlop1991, author = {Dunlop, Elaine}, title = {{I}ssues in the {M}oraic {S}tructure of {S}panish}, school = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, year = {1991}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Dunn1989, author = {Dunn, Christian}, title = {{G}overnment and {M}etrical {H}armony in {P}ulaar}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {A}pproaches to {A}frican {L}inguistics {VI}}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1989}, editor = {Haik, Isabelle and Tuller, Laurice}, pages = {45--64}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dupoux.etal1997, author = {Dupoux, Emmanuel and Pallier, C. and Sebastian-Galles, N. and Mehler, J.}, title = {{A} destressing 'deafness' in {F}rench?}, journal = {Journal of Memory and Language}, year = {1997}, volume = {36}, pages = {406-421}, date-modified = {2008-07-20 22:22:17 -0400}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.01.16} } @ARTICLE{Dupoux.etal2001, author = {Dupoux, Emmanuel and Peperkamp, Sharon and Sebastian-Galles, Nuria}, title = {{A} robust method to study stress "deafness"}, journal = {Journal of Acoustical Society of America}, year = {2001}, volume = {110}, pages = {1606--1618}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Durand1986, author = {Durand, Jacques}, title = {{F}rench liaison, floating segments and other matters in a dependency framework}, booktitle = {{D}ependency and {N}on-{L}inear {P}honology}, publisher = {Croom Helm}, year = {1986}, editor = {Durand, Jacques}, pages = {161--201}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Durandtoappear, author = {Durand, Jacques}, title = {{I}n defense of dependency phonology}, journal = {Rivista di Linguistica}, year = {to appear}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Durand1990, title = {{G}enerative and {N}on-{L}inear {P}honology}, publisher = {Longman}, year = {1990}, author = {Durand, Jacques}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Durovic1975, author = {Durovic, L.}, title = {{K}onsonanticky system slovenciny [{A} consonantal system of {S}lovak]}, journal = {International Journal of Slavic Linguistics and Poetics}, year = {1975}, volume = {19}, pages = {7--29}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Duryea1991, author = {Duryea, David}, title = {{I}ssues in {T}hai template morphology: {W}ord chains and word reversal}, booktitle = {{P}honology at {S}anta {C}ruz}, year = {1991}, volume = {2}, pages = {33--58}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Dvonc.1966, title = {{M}orfologia slovenskeho jazyka [{M}orphology of the {S}lovak {L}anguage]}, publisher = {Vydavatel'stvo Slovenskej Akademie Vied}, year = {1966}, author = {Dvonc, L. and al., et}, address = {Bratislava}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Dwyer1978, author = {Dwyer, David}, title = {{W}hat sort of tone language is {M}ende?}, journal = {Studies in African Linguistics}, year = {1978}, volume = {9}, pages = {167--208}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Eades1979, author = {Eades, Diana}, title = {{G}umbaynggir}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {A}ustralian {L}anguages}, publisher = {Oxford University Press Australia}, year = {1979}, editor = {Dixon, Robert M. W. and Blake, B.}, volume = {1}, pages = {244--361}, address = {Melbourne}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Eather1990, author = {Eather, Bronwyn}, title = {{T}he {G}rammar of {N}akkara: {A} {L}anguage of {A}rnhem {L}and.}, school = {Australian National University}, year = {1990}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Ebeling1960, title = {{L}inguistic {U}nits}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1960}, author = {Ebeling, C. L.}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Ebert1996, title = {{K}odava}, publisher = {Lincom Europa}, year = {1996}, author = {Ebert, Karen}, address = {Nurnburg, Germany}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Echeverria.Contreras1965, author = {Echeverria, Max S. and Contreras, Heles}, title = {{A}raucanian phonemics}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1965}, volume = {31}, pages = {132--135}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Eckert2002, author = {Eckert, Penny}, title = {{D}emystifying sexuality and desire}, booktitle = {{L}anguage and sexuality: contesting meaning in theory and practice}, publisher = {CSLI Publications}, year = {2002}, editor = {Campbell-Kibler, Katherine and Podesva, Robert and Roberts, S.J. and Wong, A.}, pages = {99--110}, address = {Stanford}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Eckert1991, author = {Eckert, Penelope}, title = {{S}ocial polarization and the choice of linguistic variants}, booktitle = {{N}ew ways of analyzing sound change}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1991}, editor = {Eckert, P.}, pages = {213--32}, address = {San Diego}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2008.06.19} } @ARTICLE{Eckert2008, author = {Eckert, Penny}, title = {{V}ariation in the indexical field}, journal = {{J}ournal of {S}ociolinguistics}, year = {2008}, volume = {12}, pages = {453--476}, number = {4}, abstract = {This paper argues for a focus on the social meaning of variation, based in a study of stylistic practice. It is common in the study of variation to interpret variables as reflections of speakers? membership in social categories. Others have argued more recently that variables are associated not with the categories themselves, but with stances and characteristics that constitute those categories. The paper reviews some variation studies that showthat variables do nothave static meanings, but rather general meanings that become more specific in the context of styles. Building on Michael Silverstein?s notion of indexical order, I argue that themeanings of variables are not precise or fixed but rather constitute a field of potential meanings --- an indexical field, or constellation of ideologically related meanings, any one of which can be activated in the situated use of the variable. The field is fluid, and each new activation has the potential to change the field by building on ideological connections. Thus variation constitutes an indexical system that embeds ideology in language and that is in turn part and parcel of the construction of ideology.}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Eckert.McConnell-Ginet1992, author = {Eckert, Penelope and McConnell-Ginet, Sandra}, title = {{T}hink practically and look locally: language and gender as community-based practice}, journal = {{A}nnual {R}eview of {A}nthropology}, year = {1992}, volume = {21}, pages = {461--490}, timestamp = {2008.06.19} } @BOOK{Eckman.etal1983, title = {{M}arkedness}, publisher = {Plenum Press}, year = {1983}, author = {Eckman, Fred R. and Moravcsik, Edith A. and Wirth, Jessica R.}, address = {New York \& London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Edwards.Beckman1988, author = {Edwards, Jan and Beckman, Mary}, title = {{A}rticulatory timing and the prosodic interpretation of the syllable}, journal = {Phonetica}, year = {1988}, volume = {45}, pages = {156--174}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Edwards.Shriberg1983, title = {{P}honology: {A}pplications in {C}ommunication {D}isorders}, publisher = {College-Hill Press}, year = {1983}, author = {Edwards, M. L. and Shriberg, L.}, address = {San Diego}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Edwards1978, author = {Edwards, Walter F.}, title = {{A} preliminary sketch of {A}rekuna ({C}arib) phonology}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1978}, volume = {44}, pages = {223--227}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Eek1979, author = {Eek, A.}, title = {{O}bservations on the {D}urations of {S}ome {W}ord {S}tructures: {II}}, journal = {Estonian Papers in Phonetics}, year = {1979}, volume = {7}, pages = {7--53}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Efimov1986, title = {{I}azyk {O}rmuri: v sinkhronnom i istoricheskom osveshchenii}, publisher = {Nauka}, year = {1986}, author = {Efimov, V.A.}, address = {Moscow}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Eijk2002, author = {van Eijk, Jan}, title = {{A} case of spurious metathesis in {L}illooet}, booktitle = {{P}apers for the 37th {I}nternational {C}onference on {S}alish and {N}eighbouring {L}anguages}, publisher = {University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics}, year = {2002}, editor = {Gillon, Carrie and Sawai, Naomi and Wojdak, Rachel}, volume = {9}, address = {Vancouver, BC}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Eijk1997, title = {{T}he {L}illooet language: phonology, morphology, syntax}, publisher = {UBC Press}, year = {1997}, editor = {Kinkade, M. Dale}, author = {van Eijk, Jan}, address = {Vancouver}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Einarsson1945, title = {{I}celandic}, publisher = {Johns Hopkins Press}, year = {1945}, author = {Einarsson, Stefan}, address = {Baltimore, MD}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Eisner1998, author = {Jason Eisner}, title = {{\sc FootForm} {D}ecomposed: {U}sing {P}rimitive {C}onstraints in {OT}}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {SCIL} {VIII}}, year = {1998}, editor = {Benjamin Bruening}, number = {31}, series = {MIT Working Papers in Linguistics}, pages = {115--143}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, bdsk-url-1 = {http://cs.jhu.edu/~jason/papers/#scil96}, timestamp = {2011.04.11}, url = {http://cs.jhu.edu/~jason/papers/#scil96} } @MISC{Eisner1999, author = {Eisner, Jason}, title = {{D}oing {OT} in a straightjacket}, year = {1999}, address = {Los Angeles, CA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @UNPUBLISHED{Eisner1997, author = {Eisner, Jason}, title = {{W}hat {C}onstraints {S}hould {OT} {A}llow?}, note = {Handout from the {LSA} meeting, Chicago, 4 January 1997. ROA 204-0797}, year = {1997}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MISC{Eisner1997a, author = {Eisner, Jason}, title = {{E}fficient generation in {P}rimitive {O}ptimality {T}heory}, year = {1997}, address = {Philadelphia}, keywords = {parsing}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Ejubi.Smirnova1968, title = {{K}urdskii dialekt mukri}, publisher = {Nauka}, year = {1968}, author = {Ejubi, Kerim R. and Smirnova, Iraida A.}, address = {Moscow}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Elenbaas.Kager1999, author = {Elenbaas, Nine and Kager, Ren{\'e}}, title = {{T}ernary rhythm and the {L}apse constraint}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1999}, volume = {16}, pages = {273--330}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Elfner2006, author = {Elfner, Emily}, title = {{C}ontrastive syllabification in {B}lackfoot}, booktitle = {{WCCFL} 25}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {2006}, editor = {Baumer, Donald and Montero, David and Scanlon, Michael}, address = {Somerville, MA}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.01.15} } @INCOLLECTION{Elfner2005, author = {Elfner, Emily}, title = {{T}he role of sonority in {B}lackfoot phonotactics}, booktitle = {{C}algary papers in linguistics}, year = {2005}, volume = {26}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Elias2000, author = {Elias, Jose}, title = {{E}l {A}cento en {S}hipibo}, school = {Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos}, year = {2000}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ellison1994a, author = {Ellison, Mark T.}, title = {{P}honological derivation in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 15th {I}nternational {C}onference on {C}omputational {L}inguistics ({COLING})}, year = {1994}, pages = {1007--1013}, address = {Kyoto}, keywords = {parsing}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ellison1994, author = {Ellison, T. Mark}, title = {{P}honological {D}erivation in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {I}nternational {C}onference on {C}omputational {L}inguistics {$($COLING\/$)$}}, publisher = {Morgan Kaufmann}, year = {1994}, series = {vol.~II}, pages = {1007-1013}, address = {San Francisco}, note = {ROA 75-0000}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Elman1990, author = {Elman, Jeffrey L.}, title = {{F}inding structure in time}, journal = {Cognitive Science}, year = {1990}, volume = {14}, pages = {179--211}, keywords = {connectionism}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Elmedlaoui1985, author = {Elmedlaoui, M.}, title = {{L}e parler berbere chleuh d'{I}mdlawn: {S}egments et syllabation}, school = {Universite de Paris VIII}, year = {1985}, pages = {13--17}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Elson1947, author = {Elson, B.}, title = {{S}ierra {P}opoluca syllable structure}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1947}, volume = {13}, pages = {13--17}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Elwell2007, author = {Elwell, Robert}, title = {{E}ntropy-conditioned syncope of vowels in {Latin} and {Ibero-Romance}}, year = {2007}, timestamp = {2009.05.20} } @ARTICLE{Elzinga2006, author = {Elzinga, Dirk}, title = {{E}nglish adjective comparison and analogy}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {2006}, volume = {116}, pages = {757--770}, number = {6}, timestamp = {2011.10.25} } @BOOK{Embick2010, title = {{L}ocalism versus globalism in morphology and phonology}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2010}, author = {Embick, David}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, keywords = {distributed morphology}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Embick2007, author = {Embick, David}, title = {{B}locking effects and analytic/synthetic distinctions}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {2007}, volume = {25}, pages = {1--37}, timestamp = {2011.04.20} } @ARTICLE{Embick.Marantz2008, author = {Embick, David and Marantz, Alec}, title = {{A}rchitecture and blocking}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {2008}, volume = {39}, pages = {1--53}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2009.05.19} } @BOOK{Emenau1955, title = {{K}olami: {A} {D}ravidian {L}anguage}, publisher = {University of California Press}, year = {1955}, author = {Emenau, M. B.}, address = {Berkeley}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Emonds1970, author = {Emonds, Joseph}, title = {{R}oot and {S}tructure-{P}reserving {T}ransformations}, school = {MIT}, year = {1970}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Encreve1988, title = {{L}a {L}iaison avec et sans {E}nchainement: {P}honologie {T}ridimensionelle}, publisher = {Seuil}, year = {1988}, author = {Encreve, Pierre}, address = {Paris}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Enrico1991, title = {{T}he {L}exical {P}honology of {M}asset {H}aida}, publisher = {University of Alaska, Fairbanks}, year = {1991}, author = {Enrico, John}, volume = {8}, address = {Fairbanks, Alaska}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Esper1925, author = {Esper, E. A.}, title = {{A} {T}echnique for the {E}xperimental {I}nvestigation of {A}ssociative {I}nterference in {A}rtificial {L}inguistic {M}aterial}, year = {1925}, booktitle = {{L}anguage {M}onographs {N}o. 1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Evans1988, author = {Evans, Nicholas}, title = {{A}rguments for {P}ama-{N}yungan as a genetic subgroup, with particular reference to initial laminalization}, booktitle = {{A}boriginal {L}inguistics 1}, publisher = {Dept. of Linguistics, University of New England}, year = {1988}, editor = {Evans, Nicholas and Johnson, S.}, pages = {91--110}, address = {Armidale}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Evans1995, author = {Evans, Nick}, title = {{C}urrent issues in the phonology of {A}ustralian languages}, booktitle = {{H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John A.}, pages = {723--761}, address = {Oxford, UK}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Evansinpress, title = {{A} {G}rammar of {K}ayardild}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {in press}, author = {Evans, Nicholas}, address = {Berlin}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Evans1991, author = {Evans, Nicholas}, title = {{A} draft grammar of {M}ayali}, year = {1991}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Evans.etal2006, author = {Evans, Steven N. and Ringe, Donald and Warnow, Tandy}, title = {{I}nference of divergence times as a statistical inverse problem}, booktitle = {{P}hylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages}, publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research}, year = {2006}, editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin}, pages = {119--129}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.31} } @ARTICLE{Everett2003, author = {Everett, Daniel}, title = {{I}ambic feet in {P}aumari and the theory of foot structure}, journal = {Linguistic Discovery}, year = {2003}, volume = {2}, pages = {22--44}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Everett2002, author = {Everett, Daniel}, title = {{I}ambic feet and syllables in {P}aumari: analysis and theoretical consequences}, year = {2002}, keywords = {right-to-left, iamb, rightward, syllabic, weight-insensitive, Banawa}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Everett1996, author = {Everett, Daniel}, title = {{P}rosodic {L}evels and {C}onstraints in {B}anawa and {S}uruwaha}, year = {1996}, address = {University of Pittsburgh}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Everett1990, author = {Everett, Daniel}, title = {{M}inimality in {K}ama and {B}anawa}, year = {1990}, address = {University of Pennsylvania}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Everett1982, author = {Everett, Daniel}, title = {{P}honetic rarities in {P}irah{\~a}}, journal = {Journal of the International Phonetic Association}, year = {1982}, volume = {12}, pages = {94--96}, number = {2}, date-modified = {2009-10-29 12:56:07 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Everett.Everett1984, author = {Everett, Daniel and Everett, K.}, title = {{O}n the relevance of syllable onsets to stress placement}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1984}, volume = {15}, pages = {705--711}, bdsk-file-1 = 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timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Everett.Seki1985, author = {Everett, Daniel and Seki, Lucy}, title = {{R}eduplication and {CV} skeleta in {K}amaiura}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1985}, volume = {16}, pages = {326--330}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Everett1997, title = {{W}ari': the {P}acas {N}ovos language of {W}estern {B}razil}, publisher = {Routledge}, year = {1997}, author = {Everett, Daniel L.}, address = {London and New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ewen1995, author = {Ewen, Colin}, title = {{D}ependency relations in phonology}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John A.}, pages = {570--585}, address = {Cambridge, Mass., and Oxford, UK}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ewen.Hulst1987, author = {Ewen, Colin and van der Hulst, Harry}, title = {{S}ingle-valued features and the distinction between [-{F}] and [0{F}]}, booktitle = {{L}inguistics in the {N}etherlands 1987}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1987}, editor = {Beukema, F. and Coopmans, P.}, pages = {51--60}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ewen.Hulst1988, author = {Ewen, Colin and van der Hulst, Harry}, title = {[high], [low] and [back], or [{I}], [{A}],and [{U}]}, booktitle = {{L}inguistics in the {N}etherlands 1988}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1988}, editor = {Coopman, P. and Hulk, A.}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Ewen.Hulstforthcoming, title = {{A}n {I}ntroduction to {N}onlinear {P}honology}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {forthcoming}, author = {Ewen, Colin and van der Hulst, Harry}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Fabb1988, author = {Fabb, Nigel}, title = {{E}nglish suffixation is constrained only by selectional restrictions}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1988}, volume = {6}, pages = {527--539}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Fach1999, author = {Fach, Marcus}, title = {{A} comparison between prosodic and syntactic phrasing}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {E}uropean {C}onference on {S}peech {C}ommunication and {T}echnology}, year = {1999}, pages = {527--530}, abstract = {This study presents a comparison between syntactic and prosodic phrasing. A parser is used to calculate the syntactic structures from the orthographic text the prosodic structures of which are given by means of ToBI label files. For the automatic evaluation the prosodic break indices "3" (intermediate phrase boundary) and "4" (intonation phrase boundary) are compared with the terminals extracted from the extensive syntactic structures generated by the parser. These terminals are assumed to be the carriers of the phrase boundaries. Keywords: syntax, parsing, prosody, phrase boundaries, prosodic labelling.}, timestamp = {2010.08.19} } @BOOK{Fahs1985, title = {{G}rammatik des {P}ali}, publisher = {VEB Verlag Enzykopadie Leipzig}, year = {1985}, author = {Fahs, Achim}, address = {Leipzig}, note = {In the Node.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MASTERSTHESIS{Fainleib2008, author = {Fainleib, Lena}, title = {{D}efault stress in unpredictable stress languages: evidence from {R}ussian and {H}ebrew}, school = {University of {T}el {A}viv}, year = {2008}, type = {Master's thesis}, address = {Tel {A}viv, {I}srael}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2010-06-29 21:54:10 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-06-29 21:55:29 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Falk2001, title = {{L}exical-functional grammar. {A}n introduction to parallel constraint-based syntax}, publisher = {CSLI Publications}, year = {2001}, author = {Falk, Yehuda}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.10.27} } @ARTICLE{Falk1996, author = {Falk, Yehuda}, title = {{M}etrical structure in {Modern Hebrew}}, journal = {{H}ebrew {L}inguistics}, year = {1996}, volume = {40}, pages = {5--19}, abstract = {The phonology of Modern Hebrew presents several interesting problems for phonological theory. In the present study, we will show that several of these problems find a solution in the framework of Metrical Phonology as forumulated by Halle and Vernaud (1987a; 1987b).}, timestamp = {2009.08.11} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Fallon2004, author = {Fallon, Paul}, title = {{R}eduplication in frequentative verbs in {B}ilin ({C}entral {C}ushitic)}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston}, note = {LSA 78}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Fallon1998, author = {Fallon, Paul}, title = {{T}he synchronic and diachronic phonology of ejectives}, school = {Ohio State University}, year = {1998}, type = {%%Doctoral Dissertation}, address = {Columbus, OH}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-11-08 20:17:02 -0500}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 11:29:36 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MISC{Fanselow.etal1999, author = {Fanselow, Gisbert and Schlesewsky, Matthias and Cavar, Damir and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {{O}ptimal {P}arsing, syntactic parsing preferences, and {O}ptimality {T}heory}, year = {1999}, address = {Potsdam, Germany}, keywords = {parsing}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Fant1960, title = {{A}coustic {T}heory of {S}peech {P}roduction}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1960}, author = {Fant, Gunnar}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @UNPUBLISHED{FanTan.etal2005, author = {Fan Tan, Yee and Kan, Min-Yen and Cui, Hang}, title = {{E}xtending corpus-based identification of light verb constructions using a supervised learning framework}, note = {Ms., Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Light verb constructions (LVCs), such as `make a call' in English, can be said to be complex predicates in which the verb plays only a functional role. LVCs pose challenges for natural language understanding, as their semantics differ from usual predicate structures. We extend the existing ing corpus-based measures for identifying LVCs between verb-object pairs in English, by proposing using new features that use mutual information and assess other syntactic properties. Our work also incorporates both existing and new LVC features into a machine learning approach. We experimentally show that using the proposed framework incorporating all features outperforms previous work by 17%. As machine learning techniques model the trends found in training data, we believe the proposed LVC detection framework and statistical features is easily extendable to other languages.}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2009.02.18} } @PHDTHESIS{Farina1991, author = {Farina, Donna}, title = {{P}alatalization and {Y}ers in {M}odern {R}ussian {P}honology: {A}n {U}nderspecification {A}pproach}, school = {University of Illinois, Urbana}, year = {1991}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Farkas.Beddor1987, author = {Farkas, Donka and Beddor, P.}, title = {{P}rivative and equipollent backness in {H}ungarian}, booktitle = {{CLS} 23 {P}arasession on {A}utosegmental and {M}etrical {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1987}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Farrell1990, author = {Farrell, P.}, title = {{S}panish stress: {A} cognitive analysis}, journal = {Hispanic Linguistics}, year = {1990}, volume = {4}, pages = {21--56}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Farwaneh1990, author = {Farwaneh, Samira}, title = {{W}ell-formed associations in {A}rabic: {R}ule or condition?}, booktitle = {{P}erspectives on {A}rabic {L}inguistics}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1990}, editor = {Eid, Mushira and McCarthy, John J.}, volume = {2}, address = {Amsterdam}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Farwaneh1995, author = {Farwaneh, Samira}, title = {{D}irectionality {E}ffects in {A}rabic {D}ialect {S}yllable {S}tructure}, school = {University of Utah}, year = {1995}, address = {Salt Lake City, UT}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Faure.etal1980, author = {Faure, G. and Hirst, D.J. and Chafcouloff, M.}, title = {{R}hythm in {English}: isochronism, pitch and perceived stress.}, booktitle = {{T}he melody of language: intonation and prosody}, publisher = {University Park Press}, year = {1980}, editor = {Waugh, L. R. and van Schooneveld, C. H.}, pages = {71--80}, address = {Baltimore, MD}, timestamp = {2009.05.30} } @ARTICLE{Featherston2004, author = {Featherston, Sam}, title = {{M}agnitude estimation and what it can for your syntax: some {w}h-constraints in {G}erman}, journal = {{L}ingua}, year = {2004}, volume = {115}, pages = {1525--1550}, number = {11}, abstract = {In this paper we explore some of the insights into the grammar that become available with the use of a more strictly controlled judgement elicitation method, magnitude estimation (Bard et al 1996, Cowart 1997). In particular we focus on wh-movement in German, and show how a range of assumptions, both specific to German grammar and more generally in syntactic study are made questionable. We apply this methodology to show that German respects superiority and discourse-linking (sensu Pesetsky 1987), in contrast to the standard view in the literature, but in line with the predictions of generative grammar. But we further argue that this data type, and the gradient grammaticality that it reveals (Keller 2000), permits us further insights into the nature of the grammar. The empirical results suggest that both the superiority effect and the discourse linking effect have rather different features to those generally assumed. On this basis, we advance novel suggestions as to the precise nature of these constraints. But more generally, we argue that this data type supports the hypotheses that grammatical constraints are violable, and that grammatical constraint violations are not necessarily fatal. We argue that the acceptance of these non-standard assumptions about the structure of the grammar is necessary since the abstractions underlying the standard assumptions about grammaticality are obscuring relevant information and distorting the data base of grammatical theory.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @PHDTHESIS{Fedson1981, author = {Fedson, Vijayarani}, title = {{T}he {T}amil {S}erial or {C}ompound {V}erb}, school = {University of Chicago}, year = {1981}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Feinstein1979, author = {Feinstein, Mark}, title = {{P}renasalization and syllable structure}, journal = {10}, year = {1979}, volume = {245-278}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Feng2004, author = {Feng, Guanjun Bella}, title = {{P}honological restriction on morpheme in shaping reduplication}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston}, note = {LSA 78}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Feng2003, author = {Feng, Guanjun Bella}, title = {{S}yllable-size morpheme restriction in shaping reduplication}, year = {2003}, address = {Tucson, AZ}, note = {SWOT 8}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Feng2001, author = {Feng, Shengli}, title = {{M}inimal {W}ord in {M}andarin {C}hinese}, year = {2001}, address = {University of Kansas}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ferguson1976, author = {Ferguson, Charles}, title = {{T}he {E}thiopian language area}, booktitle = {{L}anguage in {E}thiopia}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1976}, editor = {Bender, M. L. et al.}, pages = {63--76}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ferguson1975, author = {Ferguson, Charles}, title = {'{S}hort {A}' in {P}hiladelphia {E}nglish}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in linguistics: {I}n honor of {G}eorge {L}. {T}rager}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1975}, editor = {Smith, M. E.}, pages = {250--274}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Ferguson.etal1992, title = {{P}honological {D}evelopment}, publisher = {York Press}, year = {1992}, author = {Ferguson, Charles and Menn, L. and Stoel-Gammon, C.}, address = {Timonium, Maryland}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Ferreira.Dell2000, author = {Ferreira, Victor and Dell}, title = {{E}ffect of ambiguity and lexical availability on syntactic and lexical production}, journal = {Cognitive Psychology}, year = {2000}, volume = {40}, pages = {296--340}, abstract = {Speakers only sometimes include the that in sentence complement structures like The coach knew (that) you missed practice. Six experiments tested the predictions concerning optional word mention of two general approaches to language production. One approach claims that language production processes choose syntactic structures that ease the task of creating sentences, so that words are spoken opportunistically, as they are selected for production. The second approach claims that a syntactic structure is chosen that is easiest to comprehend, so that optional words like that are used to avoid temporarily ambiguous, difficult-to-comprehend sentences. In all experiments, speakers did not consistently include optional words to circumvent a temporary ambiguity, but they did omit optional words (the complementizer that) when subsequent material was either repeated (within a sentence) or prompted with a recall cue. The results suggest that speakers choose syntactic structures to permit early mention of available material and not to circumvent disruptive temporary ambiguities.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2010.01.04} } @UNPUBLISHED{Fery2010, author = {Fery, Caroline}, title = {{T}heoretical aspects of {G}erman sentence accent assignment}, note = {Ms., Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam}, year = {2010}, timestamp = {2010.08.26} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Fery1999, author = {Fery, Caroline}, title = {{T}runcation}, year = {1999}, address = {University of Manchester}, note = {Workshop on Optimality Theory: Insights on Prosody and Morphology at Linguistic Association of Great Britain Spring Meeting}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Fery1998, author = {Fery, Caroline}, title = {{O}n the best optimality-theoretic account of {G}erman {F}inal {D}evoicing}, year = {1998}, note = {ms}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Fery1997, author = {Fery, Caroline}, title = {{G}erman foot and word stress in {OT}}, year = {1997}, note = {ms}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Fery1997a, author = {Fery, Caroline}, title = {{U}nis und {S}tudis: die besten {W}orter des {D}eutschen}, journal = {Linguistische Berichte}, year = {1997}, note = {To appear}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Fery1995, author = {Fery, Caroline}, title = {{A}lignment, syllable and metrical structure in {G}erman}, year = {1995}, note = {ms}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Fery1993, title = {{G}erman {I}ntonational {P}atterns}, publisher = {Max Niemayer Verlag}, year = {1993}, author = {Fery, Caroline}, address = {Tubingen}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Fery.Ishihara2005, author = {Fery, Caroline and Ishihara, Shinichiro}, title = {{P}honetic {C}orrelates of {S}econd {O}ccurrence {F}ocus}, year = {2005}, address = {UMass, Amherst}, note = {NELS 36}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Fidelholtz1975, author = {Fidelholtz, James}, title = {{W}ord frequency and vowel reduction in {E}nglish}, booktitle = {{P}apers from the {E}leventh {R}egional {M}eeting of the {C}hicago {L}inguistic {S}ociety}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1975}, editor = {Grossman, Robin E. and San, L. James and Vance, Timothy J.}, pages = {200--213}, address = {Chicago, IL}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Field2004, title = {{P}sycholinguistics: the key concepts}, publisher = {Routledge}, year = {2004}, author = {Field, John}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2009.05.08} } @BOOK{Fikkert1994, title = {{O}n the acquisition of prosodic structure}, publisher = {Holland Academic Graphics}, year = {1994}, author = {Fikkert, Paula}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Finer1986, author = {Finer, Daniel}, title = {{R}eduplication and verbal morphology in {P}alauan}, journal = {The Linguistic Review}, year = {1986}, volume = {6}, pages = {99--130}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Finer1978, author = {Finer, Daniel}, title = {{C}oncrete vowel harmony in {M}anchu}, journal = {Linguistic Analysis}, year = {1978}, volume = {4}, pages = {263--275}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Firth1957, title = {{P}apers in {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Oxrford University Press}, year = {1957}, author = {Firth, J. R.}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Firth1948, author = {Firth, J. R.}, title = {{S}ounds and prosodies}, journal = {Transactions of the Philological Society}, year = {1948}, pages = {127--152}, note = {Also in Prosodic Analysis (pp. 1-26), ed. F. R. Palmer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Fischer1958, author = {Fischer, John. L.}, title = {{S}ocial influences on the choice of a linguistic variants}, journal = {{W}ord}, year = {1958}, volume = {14}, pages = {47--56}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.10.27} } @BOOK{Fischer.Siple1990, title = {{T}heoretical {I}ssues in {S}ign {L}anguage {R}esearch}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1990}, author = {Fischer, Susan and Siple, Patricia}, volume = {1, Linguistics}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Fischer.Jastrow1980, title = {{H}andbuch der {A}rabischen {D}ialekte}, publisher = {Otto Harrassowitz}, year = {1980}, author = {Fischer, Wolfdietrich and Jastrow, Otto}, address = {Wiesbaden}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Fitzgerald2001, author = {Fitzgerald, Colleen}, title = {{T}he {M}orpheme-to-{S}tress {P}rinciple in {T}ohono {O}'odham}, journal = {Linguistics}, year = {2001}, volume = {39}, pages = {941--972}, number = {5}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 13:10:47 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Fitzgerald1999, author = {Fitzgerald, Colleen}, title = {{U}nfaithful bases and syncope in {T}ohono {O}'odham reduplication}, year = {1999}, address = {Tucson, AZ}, note = {the 18th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Flack2009, author = {Flack, Kathryn}, title = {{C}onstraints on onsets and codas of words and phrases}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2009}, volume = {26}, pages = {269-302}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-09-23 15:50:33 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-09-23 15:51:41 -0400}, keywords = {phonotactics}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Flack2007, author = {Flack, Kathryn}, title = {{T}emplatic morphology and indexed markedness constraints}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {2007}, volume = {38}, pages = {749-758}, number = {4}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 14:12:30 -0400}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.07.02} } @BOOK{Fleisch1968, title = {{L}'{A}rabe {C}lassique}, publisher = {Khayats}, year = {1968}, author = {Fleisch, Henri}, address = {Beirut}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Fleischhacker2001, author = {Fleischhacker, Heidi}, title = {{E}xperimental {R}esults on {R}elative {S}imilarity}, year = {2001}, address = {Washington, D.C}, note = {Linguistic Society of America}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Fleischhacker2000, author = {Fleischhacker, Heidi}, title = {{C}luster dependent epenthesis asymmetries}, year = {2000}, note = {Mass. Thesis}, address = {UCLA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Flemming2004, author = {Edward Flemming}, title = {{C}ontrast and perceptual distinctiveness}, booktitle = {{P}honetically-{B}ased {P}honology}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2004}, editor = {B. Hayes and R. Kirchner and D. Steriade}, pages = {232--276}, note = {An online version is available at \url{http://web.mit.edu/flemming/www/paper/CandP13.pdf}}, timestamp = {2009.02.18} } @ARTICLE{Flemming2003, author = {Flemming, Edward}, title = {{T}he relatioship between coronal place and vowel backness}, journal = {{P}honology}, year = {2003}, volume = {20}, pages = {335--373}, number = {3}, abstract = {This paper presents evidence that tongue-body position is always specified in the phonological representation of coronals, even where it is non-contrastive. Tongue-body position is needed to account for the typology of interactions between coronal consonants and adjacent vowels. For example, coronals only condition vowel fronting if they are produced with a front tongue body (usually anterior coronals), and only coronals produced with a back tongue body (usually retroflexes) condition vowel retraction. However, coronals do not have a fixed tongue-body position. Tongue-body position is affected by the position of the tongue tip/blade, because these articulators are physically connected, so each type of coronal has a preferred tongue-body position that facilitates the production of the coronal constriction. These preferences can be overridden, however, e.g. due to assimilation to a vowel. Optimality-theoretic feature co-occurrence constraints provide a good account of this type of dependency between articulators.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.10.29} } @ARTICLE{Flemming2003a, author = {Flemming, Edward}, title = {{T}he relationship between coronal place and vowel backness}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2003}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Flemming2001a, author = {Flemming, Edward}, title = {{S}calar and categorical phenomena in a unified model of phonetics and phonology}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2001}, volume = {18}, pages = {7--44}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Flemming2001b, author = {Flemming, Edward}, title = {{S}calar and {C}ategorical {P}henomena in a {U}nified {M}odel of {P}honetics and {P}honology}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2001}, volume = {18}, pages = {7--44}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Flemming1997, author = {Flemming, Edward}, title = {{P}honetic optimization: {C}ompromise in speech production}, booktitle = {{U}niversity of {M}aryland {W}orking {P}apers in {L}inguistics 5: {S}elected phonology papers from {H}-{OT}-97}, year = {1997}, timestamp = {2008.06.19} } @ARTICLE{Flemming1996, author = {Edward Flemming}, title = {{E}vidence for {C}onstraints on {C}ontrast: {T}he {D}ispersion {T}heory of {C}ontrast}, journal = {UCLA Working Papers in Phonology}, year = {1996}, volume = {1}, pages = {86-106}, month = {July}, note = {CD: UWPPFP}, abstract = {It is proposed that the well-formedness of phonological contrasts depends on a constraint-ranking system that implements three partly conflicting goals: (1) maximum number of contrasts, (2) maximal distinctiveness of contrasts, & (3) minimal articulatory effort; whereas (1) & (3) are not in conflict, both conflict with (2), which is an auditory-acoustic goal. A formal model of dispersion in the sense of Bjon Lindblom's adaptive theory of dispersion is illustrated for vowel systems, where along each formant dimension constraints maintaining different numbers of contrasts are interspersed with constraints requiring different minimum distances between contrasts. This model is argued to provide straightforward accounts of enhancement & neutralization unavailable in other frameworks & gains direct empirical support from contrast preservation phenomena, illustrated by English stop voicing & Moroccan Arabic labialization. 1 Figure, 37 References. J. Hitchcock}, keywords = {Optimality Theory (61180); Vowels (95650); Phonology (65250); Formants (25300); Neutralization (57320); Coarticulation (12630)}, language = {English}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MISC{Flemming1993, author = {Flemming, Edward}, title = {{T}he {R}ole of {M}etrical {S}tructure in {S}egmental {R}ules}, year = {1993}, note = {Mass. thesis}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Flemming1995a, author = {Flemming, Edward S.}, title = {{A}uditory {R}epresentations in {P}honology}, school = {UCLA}, year = {1995}, address = {Los Angeles}, keywords = {functionalism}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Fletcher.Butcher2002, author = {Fletcher, Janet and Butcher, Andrew}, title = {{V}owel dispersion in two northern {Australian} languages: {Dalabon} and {Bininj Gun-Wok}}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 9th {A}ustralian {I}nternational {C}onference on {S}peech {S}cience and {T}echnology}, year = {2002}, abstract = {Vowel inventories in Australian languages tend to be relatively small, with many of them having triangular vowel spaces. Vowel formant patterns of two Northern Australian languages with larger vowel inventories (five, and six vowels), were examined, in the light of two current theories of vowel dispersion. The effects of prosodic context were also examined. It was hypothesized that contrasts or ?dispersion? would be most evident in prosodically "salient" contexts, namely in accentually prominent syllables, and would be less evident in other contexts, namely in unaccented and/ or phrase-final syllables. Results indicate that there is a weak tendency for accented /a/ vowels to be more dispersed in both languages. By contrast, vowels are more dispersed in intonational phrase-final contexts, suggesting this is also a prosodically salient environment in both languages.}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2008.06.19} } @ARTICLE{Flikeid1988, author = {Flikeid, K.}, title = {{U}nity and diversity in {A}cadian phonology: {A}n overview based on comparisons among the {N}ova {S}cotia varieties}, journal = {Journal of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association}, year = {1988}, volume = {10}, pages = {64--110}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Flora1974, author = {Flora, Marie}, title = {{P}alauan phonology and morphology}, school = {University of Hawai'i}, year = {1974}, address = {Honolulu}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Fodor.Lepore1998, author = {Fodor, Jerry A. and Lepore, Ernest}, title = {{T}he emptiness of the lexicon: {R}eflections on {J}ames {P}ustejovsky's {T}he {G}enerative {L}exicon}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1998}, volume = {29}, pages = {269--288}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Fodor.Crowther2002, author = {Fodor, Janet Dean and Crowther, Carrie}, title = {{U}nderstanding stimulus poverty arguments}, journal = {{T}he {L}inguistic {R}eview}, year = {2002}, volume = {19}, pages = {105--145}, abstract = {The argument from the poverty of the stimulus as Pullum and Scholz define it (their APS) is undeniably true, given that all language learners acquire the ability to generate more sentences of the target language than they have heard. Uniformity across learners with respect to the additional sentences they project suggests that grammar induction is guided by general principles, which must be innate. What remains to be established is exactly which sentences can be projected on the basis of which others. The details of this are important to linguistic theory and to the psycho-computational modelling of natural language acquisition. They are not of great significance to the generic issue of nativism versus empiricism, except that they may clarify the extent to which the innate knowledge in question is specific to language. The argument for linguistic nativism appears to be solidly supported by the distinctive patterns of generalization that learners adopt in the absence of systematic negative evidence (a limitation that Pullum and Scholz exclude from APS). We argue that innate knowledge of how to represent natural language facts is necessary in order for learners to extract from their input the information that it does contain. Pullum and Scholz themselves rely on Universal Grammar in just this role when they make specific suggestions as to how learners arrive at the right generalizations}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.10.27} } @BOOK{Foley1991, title = {{T}he {Y}imas language of {P}apua {N}ew {G}uinea}, publisher = {Stanford University Press}, year = {1991}, author = {Foley, James}, address = {Stanford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Foley1977, title = {{F}oundations of {T}heoretical {P}honology}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1977}, author = {Foley, James}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Foley1986, title = {{T}he {P}apuan languages of {N}ew {G}uinea}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1986}, author = {Foley, William A.}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ford.Singh1985, author = {Ford, Alan and Singh, Rajendra}, title = {{T}owards a non-paradigmatic morphology}, booktitle = {{P}apers from {BLS} 11}, publisher = {Berkeley Linguistic Society}, year = {1985}, editor = {Niepokuj, M. and VanClay, M. and Nikiforidou, V. and Feder, D.}, pages = {87--95}, address = {Berkeley}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ford.Singh1983, author = {Ford, Alan and Singh, Rajendra}, title = {{O}n the status of morphophonology}, booktitle = {{CLS} 19: {P}apers from the {P}arasession on the {I}nterplay of {P}honology, {M}orphology, and {S}yntax}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1983}, editor = {Richardson, J. and Marks, M. and Chukerman, A.}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Ford1973, author = {Ford, Kevin}, title = {{O}n the loss of cross-height vowel harmony}, journal = {Research Review Ghana, Supplement 4}, year = {1973}, pages = {50--80}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Ford.Ober1986, author = {Ford, Kevin and Ober, Dana}, title = {{P}ragmatic conditioning of word-order in {K}alaw {K}awaw {Y}a ({W}estern {T}orres {S}trait)}, journal = {Language in Aboriginal Australia}, year = {1986}, volume = {2}, pages = {29--33}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Ford.Ober1985, author = {Ford, Kevin and Ober, Dana}, title = {{W}orkbook practice in the autosegmental phonology of {K}alaw {K}awaw {Y}a, a dialect of the {W}estern {T}orres {S}trait language, {A}ustralia}, year = {1985}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Forest1984, author = {Forest, Robert}, title = {{E}ntre le lexique et la syntax de l'\'{e}nonc\'{e} complexe: r\'{e}flexions sur les \'{enonc}\'{e}s r\'{e}sultatifs de l'allemand}, journal = {{L}a {L}inguistique}, year = {1984}, volume = {20}, pages = {49--67}, number = {2}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.10.27} } @ARTICLE{Foris1973, author = {Foris, D.}, title = {{S}ochiapan {C}hinantec syllable structure}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1973}, volume = {39}, pages = {232--235}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Forster1990, author = {Kenneth L. Forster}, title = {{L}exical processing}, booktitle = {{L}anguage: an invitation to cognitive science}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1990}, editor = {Daniel N. Osherson and Howard Lasnik}, volume = {1}, pages = {95--131}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2010.02.26} } @BOOK{Fortescue1984, title = {{W}est {G}reenlandic}, publisher = {Croom Helm}, year = {1984}, author = {Fortescue, Michael}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Foster1982, author = {Foster, Michael K.}, title = {{A}lternating weak and strong syllables in {C}ayuga words}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1982}, volume = {48}, pages = {59--72}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Fougeron.Steriade1997, author = {Fougeron, Cecile and Steriade, Donca}, title = {{D}oes deletion of {F}rench schwa lead to neutralization of lexical distinctions?}, journal = {{EUROSPEECH}}, year = {1997}, pages = {943-946}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.02.03} } @INBOOK{Fought2006, chapter = {{Chapter 4}}, pages = {70--88}, title = {{L}atino groups}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2006}, author = {Fought, Carmen}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, booktitle = {{L}anguage and ethnicity}, timestamp = {2009.05.20} } @BOOK{Fountain1998, title = {{A}n {O}ptimality {T}heoretic approach to {N}avajo prefixal syllables}, publisher = {University of Arizona: AZ}, year = {1998}, author = {Fountain, Amy V.}, address = {Ph. D. Dissertation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Fourakis.Iverson1984, author = {Fourakis, Marios and Iverson, Gregory}, title = {{O}n the 'incomplete neutralization' of {G}erman final obstruents}, journal = {Phonetica}, year = {1984}, volume = {41}, pages = {140--149}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Fourakis.Port1986, author = {Fourakis, Marios and Port, Robert}, title = {{S}top epenthesis in {E}nglish}, journal = {Journal of Phonetics}, year = {1986}, volume = {14}, pages = {197--221}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Fowler.etal1990, author = {Fowler, Carol and Best, Catherine and McRoberts, Gerald}, title = {{Y}oung infants' perception of liquid coarticulatory influences on following stop consonants}, journal = {Perception and Psychophysics}, year = {1990}, volume = {48}, pages = {559--570}, number = {6}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Fowler1986, author = {Fowler, George}, title = {{M}orphological conditions on epenthetic vowels in {H}ungarian}, booktitle = {{CLS} 22/1}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1986}, editor = {Farley, Anne M and Farley, Peter T. and McCullough, Karl-Erik}, pages = {1--13}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{FoxTree.Clark1997, author = {Fox Tree, J. E. and Clark, H. H.}, title = {{P}ronouncing \emph{the} as \emph{thee} to signal problems in speaking}, journal = {Cognition}, year = {1997}, volume = {62}, pages = {151--167}, abstract = {In spontaneous speaking, the is normally pronounced as thuh, with the reduced vowel schwa (rhyming with the first syllable of about). But it is sometimes pronounced as thiy, with a nonreduced vowel (rhyming with see). In a large corpus of spontaneous English conversation, speakers were found to use thiy to signal an immediate suspension of speech to deal with a problem in production. Fully 81\% of the instances of thiy in the corpus were followed by a suspension of speech, whereas only 7\% of a matched sample of thuhs were followed by such suspensions. The problems people dealt with after thiy were at many levels of production, including articulation, word retrieval, and choice of message, but most were in the following nominal.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2010.01.04} } @INCOLLECTION{Frachtenberg1922, author = {Frachtenberg, Leo J.}, title = {{C}oos}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {A}merican {I}ndian {L}anguages: {P}art 2}, publisher = {Government Printing Office}, year = {1922}, editor = {Boas, Franz}, pages = {297--429}, address = {Washington}, note = {2}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:17:43 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Frachtenberg1922a, author = {Frachtenberg, Leo J.}, title = {{S}iuslawan}, booktitle = {{H}andbooks of {A}merican {I}ndian {L}anguages: {P}art 2}, publisher = {Government Printing Office}, year = {1922}, editor = {Boas, Franz}, pages = {431--630}, address = {Washington}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:17:43 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Frajzyngier.Koops1989, author = {Frajzyngier, Zygmunt and Koops, Robert}, title = {{D}ouble {E}penthesis and {N}-{C}lass in {C}hadic}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {P}rogress in {C}hadic {L}inguistics}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1989}, editor = {Frajzyngier, Zygmunt}, pages = {233--250}, address = {Philadelphia}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:18:02 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Frank.Jaeger2008, author = {Frank, Austin and Jaeger, Florian}, title = {{M}odels of speaker choice in production: integrating information and availability}, year = {2008}, note = {Talk given at the 21st CUNY Conference on Sentence Processing.}, timestamp = {2010.01.06} } @ARTICLE{Frank1949, author = {Frank, Phillipp}, title = {{E}instein's philosophy of science}, journal = {Reviews of Modern Physics}, year = {1949}, volume = {21}, pages = {(3)}, note = {Cited in Ronald W. Clark Einstein: The Life and Times (New York: Avon Books, 1984).}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Frank.Satta1998, author = {Frank, Robert and Giorgio Satta}, title = {{O}ptimality {T}heory and the {G}enerative {C}omplexity of {C}onstraint {V}iolability}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = {1998}, volume = {24}, pages = {307--315}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Frank.Satta1998a, author = {Frank, Robert and Satta, Giorgio}, title = {{O}ptimality {T}heory and the computational complexity of constraint violability}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = {1998}, volume = {24}, pages = {307--315}, keywords = {parsing}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Franks1990, author = {Franks, Steven}, title = {{V}owel-zero alternations and syllable-counting morphology}, journal = {Indiana {S}lavic {S}tudies}, year = {1990}, volume = {5}, number = {79-96}, date-added = {2010-06-24 10:42:18 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-06-25 11:56:23 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Franks1985, author = {Franks, Steven}, title = {{E}xtrametricality and stress in {P}olish}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1985}, volume = {16}, pages = {144--151}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Frantz.Frantz1966, author = {Frantz, Chester and Frantz, Marjorie}, title = {{G}adsup phoeme and toneme units}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {N}ew {G}uinea {L}inguistics 5}, publisher = {University of Canberra}, year = {1966}, editor = {Wurm, S. A. and Harris, J. B. and Laycock, D. C.}, pages = {1--11}, address = {Canberra}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:18:17 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Frazier.etal2006, author = {Frazier, L. and Carlson, K. and Clifton, C., Jr.}, title = {{P}rosodic phrasing in central to language comprehension}, journal = {{T}rends in {C}ognitive {S}cience}, year = {2006}, volume = {10}, pages = {244--249}, abstract = {Words, like musical notes, are grouped together into phrases by their rhythmic and durational properties as well as their tonal pitch. This ?prosodic phrasing? affects the understanding of sentences. Many processing studies of prosody have investigated sentences with a single, grammatically required prosodic boundary, which might be interpreted strictly locally, as a signal to end the current syntactic unit. Recent results suggest, however, that the global pattern of prosodic phrasing is what matters in sentence comprehension, not just the occurrence or size of a single local boundary. In this article we claim that the impact of prosodic boundaries depends on the other prosodic choices a speaker has made. We speculate that prosody serves to hold distinct linguistic representations together in memory.}, timestamp = {2009.07.22} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Frazier2005, author = {Frazier, Melissa}, title = {{O}utput-{O}utput {F}aithfulness to {M}oraic {S}tructure: {N}ew {E}vidence from an {A}merican {E}nglish {P}henomenon}, year = {2005}, address = {UMass, Amherst}, note = {NELS 36}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Freeland1951, title = {{T}he {L}anguage of {S}ierra {M}iwok}, publisher = {Indiana University}, year = {1951}, author = {Freeland, Lynn}, address = {Bloomington}, note = {Memoir 6 of the International Journal of American Linguistics}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{French1988, author = {French, Koleen}, title = {{I}nsights {I}nto {T}agalog: {R}eduplication, {I}nfixation, and {S}tress from {N}onlinear {P}honology}, school = {University of Texas, Arlington}, year = {1988}, note = {Published by SIL, Dallas and University of Texas at Arlington}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Friberg.Friberg1991, author = {Friberg, Timothy and Friberg, Barbara}, title = {{N}otes on {K}onjo phonology}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in {S}ulawesi {L}inguistics, {P}art 2}, publisher = {NUSA Linguistic Studies}, year = {1991}, editor = {Sneddon, J. N.}, address = {Jakarta}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:18:37 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Friedman1977, author = {Friedman, L.}, title = {{F}ormational properties of {A}merican {S}ign {L}anguage}, booktitle = {{O}n the {O}ther {H}and: {N}ew {P}erspectives in {A}merican {S}ign {L}anguage}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1977}, editor = {Friedman, L.}, pages = {13--56}, address = {New York}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:18:55 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Friedrich2001, title = {{K}ratkaia grammatika xettskogo iazyka. [{A} short grammar of {H}ittite]}, publisher = {URSS}, year = {2001}, author = {Friedrich, Johannes}, address = {Moscow}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Fries.Pike1949, author = {Fries, Charles C. and Pike, Kenneth}, title = {{C}oexistent phonemic systems}, journal = {Language}, year = {1949}, volume = {25}, pages = {29--50}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Frisch2000, author = {Frisch, Stefan}, title = {{T}emporally organized lexical representations as phonological units}, booktitle = {{L}anguage {A}cquisition and the {L}exicon: {P}apers in {L}aboratory {P}honology {V}}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2000}, editor = {Broe, Michael and Pierrehumbert, Janet}, pages = {283--298}, address = {Cambridge}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:19:13 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Frisch1996, author = {Frisch, Stefan}, title = {{S}imilarity and {F}requency in {P}honology}, school = {Northwestern University}, year = {1996}, address = {Evanston, IL}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Frisch.etal2004, author = {Frisch, Stefan A. and Pierrehumbert, Janet B. and Broe, Michael B.}, title = {{S}imilarity avoidance and the \textsc{ocp}}, journal = {{N}atural {L}anguage and {L}inguistic {T}heory}, year = {2004}, volume = {22}, pages = {179--228}, abstract = {It has long been known that verbal roots containing homorganic consonant pairs are rare in Arabic, motivating the existence of an OCP-Place constraint (Obligatory Contour Principle on place of articulation) in the phonological grammar. We explore this constraint using an on-line lexicon of Arabic roots. The strength of the constraint is quantified by the ratio of the observed number of examples of each consonant pair to the number that would be statistically expected under random combination of phonemes. We show that the strength of the effect over all pairs is a gradient function of the similarity of the consonants in the pair. A similarity metric based on natural classes is developed, which solves the formal difficulties of contrastive underspecification theory while preserving the insight that contrastiveness plays an important role in perceived similarity. This metric is applied in an explicit model of the gradient OCP constraint, which achieves a better fit to the regularities and sub-regularities of the Arabic verbal lexicon than any prior approach. Lastly, we review evidence for the psychological reality of the constraint, for its existence in related forms in other languages, and for its cognitive/phonetic foundations in the speech processing system. We argue that the total body of evidence supports a model in which phonetic and cognitive pressures incrementally affect the lexicon, and phonotactic constraints are abstractions over the lexicon of phonological forms.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.10.27} } @MISC{Frisch.etal1997, author = {Frisch, Stefan and Broe, Michael and Pierrehumbert, Janet}, title = {{S}imilarity and phonotactics in {A}rabic}, year = {1997}, address = {Evanston, IL}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Fromkin1971, author = {Fromkin, Victoria}, title = {{T}he non-anomalous nature of anomalous utterances}, journal = {Language}, year = {1971}, volume = {47}, pages = {27--52}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Fruchter1988, author = {Fruchter, David}, title = {{S}yllable structure in {E}fik}, booktitle = {{T}exas {L}inguistic {F}orum 29}, publisher = {Dept. of Linguistics, University of Texas at Austin}, year = {1988}, editor = {Levin, J. and Fruchter, David and Lui, J.}, pages = {79--96}, address = {Austin}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:19:39 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Fry1958, author = {Fry, Dennis}, title = {{E}xperiments in the perception of stress}, journal = {Language and {S}peech}, year = {1958}, volume = {1}, pages = {120-52}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2006.11.08} } @ARTICLE{Fry1955, author = {Fry, Dennis}, title = {{D}uration and intensity as physical correlates of linguistic stress}, journal = {Journal of the {A}coustical {S}ociety of {A}merica}, year = {1955}, volume = {35}, pages = {765-69}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2006.11.08} } @ARTICLE{Fudge1987, author = {Fudge, Erik}, title = {{B}ranching structure within the syllable}, journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1987}, volume = {23}, pages = {359--377}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Fudge1969, author = {Fudge, Erik}, title = {{S}yllables}, journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1969}, volume = {5}, pages = {253--287}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Fujimura1989, author = {Fujimura, Osamu}, title = {{D}emisyllables as sets of features: {C}omments on {C}lements' paper}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {L}aboratory {P}honology {I}: {B}etween the grammar and the physics of speech}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1989}, editor = {Kingston, John and Beckman, Mary}, pages = {334--340}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Fujimura1979, author = {Fujimura, Osamu}, title = {{A}n analysis of {E}nglish syllables as cores and affixes}, journal = {Zeitschrift fur Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunicationsforschung}, year = {1979}, volume = {32}, pages = {471--476}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Fukazawa1999, author = {Fukazawa, Haruka}, title = {{T}heoretical {I}mplications of {OCP} {E}ffects on {F}eatures in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, school = {University of Maryland}, year = {1999}, address = {College Park, MD}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Fukazawa1998, author = {Fukazawa, Haruka}, title = {{M}ultiple input-output faithfulness relations in {J}apanese}, year = {1998}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Fukazawa.etal1998, author = {Fukazawa, Haruka and Kitahara, Mafuyu and Ota, Mitsuhiko}, title = {{L}exical stratification and ranking invariance in constraint-based grammars}, booktitle = {{CLS} 32, {P}art 2: {T}he {P}anels}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1998}, editor = {Gruber, M. Catherine and Higgins, Derrick and Olson, Kenneth and Wysocki, Tamra}, pages = {47--62}, address = {Chicago, IL}, keywords = {L2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Fukazawa.Lombardi2003, author = {Fukazawa, Haruka and Lombardi, Linda}, title = {{C}omplex constraints and linguistic typology in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, journal = {The Linguistic Review}, year = {2003}, volume = {20}, pages = {195--215}, keywords = {Local Constraint Conjunction}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Fukazawa.Miglio1998, author = {Fukazawa, Haruka and Miglio, Viola}, title = {{R}estricting conjunction to constraint families}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {W}estern {C}onference on {L}inguistics 9 ({WECOL} 96)}, publisher = {Department of Linguistics, California State University, Fresno}, year = {1998}, editor = {Samiian, Vida}, pages = {102--117}, address = {Fresno, CA}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:19:57 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Fulmer1997, author = {Fulmer, S. Lee}, title = {{P}arallelism and {P}lanes in {O}ptimality {T}heory: evidence from {A}far}, school = {University of Arizona}, year = {1997}, address = {Tucson}, keywords = {infixation, afar}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Furby1974, author = {Furby, Christine}, title = {{G}arawa {P}honology}, year = {1974}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Furby1972, author = {Furby, Christine}, title = {{T}he pronominal system of {G}arawa}, journal = {Oceanic Linguistics}, year = {1972}, volume = {9}, pages = {1--31}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Futagi1998, author = {Futagi, Yoko}, title = {{R}oot-reduplicant faithfulness}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 16}, publisher = {CSLI Publications}, year = {1998}, editor = {Curtis, Emily and Lyle, James and Webster, Gabriel}, pages = {207--222}, address = {Stanford}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:16:50 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gaatone1978, author = {Gaatone, David}, title = {{P}honologie abstraite et phonologie concrete: {A} propos de h-aspire en francais}, journal = {Lingvisticae Investigationes}, year = {1978}, volume = {2}, pages = {3--22}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Gablentz1901, title = {{Die Sprachwissenschaft, ihre Aufgaben, Methoden und bisherigen Ergebnisse}}, publisher = {Weigel}, year = {1901}, author = {Gablentz, G. von der}, address = {Leipzig}, comment = {none}, timestamp = {2009.10.19} } @BOOK{Gadalla2000, title = {{C}omparative morphology of {S}tandard {E}gyptian {A}rabic}, publisher = {LINCOM Europa}, year = {2000}, author = {Gadalla, Hassan A.H.}, address = {Munich}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gafos2003, author = {Gafos, Adamantios}, title = {{G}reenberg's asymmetry in {A}rabic: {A} consequence of stems in paradigms}, journal = {Language}, year = {2003}, volume = {79}, pages = {317--355}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gafos2002, author = {Gafos, Adamantios}, title = {{A} grammar of gestural coordination}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {2002}, volume = {20}, pages = {269--337}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Gafos1999, title = {{T}he {A}rticulatory {B}asis of {L}ocality in {P}honology}, publisher = {Garland}, year = {1999}, author = {Gafos, Adamantios}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gafos1998, author = {Gafos, Adamantios}, title = {{E}liminating long-distance consonantal spreading}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1998}, volume = {16}, pages = {223--278}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gafos1998a, author = {Gafos, Adamantios}, title = {{A}-templatic reduplication}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1998}, volume = {29}, pages = {515--527}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gafos.Lombardi1999, author = {Gafos, Adamantios and Lombardi, Linda}, title = {{C}onsonant transparency and vowel echo}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 29, vol. 2: {P}apers from the {P}oster {S}essions}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1999}, editor = {Tamanji, Pius N. and Hirotani, Mako and Hall, Nancy}, pages = {81--95}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:20:26 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gahl2008, author = {Gahl, Susanne}, title = {\emph{Time} and \emph{thyme} are not homophones: the effect of lemma frequency on word durations in spontaneous speech}, journal = {{L}anguage}, year = {2008}, volume = {84}, pages = {474--496}, number = {3}, abstract = {Frequent words tend to shorten. But do homophone pairs, such as time and thyme, shorten equally if one member of the pair is frequent? This study reports an analysis of roughly 90,000 tokens of homophones in the Switchboard corpus of American English telephone conversations, in which it was found that high-frequency words like time are significantly shorter than their low-frequency homophones like thyme. The effect of lemma frequency persisted when local speaking rate, predictability from neighboring words, position relative to pauses, syntactic category, and orthographic regularity were brought under statistical control. These findings have theoretical implications for the locus of frequency information in linguistic competence and in models of language production, and for the role of articulatory routinization in shortening.}, timestamp = {2009.08.12} } @ARTICLE{Gahl1996, author = {Gahl, Susanne}, title = {{S}yllable onsets as a factor in stress rules: {T}he case of {M}athimathi revisited}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1996}, volume = {13}, pages = {329--344}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gahl.Garnsey2004, author = {Gahl, Susanne and Garnsey, S. M.}, title = {{K}nowledge of grammar, knowledge of usage: syntactic probabilities affect pronunciation variation}, journal = {{L}anguage}, year = {2004}, volume = {80}, pages = {748--775}, number = {4}, abstract = {Frequent words tend to shorten (see e.g. Schuchardt 1885, Hooper 1976), as do words that have a high probability of occurrence given a neighboring word (Jurafsky et al. 2001). This tendency has been cited in support of the claim that probabilities are an inherent part of grammar, and of syntax in particular. There is widespread consensus, however, that the syntax of natural languages cannot be captured in terms of item-to-item transitions (Chomsky 1957). Therefore, unless one considers probabilities of syntactic structures, rather than particular combinations of neighboring words, pronunciation variation cannot be said to reflect probabilistic effects in syntax. In this article, we report a case of pronunciation variation that reflects contextual probabilities of syntactic structures. The relevant probabilities are based on the probability of a given syntactic structure, given a particular verb. We show that these probabilities affect American English /t,d/-deletion, as well as the durations of words and phrases. Our results are consistent with the notion that knowledge of grammar includes knowledge of probabilities of syntactic structures, and that this knowledge affects language production.}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2009.05.28} } @BOOK{Gairdner1925, title = {{T}he phonetics of {A}rabic. {A} phonetic inquiry and practical manual for the pronunciation of {C}lassical {A}rabic and of one colloquial ({E}gyptian)}, publisher = {Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press}, year = {1925}, author = {Gairdner, W.H.T.}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Gamut1991, title = {{L}ogic, {L}anguage, and {M}eaning}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1991}, author = {Gamut, L.~T.~F.}, volume = {2}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Gandour.Harshman1978, author = {Gandour, Jackson and Harshman, Richard}, title = {{C}rosslanguage differences in tone perception: {A} multidimensional scaling investigation}, journal = {Language and Speech}, year = {1978}, volume = {21}, pages = {1--33}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Gardner1988, title = {{T}ime {T}ravel and {O}ther {M}athematical {B}ewilderments}, publisher = {W. H. Freeman and Co.}, year = {1988}, author = {Gardner, Martin}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Garr1989, author = {Garr, W. R.}, title = {{T}he seghol and segholation in {H}ebrew}, journal = {Journal of Near Eastern Studies}, year = {1989}, volume = {48}, pages = {109--116}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Garrett1990, author = {Merrill F. Garrett}, title = {{S}entence processing}, booktitle = {{L}anguage: an invitation to cognitive science}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1990}, editor = {Daniel N. Osherson and Howard Lasnik}, volume = {1}, pages = {133--175}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2010.02.26} } @ARTICLE{Garvin1950, author = {Garvin, Paul L.}, title = {{W}ichita {I}: {P}honemics}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1950}, volume = {16}, pages = {179--184}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Gasparini1983, title = {{S}idamo-{E}nglish {D}ictionary}, publisher = {Editrice Missionaria Italiana}, year = {1983}, author = {Gasparini, Armido}, address = {Bologna}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Gatsovskaja1992, title = {{O}sobennosti govorov kostromskoj oblasti}, publisher = {Kostroma State Pedagogical Institute}, year = {1992}, author = {Gatsovskaja, N. S.}, address = {Kostroma}, date-added = {2009-01-27 14:29:59 -0500}, date-modified = {2009-01-27 14:32:36 -0500}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Gazdar.etal1985, title = {{G}eneralized {P}hrase {S}tructure {G}rammar}, publisher = {Blackwell \& Harvard University Press}, year = {1985}, author = {Gazdar, Gerald and Klein, Ewan and Pullum, Geoffrey K. and Sag, Ivan A.}, address = {Oxford \& Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gazdar.Pullum1981, author = {Gazdar, Gerald and Pullum, Geoffrey K.}, title = {{S}ubcategorization, constituent order, and the notion `head'}, booktitle = {{T}he scope of lexical rules}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1981}, editor = {Moortgat, Michael and van der Hulst, Harry and Hoekstra, Teun}, pages = {107--123}, address = {Dordrecht, Holland}, timestamp = {2010.08.19} } @ARTICLE{Gazdar.etal1988, author = {Gazdar, Gerald and Geoffrey K.~Pullum and Robert Carpenter and Ewan Klein and Thomas Hukari and Robert Levine}, title = {{C}ategory {S}tructures}, journal = {Computational Linguistics}, year = {1988}, volume = {14}, pages = {1--19}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Geiger1943, title = {{P}ali literature and language}, publisher = {Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.}, year = {1943}, author = {Geiger, Wilhelm}, address = {New Delhi}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Genzel.Charniak2002, author = {Genzel, Dmitriy and Charniak, Eugene}, title = {{E}ntropy rate constancy in text}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics}, year = {2002}, pages = {199--206}, abstract = {We present a constancy rate principle governing language generation. We show that this principle implies that local measures of entropy (ignoring context) should increase with the sentence number. We demonstrate that this is indeed the case by measuring entropy in three different ways. We also show that this effect has both lexical (which words are used) and non-lexical (how the words are used) causes.}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2009.05.29} } @ARTICLE{George1970, author = {George, Isaac}, title = {{N}upe tonology}, journal = {Studies in African Linguistics}, year = {1970}, volume = {1}, pages = {100--122}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Gerdemann.Noord2000, author = {Gerdemann, Dale and van Noord, Gertjan}, title = {{A}pproximation and {E}xactness in {F}inite {S}tate {O}ptimality {T}heory}, year = {2000}, note = {Available (7/1/00) for download from http://arXiv.org/find/cs/1/au:+Gerdemann/0/1/0/past,all/0/1/ps/cs.CL/0006038.}, address = {Tubingen and Groningen}, keywords = {parsing}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Gerfen1999, title = {{P}honology and {P}honetics in {C}oatzospan {M}ixtec}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Press}, year = {1999}, author = {Gerfen, Chip}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Gerlach1998, author = {Gerlach, Birgit}, title = {{R}estrictions on clitic sequences and conditions on the occurrence of clitics in {R}omance}, year = {1998}, note = {Technical Report, Theorie des Lexicons, Arbeiten des Sonderforschungsbereich 282}, address = {Dusseldorf, Germany}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Gesenius1910, title = {{G}esenius' {H}ebrew grammar, as edited and enlarged by the late {E}. {K}autzsche. {W}ith a facsimile of the {S}iloam inscription by {J}. {E}uting, and a table of alphabets by {M}. {L}idzbarski}, publisher = {The Clarendon Press}, year = {1910}, author = {Gesenius, Wilhelm}, address = {Oxford}, note = {2nd English ed. rev. in accordance with the twenty-eighth German ed. (1909) by A. E. Cowley. Repr. 1974 from corrected sheets of the 2nd ed.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gess1998b, author = {Gess, Randall}, title = {{A}lignment and sonority in the syllable structure of {L}ate {L}atin and {G}allo-{R}omance}, booktitle = {{T}heoretical {A}nalyses on {R}omance {L}anguages}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1998}, editor = {Lima, Jose and Trevino, Esthela}, pages = {193--204}, address = {Amsterdam and Philadelphia}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:20:42 -0500}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Gess1999, author = {Gess, Randall}, title = {{B}ibliography: {O}ptimality {T}heory and language change}, year = {1999}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gess1998, author = {Gess, Randall}, title = {{P}honetics versus phonology in sound change: {A}n {O}ptimality-{T}heoretic perspective}, journal = {Texas Linguistic Forum}, year = {1998}, volume = {41}, pages = {71--86}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gess1998a, author = {Gess, Randall}, title = {{O}ld {F}rench {N}o{C}oda effects from constraint interaction}, journal = {Probus}, year = {1998}, volume = {10}, pages = {207--218}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Gess1996, author = {Gess, Randall}, title = {{O}ptimality {T}heory in the {H}istorical {P}honology of {F}rench}, school = {University of Washington}, year = {1996}, address = {Seattle}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Geytenbeek1992, author = {Geytenbeek, Brian}, title = {{N}yangumarta verbalisers -- suffixes or separate forms?}, year = {1992}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Geytenbeek.Geytenbeek1971, title = {{G}idabal {G}rammar and {D}ictionary}, publisher = {Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies}, year = {1971}, author = {Geytenbeek, Brian and Geytenbeek, H.}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Ghazeli1977, author = {Ghazeli, Salem}, title = {{B}ack {C}onsonants and {B}acking {C}oarticulation in {A}rabic}, school = {University of Texas, Austin}, year = {1977}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gianelli.Savoia1979, author = {Gianelli, Luciano and Savoia, Leonardo}, title = {{I}ndebolimento {C}onsonantico in {T}oscana}, journal = {Revista Italiana di Diallettologia}, year = {1979}, volume = {2}, pages = {23--58}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gibson1998, author = {Gibson, Edward}, title = {{L}inguistic complexity: locality of syntactic dependencies}, journal = {{C}ognition}, year = {1998}, volume = {68}, pages = {1--76}, abstract = {This paper proposes a new theory of the relationship between the sentence processing mechanism and the available computational resources. This theory--the Syntactic Prediction Locality Theory (SPLT)--has two components: an integration cost component and a component for the memory cost associated with keeping track of obligatory syntactic requirements. Memory cost is hypothesized to be quantified in terms of the number of syntactic categories that are necessary to complete the current input string as a grammatical sentence. Furthermore, in accordance with results from the working memory literature both memory cost and integration cost are hypothesized to be heavily influenced by locality (1) the longer a predicted category must be kept in memory before the prediction is satisfied, the greater is the cost for maintaining that prediction; and (2) the greater the distance between an incoming word and the most local head or dependent to which it attaches, the greater the integration cost. The SPLT is shown to explain a wide range of processing complexity phenomena not previously accounted for under a single theory, including (1) the lower complexity of subject-extracted relative clauses compared to object-extracted relative clauses, (2) numerous processing overload effects across languages, including the unacceptability of multiply center-embedded structures, (3) the lower complexity of cross-serial dependencies relative to center-embedded dependencies, (4) heaviness effects, such that sentences are easier to understand when larger phrases are placed later and (5) numerous ambiguity effects, such as those which have been argued to be evidence for the Active Filler Hypothesis.}, timestamp = {2009.06.07} } @INCOLLECTION{Gibson.Broihier1998, author = {Gibson, Edward and Broihier, Kevin}, title = {{O}ptimality {T}heory and human sentence processing}, booktitle = {{I}s the {B}est {G}ood {E}nough? {O}ptimality and {C}ompetition in {S}yntax}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1998}, editor = {Barbosa, Pilar and Fox, Danny and Hagstrom, Paul and McGinnis, Martha and Pesetsky, David}, pages = {157--191}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, keywords = {parsing}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gibson.etal1999, author = {Edward Gibson and Neal J. Pearlmutter and Vicenc Torrens}, title = {{R}ecency and lexical preferences in {Spanish}}, journal = {Memory and Cognition}, year = {1999}, volume = {27}, pages = {603--611}, abstract = {One experiment provided evidence in support of Gibson, Pearlmutter, Canseco-Gonzalez, and Hickok's (1996) claim that a recency preference applies to Spanish relative clause attachments, contrary to the claim made by Cuetos and Mitchell (1988). Spanish speakers read stimuli involving either two or three potential attachment sites in which the same lexical content of the two-site conditions appeared in a different structural configuration in the three-site conditions. High attachment was easier than low attachment when only two sites were present, but low attachment was preferred over high attachment, which was in turn preferred over middle attachment, when three sites were present. The experiment replicated earlier results and showed that (1) attachment preferences are determined in part by a preference to attach recently/low, and (2) lexical biases are insufficient to explain attachment preferences.}, timestamp = {2010.02.26} } @ARTICLE{Gibson.Wexler1994, author = {Gibson, Edward and Wexler, Kenneth}, title = {{T}riggers}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1994}, volume = {25}, pages = {407--454}, keywords = {learnability}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gick1999, author = {Gick, Bryan}, title = {{A} gesture-based account of intrusive consonants in {E}nglish}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1999}, volume = {16}, pages = {29--54}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Gick1997, author = {Gick, Bryan}, title = {{I}ntrusive consonants in {E}nglish}, year = {1997}, address = {New Haven, CT}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gick.Wilsontoappear, author = {Gick, Bryan and Wilson, I.}, title = {{P}apers in {L}aboratory {P}honology {VIII}}, publisher = {Cambridge {U}niversity {P}ress}, year = {to appear}, chapter = {Excrescent schwa and vowel laxing: cross-linguistic responses to conflicting articulatory targets}, address = {Cambridge}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.05.26} } @INCOLLECTION{Giegerich1981, author = {Giegerich, H.}, title = {{Z}ero syllables in metrical theory}, booktitle = {{P}honologica 1980}, publisher = {IBS}, year = {1981}, editor = {Dressler, W. U. and Pfeiffer, O. E. and Rennison, J. R.}, pages = {153--160}, address = {Innsbruck}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:21:05 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Giegerich1997, title = {Lexical strata in {E}nglish: morphological causes, phonological effects}, publisher = {Cambridge Univeristy Press}, year = {1997}, author = {Giegerich, H.}, owner = {matthewa}, quality = {1}, timestamp = {2013.05.08} } @BOOK{Giegerich1985, title = {{M}etrical {P}honology and {P}honological {S}tructure}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1985}, author = {Giegerich, H.}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gierut2001, author = {Gierut, Judith A.}, title = {{A} model of lexical diffusion in phonological acquisition}, journal = {Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics: Selected papers from ICPLA 1999}, year = {2001}, volume = {15}, pages = {19--22}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gierut.Morrisette1998, author = {Gierut, Judith A. and Morrisette, Michele}, title = {{L}exical properties in implementation of sound change}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 22rd {A}nnual {B}oston {U}niversity {C}onference on {L}anguage {D}evelopment}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {1998}, editor = {Greenhill, Annabel and Hughes, Elizabeth and Littlefield, Heather and Walsh, H.}, pages = {257--268 (vol. 1)}, address = {Somerville, Mass.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:14:39 -0500}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gierut.etal1999, author = {Gierut, Judith A. and Morrisette, Michele and Champion, A. H.}, title = {{L}exical constraints in phonological acquisition}, journal = {Journal of Child Language}, year = {1999}, volume = {26}, pages = {261--294}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Gil1990, author = {Gil, David}, title = {{S}peaking {B}ackwards in {T}agalog. 8th {ASANAL} {I}nternational {C}onference, {K}uala {L}umpur}, year = {1990}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gilbers.Linde1999, author = {Gilbers, D. G. and van der Linde, K. J.}, title = {{O}n the acquisition of segments in {O}ptimality {T}heory: {T}he acquisition of segments as a conflict between correspondence and markedness constraints}, booktitle = {{P}honological {D}evelopment: {D}ifferent {P}erspectives}, publisher = {Antwerp Papers in Linguistics 96}, year = {1999}, editor = {Beers, M. and Peters, S.}, pages = {33--68}, address = {Antwerp}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:21:25 -0500}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gildea1995, author = {Gildea, Spike}, title = {{A} comparative description of syllable reduction in the {C}ariban language family}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1995}, volume = {61}, pages = {62--102}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Gilley1992, title = {{A}n {A}utosegmental {A}pproach to {S}hilluk {P}honology.}, publisher = {Summer Institute of Linguistics.}, year = {1992}, author = {Gilley, Leoma}, address = {Arlington, Texas}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gilyanova1988, author = {L. V. Gilyanova}, title = {{P}erception and {I}dentification of {R}ussian {V}owels {P}roduced by {A}rab {S}peakers}, journal = {Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta, Istoriya-yazyk-literatura}, year = {1988}, volume = {43}, pages = {99-101}, number = {1(2)}, month = {Jan}, note = {CD: VELIAY}, abstract = {Russian-Arabic interference in vowel articulation & the effect of another foreign lang on such an interference were studied in an experiment in which Lebanon Arabic speakers (N = 10), beginning learners of Russian, who had a different degree of mastery of French as a second lang, pronounced Russian vowels in consonantal environments (CV & CVC). Phonetic & phonological analyses of the material were conducted to determine the quality of the produced sounds & the speakers' articulatory capacity to pronounce vowels in various environments. The material was also subjected to a listening test in which native Russian speakers (N = 14) listened & graphically recorded the sounds they recognized. Orthoepic & orthophonetic errors were attested, various deviations & distortions were identified, & the causes for these deviations are discussed. Z. Dubiel}, isbn = {0024-0842}, keywords = {Second Language Learning (se3); Articulatory Phonetics (ar5); Linguistic Interference (li1); Afro-Asiatic Languages (af2); Russian (ru2); French (fr2); Error Analysis (er1); Pronunciation Accuracy (pr9); Vowel (vo4); Russian as a second language; vowel pronunciation, linguistic interference, other second language effect; Lebanese, French as second language learners}, language = {Russian}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Givon1994, title = {{V}oice and {I}nversion}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1994}, author = {Givon, Talmy}, address = {Amsterdam}, date-modified = {2010-06-29 18:08:40 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Glasgow1981, author = {Glasgow, K.}, title = {{B}urarra phonemes}, booktitle = {{A}ustralian {P}honologies: {C}ollected {P}apers}, publisher = {SIL-AAB}, year = {1981}, editor = {Waters, B.}, pages = {91--101}, address = {Darwin}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Gleason1965, title = {{L}inguistics and {English} grammar}, publisher = {Hold, Rinehart and Winston}, year = {1965}, author = {Gleason, Henry Allan}, address = {New York}, comment = {book}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @BOOK{Gleason1961, title = {{A}n introduction to descriptive linguistics}, publisher = {Hold, Rinehart and Winston}, year = {1961}, author = {Gleason, Henry Allan}, address = {New York}, edition = {Revised edition}, comment = {book}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @BOOK{Gleason1955, title = {{W}orkbook in {D}escriptive {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Holt}, year = {1955}, author = {Gleason, Henry A.}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gnanadesikan2004, author = {Gnanadesikan, Amalia}, title = {{M}arkedness and faithfulness constraints in child phonology}, booktitle = {{C}onstraints in {P}honological {A}cquisition}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2004}, editor = {Kager, Ren{\'e} and Pater, Joe and Zonneveld, Wim}, address = {Cambridge}, note = {Available (1995) on Rutgers Optimality Archive.}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gnanadesikan1996, author = {Gnanadesikan, Amalia}, title = {{C}hild phonology in {O}ptimality {T}heory: {R}anking markedness and faithfulness constraints}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 20th {A}nnual {B}oston {U}niversity {C}onference on {L}anguage {D}evelopment}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {1996}, editor = {Stringfellow, A. and Cahana-Amitay, D. and Hughes, E. and Zukowski, A.}, pages = {237--248}, address = {Somerville, Mass.}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Gnanadesikan1997, author = {Gnanadesikan, Amalia}, title = {{P}honology with {T}ernary {S}cales}, school = {University of Massachusetts at Amherst}, year = {1997}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, note = {Department of Linguistics}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gnanadesikan1993, author = {Gnanadesikan, Amalia E.}, title = {{T}he feature geometry of coronal subplaces}, booktitle = {{U}niversity of {M}assachusetts {O}ccasional {P}apers in {L}inguistics 16}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1993}, pages = {27--67}, address = {Amherst}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goad1991, author = {Goad, Heather}, title = {[{ATR}] and [{RTR}] are different features}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 11}, year = {1991}, editor = {Bates, D.}, pages = {163--173}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:21:49 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goad1996, author = {Goad, Heather}, title = {{C}onsonant harmony in child language: {E}vidence against coronal underspecification}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {UBC} {I}nternational {C}onference on {P}honological {A}cquisition}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {1996}, editor = {Bernhardt, Barbara H. and Gilbert, John and Ingram, David}, pages = {187--200}, address = {Somerville, Mass.}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goad1997, author = {Goad, Heather}, title = {{C}onsonant harmony in child language: {A}n {O}ptimality-{T}heoretic account}, booktitle = {{F}ocus on {P}honological {A}cquisition}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1997}, editor = {Hannahs, S.-J. and Young-Scholten, Martha}, pages = {113--142}, address = {Amsterdam}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:22:07 -0500}, keywords = {acquisition L2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Goad1992, author = {Goad, Heather}, title = {{O}n the {C}onfiguration of {H}eight {F}eatures}, school = {University of Southern California}, year = {1992}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goad.Rose2004, author = {Goad, Heather and Rose, Yvan}, title = {{I}nput {E}laboration, {H}ead {F}aithfulness and {E}vidence for {R}epresentation in the {A}cquisition of {L}eft-edge {C}lusters in {W}est {G}ermanic}, booktitle = {{C}onstraints in {P}honological {A}cquisition}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2004}, editor = {Kager, Ren{\'e} and Pater, Joe and Zonneveld, Wim}, address = {Cambridge}, bdsk-file-1 = 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date-modified = {2009-03-12 11:27:52 -0400}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Godfrey.Holliman1997, author = {Godfrey, J. J. and Holliman, E. C.}, title = {{\textsc{Switchboard} [Release 2]}}, howpublished = {Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia}, year = {1997}, timestamp = {2009.06.03} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Godfrey.etal1992, author = {Godfrey, J. J. and Holliman, E. C. and McDaniel, J.}, title = {\textsc{Switchboard}: telephone speech corpus for research and development}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 1992 {IEEE} {I}nternational {C}onference on {A}coustics, {S}peech, and {S}ignal {P}rocessing}, year = {1992}, pages = {517--520}, abstract = {SWITCHBOARD is a large multispeaker corpus of conversational speech and text which should be of interest to researchers in speaker authentication and large vocabulary speech recognition. About 2500 conversations by 500 speakers from around the US were collected automatically over T1 lines at Texas Instruments. Designed for training and testing of a variety of speech processing algorithms, especially in speaker verification, it has over an 1 h of speech from each of 50 speakers, and several minutes each from hundreds of others. A time-aligned word for word transcription accompanies each recording.}, journal = {{A}coustics, {S}peech, and {S}ignal {P}rocessing. 1992 {IEEE} {I}nternational {C}onference on {A}coustics, {S}peech, and {S}ignal {P}rocessing.}, timestamp = {2009.05.07} } @MISC{Goedemans1994, author = {Goedemans, Robert}, title = {{A}n {O}ptimality account of onset sensitivity in {QI} languages}, year = {1994}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Goffman1977, author = {Goffman, Erving}, title = {{T}he arrangment between the sexes}, journal = {{T}heory and {S}ociety}, year = {1977}, volume = {4}, pages = {301--331}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Gold1967, author = {Gold, E. Mark}, title = {{L}anguage identification in the limit}, journal = {Information and Control}, year = {1967}, volume = {10}, pages = {447--474}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldrick2000, author = {Goldrick, Matthew}, title = {{T}urbid output representations and the unity of opacity}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistics {S}ociety 30}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {2000}, editor = {Hirotani, Masako}, pages = {231--246}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Goldrick.Daland2009, author = {Goldrick, Matthew and Daland, Robert}, title = {{L}inking speech errors and phonological grammars: insights from {H}armonic {G}rammar networks}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2009}, volume = {26}, pages = {145-185}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-10-29 12:49:54 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-10-29 12:51:14 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Goldrick.Smolensky1999, author = {Goldrick, Matt and Smolensky, Paul}, title = {{O}pacity, turbid representations, and output-based explanation}, year = {1999}, address = {Edmonton, Alberta}, note = {Workshop on the Lexicon in Phonetics and Phonology}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1984a, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{M}eeussen's rule}, booktitle = {{L}anguage {S}ound {S}tructure}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1984}, editor = {Aronoff, Mark and Oehrle, Richard T.}, pages = {245--259}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1987b, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{T}one and accent, and getting the two together}, booktitle = {{P}apers from {BLS} 13}, publisher = {Berkeley Linguistic Society}, year = {1987}, editor = {Aske, J. and Beery, N. and Michaelis, L. and Filip, H.}, pages = {88--104}, address = {Berkeley}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:22:33 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1987a, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{V}owel systems}, booktitle = {{CLS} 23: {P}arasession on {A}utosegmental and {M}etrical {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1987}, editor = {Bosch, A. and Need, B. and Schiller, E.}, pages = {116--133}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1992a, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{T}one and accent in {L}logoori}, booktitle = {{T}he {J}oy of {S}yntax}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1992}, editor = {Brentari, D. and Larson, G. and MacLeod, L.}, pages = {73--94}, address = {Philadelphia}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:22:57 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1984, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{T}one and accent in {T}onga}, booktitle = {{A}utosegmental {S}tudies in {B}antu {T}one}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1984}, editor = {Clements, G. N. and Goldsmith, John}, pages = {19--51}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1994, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{A} dynamic computational theory of accent systems}, booktitle = {{P}erspectives in {P}honology}, publisher = {CSLI}, year = {1994}, editor = {Cole, Jennifer and Kisseberth, Charles}, pages = {1--28}, address = {Stanford}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:23:21 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1981, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{S}ubsegmentals in {S}panish phonology: {A}n autosegmental approach}, booktitle = {{L}inguistic {S}ymposium on {R}omance {L}anguages no. 9}, publisher = {Georgetown University Press}, year = {1981}, editor = {Cressey, W. W. and Napoli, Donna Jo}, pages = {1--16}, address = {Washington, DC}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:23:38 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1992, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{L}ocal modeling in phonology}, booktitle = {{C}onnectionism: {T}heory and {P}ractice}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1992}, editor = {Davis, S.}, pages = {229--246}, address = {Oxford}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:23:52 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1979, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{T}he aims of autosegmental phonology}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {A}pproaches to {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Indiana University Press}, year = {1979}, editor = {Dinnsen, Daniel}, pages = {202--22}, address = {Bloomington}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:24:06 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1987, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{T}he rise of rhythmic structure in {B}antu}, booktitle = {{P}honological 1984}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1987}, editor = {Dressler, W. et al.}, pages = {65--78}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1996, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{T}one in {M}ituku: {H}ow a floating tone nailed down an intermediate level}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {T}rends in {P}honology: {M}odels and {M}ethods}, publisher = {European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford}, year = {1996}, editor = {Durand, Jacques and Laks, Bernard}, pages = {267--280}, address = {Manchester, England}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:24:23 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1993a, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{H}armonic phonology}, booktitle = {{T}he {L}ast {P}honological {R}ule}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1993}, editor = {Goldsmith, John}, pages = {21--60}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1993b, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{I}ntroduction}, booktitle = {{T}he {L}ast {P}honological {R}ule: {R}eflections on {C}onstraints and {D}erivations}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1993}, editor = {Goldsmith, John}, pages = {1--20}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1982, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{A}ccent systems}, booktitle = {{T}he {S}tructure of {P}honological {R}epresentations}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1982}, editor = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, volume = {1}, pages = {47--63}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1991, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{P}honology as an intelligent system}, booktitle = {{B}ridges between {P}sychology and {L}inguistics: {A} {S}warthmore {F}estschrift for {L}ila {G}leitman}, publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, year = {1991}, editor = {Napoli, Donna Jo and Kegl, Judy}, pages = {247--267}, address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:24:39 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1989, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{A}utosegmental licensing, inalterability, and harmonic application}, booktitle = {{P}apers from {CLS} 25}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1989}, editor = {Wiltshire, C. and Graczyk, R. and Music, B.}, pages = {145--156}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:25:02 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @UNPUBLISHED{Goldsmith2007, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{P}robability for linguists}, note = {Unpublished manuscript}, year = {2007}, publisher = {University of Chicago}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Goldsmith2002, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{P}robabalistic models of grammar: phonology as information minimization}, journal = {{P}honological {S}tudies}, year = {2002}, volume = {5}, pages = {21--46}, timestamp = {2009.05.19} } @BOOK{Goldsmith1995a, title = {{T}he handbook of phonological theory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, author = {Goldsmith, John}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Goldsmith1993, title = {{T}he {L}ast {P}honological {R}ule: {R}eflections on {C}onstraints and {D}erivations}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1993}, author = {Goldsmith, John}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Goldsmith1990, title = {{A}utosegmental and {M}etrical {P}honology}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1990}, author = {Goldsmith, John}, address = {Oxford and Cambridge, Mass.}, keywords = {ocp}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Goldsmith1986, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{T}one in {K}i{H}unde}, journal = {Wiener Linguistische Gazette}, year = {1986}, volume = {5}, pages = {49--72}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Goldsmith1985, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{V}owel harmony in {K}halkha {M}ongolian, {Y}aka, {F}innish and {H}ungarian}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1985}, volume = {2}, pages = {253--275}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Goldsmith1976, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{A}utosegmental {P}honology}, school = {MIT}, year = {1976}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, note = {Published by Garland Press, New York , 1979}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Goldsmith1976a, author = {Goldsmith, John}, title = {{A}n overview of autosegmental phonology}, journal = {Linguistic Analysis}, year = {1976}, volume = {2}, pages = {23--68}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith1995, author = {Goldsmith, John A.}, title = {{P}honological {T}heory}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John A.}, pages = {1--23}, address = {Cambridge, Mass., and Oxford, UK}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith.Larson1992, author = {Goldsmith, John and Larson, Gary}, title = {{U}sing networks in a harmonic phonology}, booktitle = {{P}apers from {CLS} 28}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1992}, editor = {Denton, Jeannette Marshall and Chan, Grace P. and Canakis, Costas P.}, pages = {94--125}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith.Larson1990, author = {Goldsmith, John and Larson, Gary}, title = {{L}ocal modeling and syllabification}, booktitle = {{P}apers from the 26th {R}egional {M}eeting of the {C}hicago {L}inguistic {S}ociety, {V}olume 2: {T}he {P}arasession on the {S}yllable in {P}honetics and {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1990}, editor = {Ziolkowski, Michael and Noske, Manuela and Deaton, Karen}, pages = {129--142}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:25:27 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldsmith.etal1989, author = {Goldsmith, John and Peterson, Karen and Drogo, Joseph}, title = {{T}one and accent in the {X}hosa verbal system}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {A}pproaches to {A}frican {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1989}, editor = {Newman, Paul and Botne, Robert}, volume = {5}, pages = {157--178}, address = {Dordrecht}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:25:46 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldstein1983, author = {Goldstein, Louis}, title = {{V}owel shifts and articulatory-acoustic relations}, booktitle = {{A}bstracts of the {T}enth {I}nternational {C}ongress of {P}honetic {S}ciences}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1983}, editor = {Cohen, M. and van der Broecke, M. P. R.}, pages = {267--273}, address = {Dordrecht}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:26:07 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goldwater.Johnson2003, author = {Goldwater, Sharon and Mark Johnson}, title = {{L}earning {OT} {C}onstraint {R}ankings {U}sing a {M}aximum {E}ntropy {M}odel}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {S}tockholm {W}orkshop on {V}ariation within {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {Stockholm University}, year = {2003}, editor = {Jennifer Spenader and Anders Eriksson and {\"O}sten Dahl}, pages = {111-120}, address = {Stockholm}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Golinkoff.etal2001, author = {Roberta Golinkoff and Kathy Hirsh-Pasek and Melissa A. Schweisguth}, title = {{T}he reappraisal of young children's knowledge of grammatical morphemes}, booktitle = {{A}pproaches to {B}ootstrapping: {P}honological, {L}exical, {S}yntactic and {N}europhysiological {A}spects of {E}arly {L}anguage {A}cquisition}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {2001}, editor = {J{\"{u}}rgen Weissenborn and Barbara Hoehle}, volume = {1}, pages = {167--188}, address = {Amsterdam and Philadelphia}, timestamp = {2010.02.26} } @INCOLLECTION{Golston1991, author = {Golston, Chris}, title = {{M}inimal word, minimal affix}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {NELS} 21}, publisher = {{GLSA} {P}ublications}, year = {1991}, editor = {Sherer, T.}, pages = {95--110}, address = {Amherst}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Golston1996, author = {Golston, Chris}, title = {{D}irect {OT}: {R}epresentation as pure markedness}, journal = {Language}, year = {1996}, volume = {72}, pages = {713--748}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Golston1995, author = {Golston, Chris}, title = {{S}yntax outranks phonology: evidence from {A}ncient {G}reek}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1995}, volume = {12}, pages = {343--368}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Golston1990, author = {Golston, Chris}, title = {{F}loating {H} (and {L}*) {T}ones in {A}ncient {G}reek}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {A}rizona {P}honology {C}onference}, year = {1990}, volume = {3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Gonzalez-Diaz2008, title = {{E}nglish adjective comparison: a historical perspective}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {2008}, author = {Gonz\'alez-Diaz, Victorina}, address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2011.10.25} } @INCOLLECTION{Goodman1988, author = {Goodman, Beverly}, title = {{T}akelma verbal morphology}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 18}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1988}, editor = {Blevins, Juliette and Carter, J.}, pages = {156--174}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:26:26 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goodman1991, author = {Goodman, Beverly}, title = {{P}onapean labiovelarized labials: {E}vidence for internal segment structure}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 21}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1991}, editor = {Sherer, T.}, pages = {111--126}, address = {Amherst}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:26:41 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Goodman1993, author = {Goodman, Beverly}, title = {{T}he {I}ntegration of {H}ierarchical {F}eatures into a {P}honological {S}ystem}, school = {Cornell University}, year = {1993}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Goodman1990, author = {Goodman, Beverley D.}, title = {{I}mplications of {P}omo epenthesis for a theory of syllabification}, booktitle = {{P}apers from the 26th regional meeting of the {C}hicago {L}inguistic {S}ociety}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1990}, editor = {Ziolkowski, Michael and Noske, Manuela and Deaton, Karen}, volume = {2}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:25:27 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Goodman1995, author = {Goodman, Beverley D.}, title = {{F}eatures in {P}onapean {P}honology}, school = {Cornell University}, year = {1995}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @CONFERENCE{Goodman.etal1998, author = {Goodman, Beverley D. and Gouskova, Maria and Sabadini, Laura}, title = {{E}nglish vowel duration and the tense/lax distinction}, booktitle = {72nd {A}nnual {M}eeting of the {LSA}}, year = {1998}, address = {New York, NY}, month = {January 9-12}, date-added = {2010-05-25 16:41:26 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 16:46:26 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Gordon2001a, author = {Gordon, Matthew}, title = {{S}yncope-induced metrical opacity as a weight effect}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 20th {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {2001}, editor = {Megerdoomian, Karine and Bar-el, Leora Anne}, address = {Somerville, Mass.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:26:59 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gordon2005, author = {Gordon, Matthew}, title = {{A} {P}erceptually-{D}riven {A}ccount of {O}nset-{S}ensitive {S}tress}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {2005}, volume = {23}, pages = {595--653}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gordon2003, author = {Gordon, Matthew}, title = {{T}he phonology of pitch accents in {C}hickasaw}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2003}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gordon2002, author = {Gordon, Matthew}, title = {{A} factorial typology of quantity-insensitive stress}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {2002}, volume = {20}, pages = {491--552}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gordon2001, author = {Matthew Gordon}, title = {{S}yncope {I}nduced {M}etrical {O}pacity as a {W}eight {E}ffect}, journal = {Proceedings of the West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics}, year = {2001}, volume = {20}, pages = {206-219}, abstract = {Apparent cases of metrical opacity arising from syncope-induced stress shift in Central Alaskan Yupik & Bedouin Hijazi Arabic are predicted in the framework of optimality theory by weight-sensitive constraints that directly reference stress, not metrical feet. Deletion of the Central Alaskan Yupik schwa in a medial light syllable that would otherwise be stressed & lengthened is guaranteed by a constraint against lengthened schwa that outranks one against short stressed vowels & a lower-ranked schwa faithfulness constraint; stress on the resulting CVC syllable in clash situations where an underlying CVC syllable would be unstressed is linked to observed extra phonetic weight of the coda consonant produced by schwa deletion. A weight constraint requiring syllables with a complex onset to be stressed is posited for Bedouin Hijazi Arabic to account for unexpected stress on a light penult instead of the surface antepenult in words of the type /(glottal stop)inksarat/ 'it (feminine) got broken' when syncope of the underlying light antepenult of /(glottal stop)inkasarat/ produces a three-consonant cluster. 32 References. J. Hitchcock}, isbn = {1042-1068}, keywords = {Opacity (61150); Accentuation (00080); Optimality Theory (61180); Eskimo Aleut Languages (22500); Arabic (03750); Regional Dialects (72100); Stress (84550); Syllables (86500); Foot (24980)}, language = {English}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @PHDTHESIS{Gordon1999, author = {Gordon, Matthew}, title = {{S}yllable {W}eight: {P}honetics, {P}honology, and {T}ypology}, school = {UCLA}, year = {1999}, address = {Los Angeles, CA}, keywords = {functionalism}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gordon1985, author = {Gordon, P.}, title = {{L}evel ordering in lexical development}, journal = {Cognition}, year = {1985}, volume = {21}, pages = {73--93}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Gorecka1989, author = {Gorecka, Alicja}, title = {{P}honology of {A}rticulation}, school = {MIT}, year = {1989}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gouffe1968/1969, author = {Gouffe, Claude}, title = {{D}eux notes grammaticales sur le parler haoussa de {D}ogondoutchi ({R}epublique du {N}iger)}, journal = {Afrika und Uebersee}, year = {1968/1969}, volume = {52}, pages = {1--14}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gouskova2001e, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{F}alling sonority onsets, loanwords, and {S}yllable {C}ontact}, booktitle = {{CLS} 37: {T}he main session}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {2001}, editor = {Andronis, Mary and Ball, Christopher and Elston, Heidi and Neuvel, Sylvain}, pages = {175--186}, address = {Chicago, IL}, date-modified = {2009-04-20 17:33:14 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gouskovatoappear, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{O}ptimality {T}heory in {P}honology}, booktitle = {{O}xford {H}andbook of {L}inguistic {A}nalysis}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {to appear}, editor = {Heine, Bernd and Narrog, Heiko}, pages = {589--615}, address = {Oxford}, date-modified = {2009-04-20 17:31:49 -0400}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.07.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Gouskova2001d, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{S}plit {S}crambling: {B}arriers as {V}iolable {C}onstraints}, booktitle = {{R}uling {P}apers {II}}, publisher = {Rutgers University}, year = {2001}, editor = {Horwood, Graham and Kim, Se-Kyung}, pages = {49--82}, address = {New Brunswick}, date-modified = {2009-04-20 17:32:57 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gouskova2001c, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{S}plit scrambling: {B}arriers as violable constraints}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 20th {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Cascadilla}, year = {2001}, editor = {Megerdoomian, Karine and Bar-el, Leora Anne}, pages = {220--233}, address = {Somerville, MA}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:26:59 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gouskova2002d, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{R}elational {M}arkedness in {OT}}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 21st {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Cascadilla}, year = {2002}, editor = {Mikkelsen, L. and Potts, C.}, volume = {`}, pages = {113--126}, address = {Somerville, Mass.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:27:38 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gouskova2004d, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{M}inimal {R}eduplication as a {P}aradigm {U}niformity {E}ffect}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {WCCFL} 23}, publisher = {Cascadilla}, year = {2004}, editor = {Schmeiser, B. and Chand, V. and Kelleher, A. and Rodriguez, A.}, pages = {265--278}, address = {Somerville, MA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gouskovainpress, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{T}he phonology of boundaries and secondary stress in {R}ussian compounds}, journal = {The Linguistic Review}, year = {in press}, date-added = {2009-04-23 19:37:53 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-07-09 16:36:52 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MISC{Gouskova2010, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{U}nexceptional segments}, howpublished = {{Ms. NYU.}}, year = {2010}, annote = {{NYU}}, date-added = {2009-04-26 15:54:57 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 11:00:22 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Gouskova2007, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{T}he {R}eduplicative template in {T}onkawa}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2007}, volume = {24}, pages = {367--396}, number = {3}, date-modified = {2009-04-20 17:33:26 -0400}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.01.22} } @ARTICLE{Gouskova2007a, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{D}ep: {B}eyond {E}penthesis}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {2007}, volume = {38:4}, pages = {759--770}, address = {Washington, D.C.}, date-modified = {2009-04-20 17:32:29 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Gouskova2005, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{V}owel epenthesis and markedness}, booktitle = {79th {A}nnual {M}eeting of the {LSA}}, year = {2005}, address = {San Francisco, California}, month = {January 9}, date-added = {2010-05-25 16:30:22 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 17:14:00 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @CONFERENCE{Gouskova2004, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{M}inimizing {RED} without economy}, booktitle = {78th {A}nnual {M}eeting of the {LSA}}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston, Massachusetts}, month = {January 10}, date-added = {2010-05-25 16:33:26 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 16:34:41 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @CONFERENCE{Gouskova2004a, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{M}inimal {R}eduplication as a {P}aradigm {U}niformity {E}ffect}, booktitle = {{WCCFL} 23}, year = {2004}, address = {UC Davis, California}, month = {April 2004}, date-added = {2010-05-25 16:31:49 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 16:33:08 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Gouskova2004b, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{R}elational hierarchies in {O}ptimality {T}heory: {T}he case of syllable contact}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2004}, volume = {21}, pages = {201--250}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Gouskova2004c, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{M}inimizing {RED} without economy: an {OO}-{F}aith approach}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston}, note = {LSA 78}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @CONFERENCE{Gouskova2003, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{E}conomy of representation in {OT}}, booktitle = {{WCCFL} 22}, year = {2003}, address = {San Diego, CA}, month = {March 21-23}, date-added = {2010-05-25 16:34:44 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 16:35:35 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @PHDTHESIS{Gouskova2003a, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{D}eriving {E}conomy: {S}yncope in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, school = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, year = {2003}, note = {ROA 610}, date-modified = {2009-04-15 22:58:45 -0400}, keywords = {Tonkawa, Hopi, Lushootseed, Lillooet, Arabic}, pages = {317}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @CONFERENCE{Gouskova2003b, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{S}yncope: {P}rosody or *{S}truc?}, booktitle = {77th {A}nnual {M}eeting of the {LSA}}, year = {2003}, address = {Atlanta, GA}, month = {January 3}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 16:37:55 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @CONFERENCE{Gouskova2002, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{S}yncope as a quantitative process}, booktitle = {{HUMDRUM} 2002}, year = {2002}, address = {UMass Amherst}, month = {April 20}, date-added = {2010-05-25 16:46:30 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 16:47:08 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @CONFERENCE{Gouskova2002a, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{S}yllable {C}ontact as a relational hierarchy}, booktitle = {{CLS} 38}, year = {2002}, address = {Chicago, IL}, month = {April 25-27}, date-added = {2010-05-25 16:38:12 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 16:39:14 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Gouskova2002b, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{A} prosodic theory of syncope}, year = {2002}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, note = {The MIT Phonology Circle}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gouskova2002c, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{E}xceptions to sonority distance generalizations}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {CLS} 38}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {2002}, pages = {253--268}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2009-04-20 17:33:37 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @CONFERENCE{Gouskova2001, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{A} hierarchy for heterosyllabic clusters}, booktitle = {{HUMDRUM}}, year = {2001}, address = {Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD}, month = {May 5-6}, date-added = {2010-05-25 16:47:12 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 16:48:04 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @CONFERENCE{Gouskova2001a, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{S}plit scrambling: {B}arriers as violable constraints}, booktitle = {{WCCFL} 20}, year = {2001}, address = {University of Southern California, Los Angeles}, month = {February 23-25}, date-added = {2010-05-25 16:40:28 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 16:41:19 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @CONFERENCE{Gouskova2001b, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{F}alling sonority onsets, loanwords, and {S}yllable {C}ontact}, booktitle = {{CLS} 37}, year = {2001}, address = {Chicago, IL}, month = {April 19-21}, date-added = {2010-05-25 16:39:26 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 16:40:24 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @CONFERENCE{Gouskova2000, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{T}he interaction of topic, focus and constituency in {R}ussian}, booktitle = {{HUMDRUM}}, year = {2000}, address = {Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ}, month = {April 8-9}, date-added = {2010-05-25 16:48:10 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 16:48:50 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MISC{Gouskova1999, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{T}he {P}honetics and {P}honology of {R}ussian {F}ocus and {T}opic}, howpublished = {{Ms.}}, year = {1999}, address = {University of Massachusetts}, date-modified = {2009-04-20 17:29:51 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @CONFERENCE{Gouskova1998, author = {Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{P}roperties of infinitival complement noun phrases}, booktitle = {{XVIII} {U}ndergraduate {S}ymposium of the {C}ollege of {A}rts and {S}ciences}, year = {1998}, address = {Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI}, date-added = {2010-05-25 16:48:54 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 16:49:57 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Gouskova.Halltoappear, author = {Gouskova, Maria and Hall, Nancy}, title = {{A}coustics of {E}penthetic {V}owels in {L}ebanese {A}rabic}, booktitle = {{P}honological {A}rgumentation: {E}ssays on {E}vidence and {M}otivation}, publisher = {Equinox}, year = {to appear}, editor = {Parker, Steve}, pages = {203--225}, address = {London}, date-modified = {2009-04-20 17:33:05 -0400}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.04.02} } @CONFERENCE{Gouskova.Hall2007, author = {Gouskova, Maria and Hall, Nancy}, title = {{L}evantine epenthesis: phonology, phonetics, and learning}, booktitle = {{S}tanford workshop on variation, gradience and frequency in phonology}, year = {2007}, address = {Stanford University, Stanford, CA}, month = {July 6-8}, date-added = {2010-05-25 16:25:44 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 16:26:56 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Gouskova.Roon2008a, author = {Gouskova, Maria and Roon, Kevin}, title = {{I}nterface constraints and frequency in {R}ussian compound stress}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {FASL} 17}, publisher = {Michigan Slavic Publications}, year = {2008}, editor = {Reich, Jodi and Babyonyshev, Maria and Kavitskaya, Darya}, pages = {49-63}, address = {Ann Arbor, MI}, date-modified = {2009-11-30 14:45:22 -0500}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.07.17} } @MISC{Gouskova.Roon2010, author = {Gouskova, Maria and Roon, Kevin}, title = {{S}econdary stress in {R}ussian: a grammaticality judgment study}, howpublished = {{Ms. NYU.}}, year = {2010}, date-added = {2010-06-29 20:34:42 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 14:04:44 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Gouskova.Roon2008, author = {Gouskova, Maria and Roon, Kevin}, title = {{I}nterface {C}onstraints and {F}requency in {R}ussian {C}ompound {S}tress}, booktitle = {{F}ormal {A}pproaches to {S}lavic {L}inguistics 17}, year = {2008}, address = {New Haven, Connecticut}, month = {May 9}, date-added = {2010-05-25 16:22:37 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 17:14:10 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @CONFERENCE{Gouskova.Zsiga2006, author = {Gouskova, Maria and Zsiga, Elizabeth}, title = {{*N\textsubringC} and the phonetics of "voiced" stops in {T}swana}, booktitle = {80th meeting of the {Linguistic Society of America}}, year = {2006}, address = {Albuquerque, NM}, month = {January 4-6}, date-added = {2010-05-25 16:27:21 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 16:28:43 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Goyvaerts.Pullum1975, title = {{E}ssays on the {S}ound {P}attern of {E}nglish}, publisher = {E. Story-Scientia}, year = {1975}, author = {Goyvaerts, Didier L. and Pullum, Geoffrey K.}, address = {Ghent}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Graaf.Tiersma1980, author = {de Graaf, Tjeerd and Tiersma, Peter}, title = {{S}ome phonetic aspects of breaking in {W}est {F}risian}, journal = {Phonetica}, year = {1980}, volume = {37}, pages = {109--120}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Grammont1902, author = {Grammont, M.}, title = {{O}bservations sur le langage des enfants}, booktitle = {{M}elanges {L}inguistiques {O}fferts a {M}. {A}ntoine {M}eillet}, publisher = {Klincksieck}, year = {1902}, pages = {61--82}, address = {Paris}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Graziano-King1999, author = {Graziano-King, Janine}, title = {{A}cquisition of comparative forms in {E}nglish}, school = {Department of Linguistics, City University of New York}, year = {1999}, timestamp = {2011.10.25} } @ARTICLE{Graziano-King.Cairns2005, author = {Graziano-King, Janine and Cairns, Helen Smith}, title = {{A}cquisition of {English} comparative adjectives}, journal = {{C}hild {L}anguage}, year = {2005}, volume = {32}, pages = {345--373}, abstract = {Two experiments investigated the acquisition of English comparative adjective forms, "Adj+er" and "more Adj." In Experiment 1, 72 children, four- and seven-years-old, indicated their preferences for the synthetic or periphrastic comparative form for 16 adjectives in a forced-choice judgement task; their responses were compared to those of a group of adults (Graziano-King, 2003). In Experiment 2, a group of 29 children, ranging in age from 5;1 to 10;9, and a group of 11 adults performed a forced-choice judgement task, similar to that of Experiment 1, and an elicited production task, responding to the same 32 adjectives for both tasks. The two studies together support an acquisition trajectory of three stages. In the first stage, children show no preference for either form of the comparative; in the second, they adopt a suffixation rule; and in the third, they abandon the general rule and become conservative learners, eventually reaching the adult target.}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @BOOK{Green2007, title = {{P}honology limited}, publisher = {Universit\"atsverlag Potsdam}, year = {2007}, author = {Green, Antony Dubach}, address = {Postdam, Germany}, note = {Available online at the Rutgers Optimality Archive [http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/745-0605/745-GREEN-0-0.PDF]}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.09.30} } @ARTICLE{Green2005, author = {Green, Anthony Dubach}, title = {{T}he independence of phonology and morphology: the {C}eltic mutations}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {2005}, pages = {1946-1985}, date-added = {2009-06-25 12:23:44 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-06-25 12:24:58 -0400}, keywords = {mutation}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Green2004, author = {Green, Anthony Dubach}, title = {{O}pacity in {T}iberian {H}ebrew: {M}orphology, not phonology}, booktitle = {{ZAS} {P}apers in {L}inguistics 37}, year = {2004}, pages = {37--70}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Green2002, author = {Green, Anthony Dubach}, title = {{W}ord, {F}oot, and {S}yllable {S}tructure in {B}urmese}, year = {2002}, address = {University of Potsdam}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Green1997, author = {Green, Anthony Dubach}, title = {{T}he prosodic structure of {Irish}, {Scots Gaelic}, and {Manx}}, school = {Department of Linguistics, Cornell University}, year = {1997}, abstract = {This dissertation is an examination of the prosodic structure of the closely related Goidelic languages: Irish, Scots Gaelic, and Manx. Several important claims about the prosodic hierarchy are made, using facts of stress placement, weight-to-stress effects, and syllabification. Evidence from non-Goidelic languages is brought to bear as well. The approach is both synchronic and diachronic; the theoretical underpinnings are those of prosodic phonology and Optimality Theory. A theory of how phonological change is to be captured in an Optimality Theoretic framework is presented: it is argued that a phonological change happens when a constraint against a marked phonological pattern is promoted above other constraints. Further, it is shown that paradigm leveling can be accounted for within OT by means of faithfulness constraints governing related output forms. The continuing role of the Weight-to-Stress Principle (WSP) in the history of the Goidelic languages is examined. It is shown that the WSP has had a recurring effect on the prosodic development of Old Irish from Proto-Insular Celtic and on the evolution of Old Irish into Middle and Early Modern Irish, and thence to the modern Goidelic languages. It is further argued that a prosodic constituent called the colon must be included in the prosodic hierarchy between the prosodic word and the foot, with evidence from both Goidelic and non-Goidelic languages that certain facts of stress and prosodic size cannot be explained adequately without reference to the colon. In particular, it is shown that the so-called `forward stress' pattern of Munster Irish, East Mayo Irish, and Manx are most insightfully explained with the colon. Finally, syllabification of consonants and consonant clusters is reviewed, with an argument that a requirement that stressed short vowels be in close contact with a consonant results in ambisyllabicity in Irish. The syllabification of rising-sonority consonant clusters is examined, and it is shown that shallower rises in sonority are permitted only at higher levels on the prosodic hierarchy; also examined is epenthesis in Irish and Scots Gaelic into clusters of falling sonority.}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.10.19} } @PHDTHESIS{Green1997a, author = {Green, Antony Dubach}, title = {{T}he {P}rosodic {S}tructure of {I}rish, {S}cots {G}aelic, and {M}anx}, school = {Cornell University}, year = {1997}, address = {Ithaca, NY}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Green1996, author = {Green, Anthony Dubach}, title = {{S}tress placement in {M}unster {I}rish}, booktitle = {{CLS} 32}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1996}, pages = {xxx}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:27:55 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Green1996a, author = {Green, Antony Dubach}, title = {{S}ome effects of the {W}eight-to-{S}tress {P}rinciple and {G}rouping {H}armony in the {G}oidelic languages}, journal = {Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Laboratory}, year = {1996}, volume = {11}, pages = {117--155}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Green1989, author = {Green, Ian}, title = {{M}arrithiyel: {A} {L}anguage of the {D}aly {R}iver region of {A}ustralia's {N}orthern {T}erritory}, school = {Australian National University}, year = {1989}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Green1993, author = {Green, Tom}, title = {{T}he conspiracy of completeness}, year = {1993}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Green1991, author = {Green, Tom}, title = {{C}ore syllabification and the grid: explaining quantity sensitivity}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 22}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1991}, address = {Amherst}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Green.Kenstowicz1995, author = {Green, Thomas and Kenstowicz, Michael}, title = {{T}he {L}apse {C}onstraint}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {S}ixth {A}nnual {M}eeting of the {F}ormal {L}inguistic {S}ociety of {M}id-{A}merica}, publisher = {Indiana University Linguistics Club}, year = {1995}, editor = {Gabriele, Leslie}, volume = {I}, pages = {1--14}, address = {Bloomington IN}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:28:13 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Greenberg1978, author = {Greenberg, Joseph}, title = {{S}ome generalizations concerning initial and final consonant clusters}, booktitle = {{U}niversals of {H}uman {L}anguage}, publisher = {Stanford University Press}, year = {1978}, editor = {Greenberg, Joseph}, volume = {2: Phonology}, pages = {243--280}, address = {Stanford}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:28:29 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Greenberg1966, title = {{L}anguage universals, with special reference to feature hierarchies}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1966}, author = {Greenberg, Joseph}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Greenberg1963, author = {Greenberg, Joseph}, title = {{V}owel harmony in {A}frican languages}, booktitle = {{A}ctes du second colloque international de linguistique negro-africaine}, year = {1963}, pages = {33--37}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Greenberg1960, author = {Greenberg, J.}, title = {{T}he patterning of root morphemes in {S}emitic}, journal = {Word}, year = {1960}, volume = {6}, pages = {162--181}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Greenberg1950, author = {Greenberg, Joseph}, title = {{T}he patterning of root morphemes in {S}emitic}, journal = {Word}, year = {1950}, volume = {6}, pages = {162--181}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Greenberg1941, author = {Greenberg, Joseph}, title = {{S}ome problems in {H}ausa phonology}, journal = {Language}, year = {1941}, volume = {17}, pages = {316--323}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Greenberg.etal1996, author = {Steven Greenberg and Dan Ellis and Joy Hollenback}, title = {{I}nsights into spoken language gleaned from phonetic transcription of the {S}witchboard corpus}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {F}ourth {I}nternational {C}onference on {S}poken {L}anguage ({ICSLP})}, year = {1996}, pages = {S24--27}, address = {Philadelphia, PA}, abstract = {Models of speech recognition (by both human and machine) have traditionally assumed the phoneme to serve as the fundamental unit of phonetic and phonological analysis. However, phoneme-centric models have failed to provide a convincing theoretical account of the process by which the brain extracts meaning from the speech signal and have fared poorly in automatic recognition of natural, informal speech (e.g., the Switchboard corpus). Over the past five months the Switchboard Transcription Project has phonetically transcribed a portion of the Switchboard corpus in an effort to better understand the failure of phoneme-centric models for machine recognition of speech, as well as to provide a database through which to improve the performance of recognition systems focused on conversational dialogs. Transcription of spoken dialogs illustrates the pitfalls of a phoneme-based system. Many words are articulated in such a fashion as to either omit or significantly transform the phonetic properties of phonemic constituents, thus resulting in wide variation of word pronunciations. Often, only the barest hint of a segment is realized phonetically, in spite of good intelligibility. Despite this large variability in phonetic realization of words, the temporal properties of speech segments, both phones and syllables, appear to conform to regular patterns. This temporal regularity suggests that much of the linguistic information in speech may be signaled through variations in amplitude, pitch and the coarse spectrum, and that such patterns may be useful in the design of future-generation speech recognition systems.}, timestamp = {2009.02.18} } @ARTICLE{Greenlee.Ohala1980, author = {Greenlee, M. and Ohala, John}, title = {{P}honetically motivated parallels between child phonology and historical sound change}, journal = {Language Sciences}, year = {1980}, volume = {2}, pages = {283--308}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Greenstein1984, author = {Greenstein, Edward}, title = {{T}he phonology of {A}kkadian syllable structure}, journal = {Monographic journals of the Near East. Afroasiatic Linguistics}, year = {1984}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gregersen1974, author = {Gregersen, Edgar A.}, title = {{C}onsonant polarity in {N}ilotic}, booktitle = {{T}hird {A}nnual {C}onference on {A}frican {L}inguistics (1972)}, publisher = {Indiana University}, year = {1974}, editor = {Voeltz, Erhard}, pages = {105--109}, address = {Bloomington, IN}, note = {Indiana University Publications, African Series, 7.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:28:46 -0500}, keywords = {exchange}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gregerson1976, author = {Gregerson, J.}, title = {{T}ongue-root and register in {M}on-{K}hmer}, booktitle = {{A}ustro-{A}siatic {S}tudies}, publisher = {University of Hawaii Press}, year = {1976}, editor = {Jenner, Philip N. and Thompson, Laurence C. and Starosta, Stanley}, volume = {1}, address = {Honolulu}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gregerson.Smith1973, author = {Gregerson, Kenneth J. and Smith, Kenneth D.}, title = {{T}he development of {T}odrah register}, booktitle = {{M}on-{K}hmer {S}tudies 4}, publisher = {Center for Vietnamese Studies and SIL}, year = {1973}, editor = {Thomas, D. D. and Dinh-Hoa, N.}, pages = {143--184}, address = {Carbondale}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:29:02 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Greppin1997, author = {Greppin, John A. C.}, title = {{A}rmenian {P}honology}, booktitle = {{P}honologies of {A}sia and {A}frica}, publisher = {Eisenbrauns}, year = {1997}, editor = {Kaye, Alan S.}, address = {Winona Lake, IN}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Gribanova2008, author = {Gribanova, Vera}, title = {{R}ussian prefixes, prepositions and palatalization in stratal {OT}}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {WCCFL} 26}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {2008}, editor = {Change, Charles B. and Haynie, Hannah J.}, pages = {217-225}, address = {Somerville, MA}, bdsk-file-1 = 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date-added = {2009-03-16 15:44:01 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-03-16 15:45:40 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Gribanova2009a, author = {Gribanova, Vera}, title = {{P}honological evidence for a distinction between {R}ussian prepositions and prefixes}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in {F}ormal {S}lavic {P}honology, {M}orphology, {S}yntax, {S}emantics and {I}nformation {S}tructure: {P}roceedings of the 7th {E}uropean conference on {F}ormal {D}escription of {S}lavic {L}anguages}, publisher = {Peter Lang Verlag}, year = {2009}, editor = {Zybatow, Gerhild and Junghanns, Uwe and Lenertov{\'a}, Denisa and Biskup, Petr}, pages = {383---396}, address = {Frankfurt am Main}, bdsk-file-1 = 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date-added = {2009-02-14 16:36:16 -0500}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 14:05:11 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MISC{Gribanova2009, author = {Gribanova, Vera}, title = {{T}he phonology and syntax of sub-words}, howpublished = {Presented at {GLOW} 32, 16 April 2009}, year = {2009}, bdsk-file-1 = 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date-added = {2009-06-09 16:00:49 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-06-09 16:01:38 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Gries2002, author = {Gries, Stefan Th.}, title = {{T}he influence of processing on grammatical variation: particle placement in {E}nglish}, booktitle = {{V}erb-particle explorations}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = {2002}, editor = {Deh\'e, Nicole and Jackendoff, Ray and McIntyre, Andrew and Urban, Silke}, pages = {269--288}, address = {Berlin/New York}, timestamp = {2010.08.23} } @BOOK{Gries2003, title = {{M}ultifactorial analysis in corpus linguistics: a study of {Particle Placement}}, publisher = {Continuum Press}, year = {2003}, author = {Gries, Stefan Th.}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2010.08.29} } @MISC{Griffen2000, author = {Griffen, Toby D.}, title = {{A} change in {Welsh} from a change in music?}, howpublished = {Available online at http://www.celtic-cultural-studies.com/papers/01/griffen-01.html}, year = {2000}, comment = {paper}, journal = {Celtic Cultural Studies.}, timestamp = {2009.11.09} } @UNPUBLISHED{Griffen1998, author = {Griffen, Toby D.}, title = {{A}napaestoid meter in {Welsh} poetry}, note = {Ms., Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville}, year = {1998}, timestamp = {2010.03.19} } @MISC{Griffen1996, author = {Griffen, Toby D.}, title = {{A} single accent rule for \emph{cynghanedd}}, howpublished = {Paper presented at the Celtic Studies Association of North America and the 18th Annual University of California Celtic Studies Conference, April 27}, year = {1996}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.11.09} } @INCOLLECTION{Grijzenhout.Joppen2004, author = {Grijzenhout, Janet and Joppen, Sandra}, title = {{F}irst steps in the acquisition of {G}erman consonants: {M}inimal constraint demotion}, booktitle = {{C}onstraints in {P}honological {A}cquisition}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2004}, editor = {Kager, Ren{\'e} and Pater, Joe and Zonneveld, Wim}, address = {Cambridge}, keywords = {acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Grijzenhout.Kraemer1999, author = {Grijzenhout, Janet and Kraemer, Martin}, title = {{F}inal devoicing and voicing assimilation in {D}utch derivation and cliticization}, year = {1999}, address = {Duesseldorf, Germany}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Grijzenhout.VanRooy2001, author = {Grijzenhout, Janet and Van Rooy, Bertus}, title = {{S}econd-language phonology: acquisition through gradual constraint demotion}, year = {2001}, address = {Heinrich-Heine Universitaet, Duesseldorf, Germany and Potchefstroomse Universiteit vir CHO, South Africa}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Grimm1822, title = {{D}eutsche {G}rammatik}, publisher = {Dieterichschen Buchhandlung}, year = {1822}, author = {Grimm, J.}, volume = {1}, address = {Gottingen}, note = {2nd}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Grimshaw2003, author = {Grimshaw, Jane}, title = {{E}conomy of {S}tructure in {OT}}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {O}ptimality {T}heory {II}. {U}niversity of {M}assachusetts {O}ccasional {P}apers 26}, publisher = {Graduate Linguistic Student Association}, year = {2003}, editor = {Carpenter, Angela and Coetzee, Andries and de Lacy, Paul}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:29:23 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Grimshaw1997a, author = {Grimshaw, Jane}, title = {{T}he best clitic: {C}onstraint conflict in morphosyntax}, booktitle = {{E}lements of {G}rammar}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = {1997}, editor = {Haegeman, Liliane}, pages = {169--196}, address = {Dordrecht}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:29:42 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Grimshaw2001a, author = {Grimshaw, Jane}, title = {{O}ptimal clitic positions and the lexicon in {R}omance clitic systems}, booktitle = {{O}ptimality-{T}heoretic {S}yntax}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2001}, editor = {Legendre, Geraldine and Grimshaw, Jane and Vikner, Sten}, pages = {205--240}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Grimshaw1994, author = {Grimshaw, Jane}, title = {{M}inimal projection and clause structure}, booktitle = {{S}yntactic {T}heory and {F}irst {L}anguage {A}cquisition: {C}ross-{L}inguistic {P}erspectives, vol. {I}: {H}eads, {P}rojections, and {L}earnability}, publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum}, year = {1994}, editor = {Lust, Barbara and Suner, Margarita and Whitman, John}, pages = {75--83}, address = {Hillsdale, NJ}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:30:03 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Grimshaw2001, author = {Grimshaw, Jane}, title = {{E}conomy of structure in {OT}}, year = {2001}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Grimshaw1997, author = {Grimshaw, Jane}, title = {{P}rojection, heads, and optimality}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1997}, volume = {28}, pages = {373--422}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Grimshaw1993, author = {Grimshaw, Jane}, title = {{M}inimal projection, heads, and inversion.}, year = {1993}, address = {New Brunswick, NJ}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Grimshaw1993a, author = {Grimshaw, Jane}, title = {{M}inimal projection, heads, and optimality}, year = {1993}, address = {New Brunswick, NJ}, keywords = {syntax}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Grimshaw1990, title = {{A}rgument {S}tructure}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1990}, author = {Grimshaw, Jane}, address = {Cambridge, Mass..}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Grimshaw1985, author = {Grimshaw, Jane}, title = {{R}emarks on dative verbs and {U}niversal {G}rammar}, year = {1985}, note = {The Tenth Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Grimshaw.Samek-Lodovici1998, author = {Grimshaw, Jane and Samek-Lodovici, Vieri}, title = {{O}ptimal subjects and subject universals}, booktitle = {{I}s the {B}est {G}ood {E}nough? {O}ptimality and {C}ompetition in {S}yntax}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1998}, editor = {Barbosa, Pilar and Fox, Danny and Hagstrom, Paul and McGinnis, Martha and Pesetsky, David}, pages = {193--219}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, keywords = {learnability}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Grimshaw.Samek-Lodovici1995, author = {Grimshaw, Jane and Samek-Lodovici, Vieri}, title = {{O}ptimal subjects}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1995}, editor = {Beckman, Jill and Walsh Dickey, Laura and Urbanczyk, Suzanne}, pages = {589--606}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, keywords = {variation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Grimshaw2005, title = {{W}ords and structure}, publisher = {CSLI Publications}, year = {2005}, author = {Grimshaw, Kate}, address = {Stanford, CA}, timestamp = {2010.03.23} } @BOOK{Grozdic1969, title = {{S}erbo-{C}roatian {G}rammar and {R}eader}, publisher = {Haffner}, year = {1969}, author = {Grozdic, O.}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gudschinsky.etal1970, author = {Gudschinsky, Sarah C. and Popovich, Harold and Popovich, Frances}, title = {{N}ative reaction and phonetic similarity in {M}axakali phonology}, journal = {Language}, year = {1970}, volume = {46}, pages = {77--88}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Guerssel1986, author = {Guerssel, Mohammed}, title = {{G}lides in {B}erber and {S}yllabicity}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1986}, volume = {17}, pages = {1--12}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Guerssel1978, author = {Guerssel, Mohammed}, title = {{A} condition on assimilation rules}, journal = {Linguistic Analysis}, year = {1978}, volume = {4}, pages = {225--254}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Guerssel1977, author = {Guerssel, Mohammed}, title = {{C}onstraints on phonological rules}, journal = {Language}, year = {1977}, volume = {3}, pages = {267--305}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Guest.etal2000, author = {Guest, D. J. and Dell, G. S. and Cole, J. S.}, title = {{V}iolable constraints in language production: {T}esting the transitivity assumption of {O}ptimality {T}heory}, journal = {Journal of Memory and Language}, year = {2000}, volume = {42}, pages = {272--299}, keywords = {learnability}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Guile1972, author = {Guile, Timothy}, title = {{A} generalization about epenthesis and syncope}, booktitle = {{CLS} 8}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1972}, editor = {Peranteau, Paul M. and Levi, Juduth N. and Phares, Gloria C.}, volume = {8}, pages = {463--69}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:30:25 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Guitart1981, author = {Guitart, J.M}, title = {{S}obre la posteriorizacion de las consonantes posnucleares e el {E}spanol antillano: reexamen teorico-descriptivo}, journal = {Sexto Simposio de Dialectologia del Caribe Hispanico}, year = {1981}, volume = {Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Republica Dominaca}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Gundel1974, author = {Gundel, J.}, title = {{T}he {R}ole of {T}opic and {C}omment in {L}inguistic {T}heory}, year = {1974}, address = {University of Texas at Austin (republished by Garland, 1988)}, booktitle = {{P}h. d.. dissertation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gussenhoven1991, author = {Gussenhoven, Carlos}, title = {{T}he {E}nglish rhythm rule as an accent deletion rule}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1991}, volume = {8}, pages = {1--35}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gussenhoven1984, author = {Gussenhoven, Carlos}, title = {{T}esting the reality of focus domain}, journal = {Language and Speech}, year = {1984}, volume = {26}, pages = {61--80}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Gussenhoven.Jacobs1998, title = {{U}nderstanding {P}honology}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1998}, author = {Gussenhoven, Carlos and Jacobs, Haike}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gussenhoven.Peters2004, author = {Gussenhoven, Carlos and Peters, Joerg}, title = {{A} tonal analysis of {C}ologne {S}chaerfung}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2004}, volume = {21}, number = {02}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gussenhoven.Rietveld1992, author = {Gussenhoven, Carlos and Rietveld, A. C. M.}, title = {{I}ntonation contours, prosodic structure and preboundary lengthening}, journal = {Journal of Phonetics}, year = {1992}, volume = {20}, pages = {283--303}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gussman1992, author = {Gussman, Edmund}, title = {{R}esyllabification and delinking}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1992}, volume = {23}, pages = {29--56}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Gussmann1980, title = {{S}tudies in {A}bstract {P}honology}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1980}, author = {Gussmann, Edmund}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Gussmann1976, author = {Gussmann, Edmund}, title = {{R}ecoverable derivations and phonological change}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {1976}, volume = {40}, pages = {281--303}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Guthrie1970, title = {{C}omparative {B}antu}, publisher = {Gregg}, year = {1970}, author = {Guthrie, Malcolm}, volume = {4}, address = {Farnborough, Hants}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Guy1997a, author = {Guy, Gregory}, title = {{C}ompetence, performance, and the generative grammar of variation}, booktitle = {{V}ariation, {C}hange, and {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1997}, editor = {Hinskens, Frans and van Hout, Roeland and Wetzels, W. Leo}, pages = {125--143}, address = {Amsterdam}, keywords = {variation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Guy1988, author = {Guy, Greogry}, title = {{L}anguage and social class}, booktitle = {{L}inguistics: the {C}ambridge survey}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1988}, editor = {Newmeyer, Frederick J.}, volume = {4}, pages = {1--36}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Guy1991, author = {Guy, Greogry}, title = {{E}xplanation in variable phonology: an exponential model of morphological constraints}, journal = {{L}anguage {V}ariation and {C}hange}, year = {1991}, volume = {3}, pages = {1--22}, number = {1}, abstract = {Variationist treatments of phonological processes typically provide precise quantitative accounts of the effects of conditioning environmental factors on the occurrence of the process, and these effects have been shown to be robust for several well-studied processes. But comparable precision in theoretical explanation is usually elusive, at the current state of the discipline. That is, the analystis usually unable to say why the parameters should have the particularvalues that they do, although one canoften explain relative ordering of environments. This article attempts to give a precise explanation---in the form of a quantitative theoretical prediction---of one robust quantitative observation about English phonology. The reduction of final consonant clusters (often called -t,d deletion) is well-known to be conditioned by the morphological structure of a target word. Deletion applies more in monomorphemic words (e.g., mist) than in inflected words (e.g., missed). In the theory of lexical phonology, these classes of words are differentiated by derivational history, acquiring their final clusters at different levels of the morphology. The theory further postulates that rules may apply at more than one level of the derivation. If -t, d deletion is treated as a variable rule with a fixed rate of application (Po) in a phonology with this architecture, then higher rates of application in underived forms (where the final cluster is present underlyingly and throughout the derivation) are a consequence of multiple exposures to the deletion rule, whereas inflected forms (which only meet the structural description of the rule late in the derivation) have fewer exposures and lower cumulative deletion.This further allows a precise quantitative prediction concerning surface deletion rates in the different morphological categories. They should be related as an exponential function of Po, depending on the number of exposures to the rule. The.prediction is empirically verified in a study of -t,d deletion in seven English speakers.}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Guy1997, author = {Guy, Gregory R.}, title = {{V}iolable is variable: {O}ptimality {T}heory and linguistic variation}, journal = {Language {V}ariation and {C}hange}, year = {1997}, volume = {9}, pages = {333-347}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.04.25} } @INCOLLECTION{Haas1977, author = {Haas, Mary}, title = {{T}onal accent in {C}reek}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in {S}tress and {A}ccent}, publisher = {University of Southern California}, year = {1977}, editor = {Hyman, L. M.}, volume = {4: SCOPIL}, address = {Los Angeles}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:34:40 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Haas1946, author = {Haas, Mary}, title = {{A} grammatical sketch of {T}unica}, booktitle = {{L}inguistic {S}tructures of {N}ative {A}merica}, publisher = {Viking Fund}, year = {1946}, editor = {Osgood, C.}, pages = {337--366}, address = {New York}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:34:54 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Haas1967, author = {Haas, Mary}, title = {{A} taxonomy of disguised speech. {LSA} meeting}, year = {1967}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Haas1968, author = {Haas, Mary R.}, title = {{N}otes on a {C}hipewyan {D}ialect}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1968}, volume = {34}, pages = {165--175}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Haas1988, title = {{A} formal theory of vowel coalescence: {A} case study of {A}ncient {G}reek}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1988}, author = {de Haas, Wim}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hackl.etal2007, author = {Hackl, Martin and Koster-Moeller, Jorie and Varvoutis, Jason}, title = {{T}he problem of quantifiers in object position: two processing studies}, howpublished = {Alternate talk at {Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 17, University of Connecticut}}, year = {2007}, abstract = {The Problem of Quantifiers in Object Position: Two Processing Studies 1. Introduction: While it is a common place in semantics that quantifiers cannot be analyzed as referring expressions it is a point of disagreement among different semantic frameworks whether this fact is visible to the computational engine of the grammar. Most assume ? following Montague (1973) ? that the semantic type of a quantifier (hence its combinatorial properties) differ from that of referring expressions. However, this is not a necessary assumption since a satisfactory treatment of the semantics of quantifiers can be had without it using the ?-calculus (cf. Kempson et al. 2001, etc.). This paper presents a series of self-paced reading studies that provide a new type of evidence for the former and against the latter school of thought. 2. Quantifiers in Object Position: Assuming that quantifiers have a different type than referring expression creates a syntax-semantics mismatch when quantifiers appear in internal argument positions. Various solutions to this problem have been proposed (e.g. type-shifting (Montague 1973,etc.), quantifier raising (QR) (May 1977, etc.), continuations (Barker 2001)), all of which maintain that semantic or syntactic composition is more complex for quantifiers in object than in subject position or for referring expressions in subject or object position. Showing that first pass parsing, which reflects processing costs associated with structure building, mimics this differential increase in compositional complexity would constitute therefore a straightforward argument for the assumption that the combinatorial properties of quantifiers are different from those of referring expressions. 3. Resolution of local NP/S ambiguity: Our first experiment compares quantificational with referring DPS that can be either construed as internal arguments or as subjects of embedded clauses (?NP/S ambiguity,? Trueswell, et.al. 1993, etc.) with disambiguation occurring on the first word after the quantificational/referential DP, (1). (1) The nun remembered the/every child (who) was abused and malnourished. If the semantic complexity incurred by a quantifier in object position affects first pass parsing object disambiguation (?who?) should be dispreferred over subject disambiguation (?was?) in the case of every child. Assuming that definite descriptions can be interpreted as referring expressions (in the default case), no such effect is expected after the child. I.e. if the parser ?knows? about quantifiers in object position we expect an interaction between determiner type (quantifier/definite determiner) and attachment type (NP/S) in the post disambiguation area. To control for possible interference of the matrix verb which could create a spurious interaction we chose only S-biased matrix verbs (Trueswell et.al.?93, etc.). Averaging residual reading times over 20 subjects, we obtained two effects: 1. Reading times on the noun immediately following ?the? or ?every? show a main effect of determiner (p = .036) such that ?every NP? takes longer than ?the NP?. This shows that the semantic difference between ?the? and ?every? is reflected in real time processing. 2. There is a significant interaction on the first (p=.045) word after disambiguation as well as in the region of the word of disambiguation to the third word after that (p=.01) between determiner type and attachment type indicating that quantifiers in object position are more difficult for the parser than quantifiers in subject position or definite descriptions in object or subject position. 4. Processing Antecedent Contained Ellipsis (ACE): Experiment 2 extends this research to cases of antecedent contained ellipsis (ACE) and provides real time evidence for QR as being the mechanism to resolve the problem of quantifiers in object position. ACE refers to ellipsis that is properly contained inside the expression that serves as the antecedent for ellipsis resolution, (2). (2) John talked to every student Mary did. ACE is puzzling given that ellipsis resolution in general is subject to a parallelism constraint between antecedent and ellipsis site, which seems impossible to satisfy if the ellipsis is properly contained inside the antecedent. A straightforward solution to this paradox is to assume QR of the object DP, thereby undoing antecedent containment, (3) (e.g. Sag 1976, etc.). This view is supported by a rich body of offline data such as the Williams-Sag generalization which fixes the scope of the object DP to be at least as high as the antecedent VP. (3) [[every student Mary ]i [VP John talked to ti]]. (Assuming reconstruction of the subject) The goal of Exp. 2 is to determine whether this correlation is reflected in real time processing. Specifically, we compare definite and quantificational DPs in object position across three con-ditions definable in terms of the size of the gap, (3). In condition A there is no ellipsis at all (the gap is simply a trace) while conditions B and C contain ?small? (= intermediate VP antecedent) and ?large? (= root VP antecedent) ellipsis sites marked by ?did? and ?was? respectively, (4). (4) A. The doctor was reluctant to treat the/every patient that the recently hired nurse admitted after looking over the test results B. The doctor was reluctant to treat the/every patient that the recently hired nurse did after looking over the test results C. The doctor was reluctant to treat the/every patient that the recently hired nurse was after looking over the test results Since definite DPs need to undergo QR only in condition B and C but quantificational DPs undergo QR in all three cases, we expect to find an interaction in the region following the gap. Specifically, we not only predict that reading times (RTs) after the gap for definite DPs in condition B (?the-B?) will longer than for ?the-A.? We also predict that RTs after the gap for ?the-B? will be longer than RTs for ?every-A? and ?every-B? since in the latter cases QR is triggered already when the quantifier is encountered (5 words before the gap). RTs for ?the-C? and ?every-C,? on the other hand, should both show an increase since QR into the root clause cannot be anticipated in either case before the size of the ellipsis is determined. Averaging residual reading times for 48 subjects we obtained a highly significant interaction (Det.�Size: F(2,46) = 4.363; p = 0.018) on the second word after the gap. This effect supports the above predictions. Specifically, we observe that RTs for ?the-A? are lowest and that RTs for ?the-B? are higher than RTs for ?every-A? and ?every-B.? This is consistent with the hypothesis that ?the-B? triggers QR at the ellipsis site while ?every-A/B? trigger QR already when the quantifier is encountered. Support for this interpretation comes from a main effect of determiner over the two words following ?the/every? (F(1,47)=4.86; p=0.032). Furthermore, we observe an increase of RTs for both ?the-C? and ?every-C,? with the increase for ?every-C? being larger than for ?the-C.? We argue that the steeper increase for ?every-C? reflects reanalysis of (by default) local QR of the quantificational DP into non-local QR (QR into the root clause). No reanalysis of this sort is expected for definite DPs because the landing site of QR in these cases is determined at the same time QR is triggered. 5. Summary: It is standardly but not universally assumed that the fact that quantifiers are not referring expressions is visible to the computational engine. Although a wealth of off-line observations (e.g. NPI-licensing, the ellipsis scope generalization, Fox 1998, etc.) support this view, a fair assessment of the significance of these generalizations requires cross-framework comparisons. This paper presents new (and more immediate) evidence in favor of this position by showing real time structure building is sensitive to the quantification/referential status of DPs.}, timestamp = {2009.06.17} } @PHDTHESIS{Haddad1984, author = {Haddad, Ghassan}, title = {{P}roblems and issues in the phonology of {L}ebanese {A}rabic}, school = {University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}, year = {1984}, pages = {341}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Haddad1983, author = {Haddad, Ghassan}, title = {{E}penthesis and sonority in {L}ebanese {A}rabic}, journal = {Studies in the Linguistic Sciences}, year = {1983}, volume = {14}, pages = {57--88}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Haden1938, title = {{T}he {P}hysiology of {F}rench {C}onsonant {C}hanges.}, year = {1938}, author = {Haden, E. F.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Haeri1997, author = {Haeri, Niloofar}, title = {{T}he reproduction of symbolic capital}, journal = {{C}urrent {A}nthropology}, year = {1997}, volume = {38}, pages = {799--816}, number = {5}, abstract = {The relationships between the state, the dominant classes, and symbolic capital are neither linear nor timeless. Official/standard languages, for example, are commonly thought to represent the speech of the dominant classes, and states are said to seek hegemony over these languages. What happens, however, when institutions besides the state make successful claims to control over these languages? What happens when the choice of an official language is not guided by the speech habits of the dominant classes? What becomes of the relationship between the official language and the dominant classes when proficiency in a foreign language rather than the official language earns the highest rewards? These questions prove central to a critique of Bourdieu's notions about linguistic exchange and its relation to cultural capital.}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @BOOK{Hagman1977, title = {{N}ama {H}ottentot {G}rammar}, publisher = {Indiana University Press}, year = {1977}, author = {Hagman, R.}, address = {Bloomington}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hagstrom1997, author = {Hagstrom, Paul}, title = {{C}ontextual {M}etrical {I}nvisibility}, year = {1997}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, keywords = {winnebago}, number = {MIT}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Haiman1980, title = {{H}ua: {A} {P}apuan {L}anguage of the {E}astern {H}ighlands of {N}ew {G}uinea}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1980}, author = {Haiman, John}, address = {Amsterdam}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Haiman1972, author = {Haiman, John}, title = {{P}honological targets and unmarked structures}, journal = {Language}, year = {1972}, volume = {48}, pages = {365--377}, keywords = {conspiracy}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hajicova.Sgall1998, title = {{T}opic-{F}ocus {A}rticulation, {T}ripartite {S}tructures, and {S}emantic {C}ontent.}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = {1998}, author = {Hajicova, Eva, Barbara H. Partee and Sgall, Piotr}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Hale2001, author = {Hale, John}, title = {{A} probabilistic {Earley} parser as a psycholinguistic model}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {A}merican {C}hapter of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics}, year = {2001}, pages = {159--166}, abstract = {In human sentence processing, cognitive load can be defined in many ways. This report considers a definition of cognitive load in terms of the total probability of structural options that have been disconfirmed at some point in a sentence: the surprisal of word w_i given its prefix w_{0...i-1} on a phrase-structural language model. These loads can be efficiently calculated using a probabilistic Earley parser (Stolcke 1995) which is interpreted as generating predictions about reading time on a word-by-word basis. Under grammatical assumptions supported by corpus-frequency data, the operation of Stolcke's probabilistic Earley parser correctly predicts processing phenomena associated with garden path structural ambiguity and with the subject/object relative asymmetry.}, timestamp = {2009.05.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hale1962, author = {Hale, Kenneth}, title = {{I}nternal relationships in {A}randic of {C}entral {A}ustralia}, booktitle = {{S}ome {L}inguistic {T}ypes in {A}ustralia}, publisher = {University of Sydney}, year = {1962}, editor = {Capell, A.}, pages = {171--184}, address = {Sydney}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:35:09 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hale1980, author = {Hale, Kenneth}, title = {{R}emarks on creativity in {A}boriginal verse}, booktitle = {{P}roblems and {S}olutions: {O}ccasional {E}ssays in {M}usicology {P}resented to {A}lice {M}. {M}oyle}, publisher = {Hale and Iremonger}, year = {1980}, editor = {Kassler, J. C. and Stubington, J.}, pages = {254--263}, address = {Sydney}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:35:25 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hale1973, author = {Hale, Kenneth}, title = {{D}eep-surface canonical disparities in relation to analysis and change: {A}n {A}ustralian example}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {T}rends in {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1973}, editor = {Sebeok, Thomas}, volume = {9: Diachronic, Areal and Typological Linguistics}, pages = {401--458}, address = {The Hague}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:35:39 -0500}, keywords = {SSC}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hale1976, author = {Hale, Kenneth}, title = {{P}honological developments in a {N}orthern {P}aman language: {U}radhi}, booktitle = {{L}anguages of {C}ape {Y}ork}, publisher = {Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies}, year = {1976}, editor = {Sutton, Peter}, pages = {41--49}, address = {Canberra}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:36:10 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hale1985, author = {Hale, Kenneth}, title = {{A} note on {W}innebago metrical structure}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1985}, volume = {51}, pages = {427--429}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hale1983, author = {Hale, Kenneth}, title = {'{W}arlpiri and the {G}rammar of {N}on-{C}onfigurational {L}anguages.'}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1983}, volume = {1}, pages = {5--47}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hale1977, author = {Hale, Kenneth}, title = {{E}lementary remarks on {W}albiri orthography, phonology and allomorphy}, year = {1977}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hale.Blanco1989, title = {{D}iccionario elemental del {U}lwa ({S}umu meridional)}, publisher = {Center for Cognitive Science, MIT}, year = {1989}, author = {Hale, Kenneth and Blanco, Abanel Lacayo}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hale.Selkirk1987, author = {Hale, Ken and Selkirk, Elisabeth}, title = {{G}overnment and tonal phrasing in {P}apago}, journal = {Phonology Yearbook}, year = {1987}, volume = {4}, pages = {151--183}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hale.WhiteEagle1980, author = {Hale, Kenneth and White Eagle, Josie}, title = {{A} preliminary metrical account of {W}innebago accent.}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1980}, volume = {46}, pages = {117--132}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hale.Kissock1998, author = {Hale, Mark and Kissock, Madelyn}, title = {{T}he phonology-syntax interface in {R}otuman}, booktitle = {{R}ecent {P}apers in {A}ustronesian {L}inguistics: {P}roceedings of the {T}hird and {F}ourth {M}eetings of the {A}ustronesian {F}ormal {L}inguistics {S}ociety, {UCLA} {O}ccasional {P}apers in {L}inguistics}, publisher = {UCLA Department of Linguistics}, year = {1998}, editor = {Pearson, Matthew}, volume = {21}, pages = {115--128}, address = {Los Angeles}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:36:39 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hale.etal1998, author = {Hale, Mark and Kissock, Madelyn and Reiss, Charles}, title = {{O}utput-output correspondence in {OT}}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 16}, publisher = {CSLI}, year = {1998}, editor = {Curtis, E. and Lyle, J. and Webster, G.}, pages = {223--236}, address = {Stanford, CA}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:36:55 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Hale.Reiss2000, author = {Hale, Mark and Reiss, Charles}, title = {{P}honology as {C}ognition}, booktitle = {{P}honological {K}nowledge: {C}onceptual and {E}mpirical {I}ssues}, year = {2000}, pages = {161--184}, address = {Oxford}, publisher = {Oxford {U}niversity {P}ress}, bdsk-file-1 = 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date-added = {2009-09-10 13:28:03 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-09-10 13:37:34 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Hale.Reiss2000a, author = {Hale, Mark and Reiss, Charles}, title = {"{S}ubstance abuse" and "dysfunctionalism": {C}urrent trends in phonology}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {2000}, volume = {31}, pages = {157--169}, bdsk-file-1 = 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date-modified = {2009-09-10 13:41:11 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hale.Reiss1998, author = {Hale, Mark and Reiss, Charles}, title = {{F}ormal and empirical arguments concerning phonological acquisition}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1998}, volume = {29}, pages = {656--683}, note = {Available on Rutgers Optimality Archive, http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/roa.html.}, keywords = {learnability acquisition}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hale.Reiss1997, author = {Hale, Mark and Reiss, Charles}, title = {{G}rammar optimization: {T}he simultaneous acquisition of constraint ranking and a lexicon}, year = {1997}, note = {Available on Rutgers Optimality Archive, http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/roa.html.}, address = {Concordia University, Montreal}, keywords = {learnability}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hall.1974, author = {Hall, Beatrice and al., et}, title = {{A}frican vowel harmony systems from the vantage point of {K}alenjin}, journal = {Afrika und Uebersee}, year = {1974}, volume = {57}, pages = {241--267}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hall.Hall1980, author = {Hall, Beatrice L. and Hall, R.M.R.}, title = {{N}ez {P}erce vowel harmony: an {A}fricanist explanation and some theoretical questions.}, booktitle = {{I}ssues in vowel harmony}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1980}, editor = {Vago, Robert}, pages = {201-236}, address = {Amsterdam}, date-modified = {2010-06-29 18:08:50 -0400}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.03.08} } @INCOLLECTION{Hall2001, author = {Hall, Nancy}, title = {{M}ax-{P}osition drives iterative footing}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 20th {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {2001}, editor = {Megerdoomian, Karine and Bar-el, Leora Anne}, address = {Somerville, Mass.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:26:59 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hall2003, author = {Hall, Nancy}, title = {{G}estures and {S}egments: {V}owel {I}ntrusion as {O}verlap}, school = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, year = {2003}, address = {Amherst, MA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hall2000, author = {Hall, Nancy}, title = {{W}hat is the pressure for maximal footing?}, year = {2000}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @CONFERENCE{Hall.Gouskova2006, author = {Hall, Nancy and Gouskova, Maria}, title = {{A}n acoustic comparison of lexical and epenthetic vowels in {L}ebanese}, booktitle = {{M}anchester {P}honology {M}eeting 14}, year = {2006}, month = {May 25-27}, date-added = {2010-05-25 16:17:33 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-25 16:19:37 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Hall2002, author = {Hall, T.Alan}, title = {{A}gainst extrasyllabic consonants in {G}erman and {E}nglish}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2002}, volume = {19}, pages = {33--75}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hall1997, title = {{T}he phonology of coronals}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1997}, author = {Hall, T.Alan}, volume = {149}, address = {Amsterdam, Philadelphia}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hall1992, title = {{S}yllable structure and syllable-related processes in {G}erman}, publisher = {Niemeyer}, year = {1992}, author = {Hall, Tracy Alan}, address = {Tuebingen}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hall1989, author = {Hall, Tracy Alan}, title = {{L}exical phonology and the distribution of {G}erman [c] and [x]}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1989}, volume = {6}, pages = {1--18}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Halle1991, author = {Halle, Morris}, title = {{P}honological features}, booktitle = {{O}xford {I}nternational {E}ncyclopedia of {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Oxrford University Press}, year = {1991}, editor = {Bright, W.}, pages = {207--212}, address = {New York}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:37:11 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Halle1988, author = {Halle, Morris}, title = {{T}he immanent form of phonemes}, booktitle = {{G}iving {B}irth to {C}ognitive {S}cience: {A} {F}estschrift for {G}eorge {A}. {M}iller}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1988}, editor = {Hurst, W.}, pages = {167--83}, address = {Cambridge}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:37:30 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Halle2004, author = {Halle, Morris}, title = {{M}oving on}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston}, note = {LSA 78}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Halle1996, author = {Halle, Morris}, title = {{O}n stress and accent in {I}ndo-{E}uropean}, journal = {Language}, year = {1996}, volume = {73}, pages = {275--313}, number = {2}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 14:09:14 -0400}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.03.15} } @ARTICLE{Halle1995, author = {Halle, Morris}, title = {{F}eature geometry and feature spreading}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1995}, volume = {26}, pages = {1--46}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Halle1995a, author = {Halle, Morris}, title = {{L}etter commenting on {B}urzio's article}, journal = {Glot International}, year = {1995}, volume = {1(9/10)}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Halle1994, author = {Halle, Morris}, title = {{T}he {R}ussian declension: {A}n illustration of the theory of {D}istributed {M}orphology}, booktitle = {{P}erspectives in {P}honology}, publisher = {CSLI Publications}, year = {1994}, pages = {29--60}, address = {Stanford}, annote = {P217 .P44 1994}, date-added = {2009-03-02 11:37:35 -0500}, date-modified = {2009-03-02 11:50:30 -0500}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Halle1990, author = {Halle, Morris}, title = {{R}especting metrical structure}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1990}, volume = {8}, pages = {149--176}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Halle1989, author = {Halle, Morris}, title = {{T}he intrinsic structure of speech sounds}, year = {1989}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Halle1983, author = {Halle, Morris}, title = {{O}n distinctive features and their articulatory implementation}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1983}, volume = {1}, pages = {91--105}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Halle1975, author = {Halle, Morris}, title = {{C}onfessio grammatici}, journal = {Language}, year = {1975}, volume = {51}, pages = {525--535}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Halle1973, author = {Halle, Morris}, title = {{T}he accentuation of {R}ussian words}, journal = {Language}, year = {1973}, volume = {49}, pages = {312-348}, number = {2}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 14:33:56 -0400}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.03.15} } @ARTICLE{Halle1973a, author = {Halle, Morris}, title = {{P}rolegomena to a theory of word formation}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1973}, volume = {4}, pages = {3--16}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Halle1962, author = {Halle, Morris}, title = {{P}honology in generative grammar}, journal = {Word}, year = {1962}, volume = {18}, pages = {54--72}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Halle1959, title = {{T}he {S}ound {P}attern of {R}ussian}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1959}, author = {Halle, Morris}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Halle.Clements1983, title = {{P}roblem {B}ook in {P}honology: {A} {W}orkbook for {I}ntroductory {C}ourses in {L}inguistics and in {M}odern {P}honology}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1983}, author = {Halle, Morris and Clements, G. N.}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Halle.etal1991, author = {Halle, Morris and Harris, James W. and Vergnaud, Jean-Roger}, title = {{A} reexamination of the {S}tress {E}rasure {C}onvention and {S}panish stress}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1991}, volume = {22}, pages = {141--159}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Halle.Idsardi1995, author = {Halle, Morris and Idsardi, William}, title = {{G}eneral properties of stress and metrical structure}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John A.}, pages = {403--443}, address = {Cambridge, Mass., and Oxford, UK}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Halle.Idsardi1997, author = {Halle, Morris and Idsardi, William}, title = {r, hypercorrection, and the {E}lsewhere {C}ondition}, booktitle = {{D}erivations and {C}onstraints in {P}honology}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = {1997}, editor = {Roca, Iggy}, pages = {331--348}, address = {Oxford}, keywords = {elsewhere}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Halle.Idsardi1993, author = {Halle, Morris and Idsardi, William}, title = {{A} reanalysis of {I}ndonesian stress}, year = {1993}, address = {Cambridge, Mass. and Newark, DE}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Halle.Kenstowicz1991, author = {Halle, Morris and Kenstowicz, Michael}, title = {{T}he {F}ree {E}lement {C}ondition and cyclic versus noncyclic stress}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1991}, volume = {22}, pages = {457--501}, number = {3}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 14:07:58 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Halle.Marantz1994, author = {Halle, Morris and Marantz, Alec}, title = {{S}ome key features of {Distributed Morphology}}, booktitle = {{MIT} working papers in linguistics 21: papers on phonology and morphology}, publisher = {MIT Working Papers in Linguistics}, year = {1994}, editor = {Carnie, Andrew and Harley, Haidi}, pages = {275--288}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Halle.Marantz1993, author = {Halle, Morris and Marantz, Alec}, title = {{D}istributed {M}orphology}, booktitle = {{T}he {V}iew from {B}uilding 20. {E}ssays in {H}onor of {S}ylvain {B}romberger}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1993}, editor = {Hale, Kenneth and Keyser, Samuel Jay}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Halle.Marantz1993a, author = {Halle, Morris and Marantz, Alec}, title = {{D}istributed morphology and the pieces of inflection}, booktitle = {{T}he view from {B}uilding 20}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1993}, editor = {Hale, Kenneth and Keyser, S. Jay}, pages = {111--176}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Halle.Matushansky2006, author = {Halle, Morris and Matushansky, Ora}, title = {{T}he morphophonology of {R}ussian adjectival inflection}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {2006}, volume = {37}, pages = {351--404}, number = {3}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-03-02 11:53:10 -0500}, date-modified = {2009-03-02 11:53:38 -0500}, publisher = {MIT Press}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Halle.Mohanan1985, author = {Halle, Morris and Mohanan, K. P.}, title = {{S}egmental phonology of {M}odern {E}nglish}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1985}, volume = {16}, pages = {57--116}, number = {1}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 14:06:53 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Halle.Stevens1979, author = {Halle, Morris and Stevens, Ken}, title = {{S}ome reflexions on the theoretical bases of phonetics}, booktitle = {{F}rontiers in {S}peech {C}ommunication {R}esearch}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1979}, editor = {Lindblom, B. and Ohman, S.}, pages = {335--349}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Halle.Stevens1971, author = {Halle, Morris and Stevens, Kenneth}, title = {{A} note on laryngeal features}, journal = {Quarterly Progress Report}, year = {1971}, volume = {101}, pages = {198--213}, note = {Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Halle.Stevens1969, author = {Halle, Morris and Stevens, Kenneth}, title = {{O}n the feature '{A}dvanced {T}ongue {R}oot'}, journal = {Quarterly Progress Report}, year = {1969}, volume = {94}, pages = {209--215}, note = {Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Halle.etal2000, author = {Halle, Morris and Vaux, Bert and Wolfe, Andrew}, title = {{O}n feature spreading and the representation of place of articulation}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {2000}, volume = {31}, pages = {387--444}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Halle.Vergnaud1982, author = {Halle, Morris and Vergnaud, Jean-Roger}, title = {{O}n the framework of autosegmental phonology}, booktitle = {{T}he {S}tructure of {P}honological {R}epresentations}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1982}, editor = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, volume = {1}, pages = {65--82}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Halle.Vergnaud1981, author = {Halle, Morris and Vergnaud, Jean-Roger}, title = {{H}armony processes}, booktitle = {{C}rossing the {B}oundaries in {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Reidel}, year = {1981}, editor = {Klein, W. and Levelt, W.}, pages = {1--22}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Halle.Vergnaud1987, author = {Halle, Morris and Vergnaud, Jean-Roger}, title = {{S}tress and the cycle}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1987}, volume = {18}, pages = {45--84}, number = {1}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 14:06:21 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Halle.Vergnaud1987a, title = {{A}n {E}ssay on {S}tress}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1987}, author = {Halle, Morris and Vergnaud, Jean-Roger}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 10:38:28 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Halle.Vergnaud1980, author = {Halle, Morris and Vergnaud, Jean-Roger}, title = {{T}hree-dimensional phonology}, journal = {Journal of Linguistic Research}, year = {1980}, volume = {1}, pages = {83--105}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Halle.Vergnaud1978, author = {Halle, Morris and Vergnaud, Jean-Roger}, title = {{M}etrical structures in phonology}, howpublished = {Ms., {MIT}}, year = {1978}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Halle.Zeps1966, author = {Halle, Morris and Zeps, Valdis}, title = {{A} survey of {L}atvian morphophonemics}, journal = {Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics}, year = {1966}, volume = {83}, pages = {104--113}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Halliday.Hasan1989, title = {{L}anguage, context, and text: aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1989}, author = {Halliday, Michael A. K. and Hasan, Ruqaiya}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @BOOK{Halliday.Matthiessen1999, title = {{C}onstruing experience through meaning: a language-based approach to cognition}, publisher = {Cassell}, year = {1999}, author = {Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C.}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Halpern1946, author = {Halpern, A.M.}, title = {{Y}uma}, publisher = {(1946)}, year = {1946}, editor = {Hoijer, Harry and Bloomfield, Leonard and Haas, Mary R.}, pages = {249--288}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Halpern1990, author = {Halpern, A.}, title = {{P}honological evidence for the surface (non)existence of empty categories}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 9}, publisher = {Stanford Linguistic Association}, year = {1990}, editor = {Sells, Peter}, pages = {233--248}, address = {Stanford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Halpern1992, author = {Halpern, A.}, title = {{T}opics in the {S}yntax and {P}lacement of {C}litics}, school = {Stanford University}, year = {1992}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Halporn.etal1980, title = {{T}he {M}eters of {G}reek and {L}atin {P}oetry}, publisher = {University of Oklahoma Press}, year = {1980}, author = {Halporn, James W. and Ostwald, Martin and Rosenmeyer, Thomas G.}, address = {Norman, OK}, note = {Rev.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Ham1998, author = {Ham, William}, title = {{A} new approach to an old problem: {G}emination and constraint reranking in {W}est {G}ermanic}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics}, year = {1998}, volume = {1}, pages = {225--262}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Ham2001, title = {{P}honetic and {P}honological {A}spects of {G}eminate {T}iming}, publisher = {Routledge}, year = {2001}, author = {William Hallett Ham}, pages = {275}, address = {New York}, note = {Edition date: 2001; LC: 2001041851}, abstract = {This volume in the Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics series investigates the phonetic characteristics & phonological makeup of geminate consonants in case studies of Bernese (Swiss German), Levantine Arabic, Hungarian, & Madurese (West Indonesian). Further cross-linguistic data are adduced to show that there is a systematic difference in geminate duration between syllable- & mora-timed languages, attributable to the availability of information in the preceding vowel: languages that permit both long & short vowels before singleton & geminate consonants motivate lengthening of a basic 1:1.75 singleton-to-geminate duration ratio, whereas timing effects on preconsonantal vowels in syllable-timed languages result in shortening of the basic geminate duration. An integrated timing model is proposed whereby the degree of constraint on possible vowel + consonant sequences in a language is combined with the choice of basic timing unit in the prosodic hierarchy & fed into a language-specific phonetic component that assigns the size of the durational target; the timing is then implemented in a universal phonetic component. 28 Tables, 102 Figures, Bibliog, 4 Appendixes. J. Hitchcock}, isbn = {0415937604}, keywords = {Consonants (14900); Length (Phonological) (46340); German (27700); Hungarian (33150); Arabic (03750); West Indonesian Languages (96380); Sound Duration (Phonetics) (80400); Comparative Linguistics (13850)}, language = {English}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @PHDTHESIS{Hamano1986, author = {Hamano, Shoko}, title = {{T}he {S}ound-{S}ymbolic {S}ystem of {J}apanese}, school = {University of Florida, Gainesville}, year = {1986}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hamans1985, author = {Hamans, C.}, title = {{U}mlaut in a {D}utch dialect}, booktitle = {{A}dvances in {N}onlinear {P}honology}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1985}, editor = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, pages = {381--396}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hamilton1996, author = {Hamilton, Philip}, title = {{C}onstraints and markedness in the phonotactics of {A}ustralian {A}boriginal languages}, school = {University of Toronto}, year = {1996}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hamilton1993a, author = {Hamilton, Philip}, title = {{O}n the internal structure of the coronal node: {E}vidence from {A}ustralian languages}, year = {1993}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hamilton1992, author = {Hamilton, Philip}, title = {{A}ctive articulators and the effect of multivalency in {A}ustralian phonotactics. {A}ustralian {L}inguistic {I}nstitute {W}orkshop on phonology in {A}ustralian languages, {U}niversity of {S}ydney}, year = {1992}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hamilton1989, author = {Hamilton, Philip}, title = {{A}ustralian {P}honotactics and the {I}nternal {S}tructure of the {P}lace {N}ode}, school = {University of Toronto}, year = {1989}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hamilton1997, author = {Hamilton, Philip J.}, title = {{P}honetic constraints and markedness in the phonotactics of {A}ustralian {A}boriginal languages}, school = {University of Toronto}, year = {1997}, address = {Toronto}, note = {University of Toronto}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hamilton1993, author = {Hamilton, Philip J.}, title = {{I}ntrinsic markedness relations in segment structure}, journal = {Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics}, year = {1993}, volume = {12}, pages = {79--95}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hammond2005, title = {{S}erbian: an essential grammar}, publisher = {Routledge}, year = {2005}, author = {Hammond, Lila}, address = {London}, date-added = {2009-07-09 11:42:03 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-07-09 11:44:19 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Hammond1991a, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{M}orphemic circumscription}, booktitle = {{Y}earbook of {M}orphology}, publisher = {Kluwer}, year = {1991}, editor = {Booij, Geert and van Marle, Jaap}, pages = {195--210}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hammond1987a, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{A}ccent, constituency, and lollipops}, booktitle = {{CLS} 23: {P}arasession on {A}utosegmental and {M}etrical {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1987}, editor = {Bosch, A. and Need, B. and Schiller, E.}, pages = {149--166}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hammond1989a, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{C}yclic stress and accent in {E}nglish}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 8}, publisher = {Stanford Linguistic Association}, year = {1989}, editor = {Fee, E. J. and Hunt, K.}, pages = {139--153}, address = {Stanford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hammond1982, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{F}oot-domain rules and metrical locality}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 1}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1982}, editor = {Flickinger, D. T. and Macken, M. and Wiegand, N.}, pages = {207--218}, address = {Stanford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hammond1985, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{M}ain stress and parallel metrical planes}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {BLS} 11: {P}arasession on {P}oetics, {M}etrics, and {P}rosody}, publisher = {Berkeley Linguistic Society}, year = {1985}, editor = {Niepokuj, M. and VanClay, M. and Nikiforidou, V. and Jeder, D.}, pages = {417--428}, address = {Berkeley}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hammond1997b, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{U}nderlying representations in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, booktitle = {{D}erivations and {C}onstraints in {P}honology}, publisher = {Clarendon Press}, year = {1997}, editor = {Roca, Iggy}, pages = {349--365}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hammond2000, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{T}he logic of {O}ptimality {T}heory}, year = {2000}, note = {Available on Rutgers Optimality Archive, http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/roa.html.}, address = {Tucson, AZ}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hammond1999, title = {{T}he phonology of {English}: a prosodic optimality-theoretic approach}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1999}, author = {Hammond, Michael}, address = {New York}, comment = {none}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @MISC{Hammond1997, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{P}arsing in {OT}}, year = {1997}, address = {Tucson, AZ}, keywords = {parsing}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hammond1997a, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{V}owel quantity and syllabification in {E}nglish}, journal = {Language}, year = {1997}, volume = {73}, pages = {1--17}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hammond1995, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{T}here is no lexicon!}, year = {1995}, address = {Tucson, AZ}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hammond1994, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{A}n {OT} account of variability in {W}almatjari stress}, year = {1994}, address = {Tucson, AZ}, keywords = {variation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hammond1993, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{L}anguage games and prosodic circumscription}, year = {1993}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hammond1991, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{D}eriving the strict cycle condition}, year = {1991}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hammond1990, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{M}etrical theory and learnability}, year = {1990}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hammond1990a, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{T}he 'name game' and onset simplification}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1990}, volume = {7}, pages = {159--162}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hammond1989, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{L}exical stresses in {M}acedonian and {P}olish}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1989}, volume = {6}, pages = {19--38}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hammond1988, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{T}emplatic transfer in {A}rabic broken plurals}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1988}, volume = {6}, pages = {247--270}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hammond1988a, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{O}n deriving the {W}ell-formedness {C}ondition}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1988}, volume = {19}, pages = {319--325}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hammond1987, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{H}ungarian cola}, journal = {Phonology Yearbook}, year = {1987}, volume = {4}, pages = {267--269}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hammond1986, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{T}he obligatory-branching parameter in metrical theory}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1986}, volume = {4}, pages = {185--228}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hammond1984, author = {Hammond, Michael}, title = {{C}onstraining {M}etrical {T}heory: {A} {M}odular {T}heory of {R}hythm and {D}estressing}, school = {UCLA}, year = {1984}, address = {Los Angeles}, note = {Published 1988, Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics series, Garland Press, New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Han1994, author = {Han, Eunjoo}, title = {{P}rosodic {S}tructure in {C}ompounds}, school = {Stanford University}, year = {1994}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Han1992, author = {Han, J.-I.}, title = {{O}n the {K}orean tensed consonants and tensification}, booktitle = {{P}apers from {CLS} 28}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1992}, editor = {Denton, Jeannette Marshall and Chan, Grace P. and Canakis, Costas P.}, pages = {206--223}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hancin-Bhatt.Bhatt1997, author = {Hancin-Bhatt, B. and Bhatt, R. M.}, title = {{O}ptimal {L}2 syllables: {I}nteraction of transfer and developmental effects}, journal = {Studies in Second Language Acquisition}, year = {1997}, volume = {19}, pages = {331--378}, keywords = {L2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Handelsmann1991, author = {Handelsmann, Robert}, title = {{T}owards a {D}escripton of {A}murdak: {A} {L}anguage of {N}orthern {A}ustralia}, school = {University of Melbourne}, year = {1991}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hankamer.Aissen1974, author = {Hankamer, Jorge and Aissen, Judith}, title = {{T}he sonority hierarchy}, booktitle = {{CLS} 10: {P}arasession on {N}atural {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1974}, editor = {Bruck, Anthony and Fox, Robert and La Galy, Michael}, pages = {131--145}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hankamer.Mikkelsen2005, author = {Hankamer, Jorge and Mikkelsen, Line}, title = {{W}hen movement must be blocked}, journal = {{L}inguistic {I}nquiry}, year = {2005}, volume = {36}, pages = {85--125}, abstract = {Embick and Noyer (2001) develop an analysis of definiteness marking in Danish and Swedish employing the central assumptions of Distributed Morphology (DM) together with the syntactic operation of head movement of N to D. We expose some theoretical and empirical shortcomings of the analysis and conclude that the assumption of N-to-D movement is incompatible with the central assumptions of DM. We further show how these shortcomings are avoided by the lexicalist analysis proposed by Hankamer and Mikkelsen (2002) and compare it with an alternative DM analysis that does not rely on head movement in the syntax. We conclude that while a lexicalist or a DM analysis is viable, with interesting trade-offs, neither of the viable analyses involves any movement.}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Hannahs2004, author = {Hannahs, S.-J.}, title = {{M}alagasy reduplication: infixation not suffixation}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston}, note = {LSA 78}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hansen.Hansen1969, author = {Hansen, K. C. and Hansen, L. E.}, title = {{P}intupi phonology}, journal = {Oceanic Linguistics}, year = {1969}, volume = {8}, pages = {153--170}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hanson.Kiparsky1996, author = {Hanson, Kristin and Kiparsky, Paul}, title = {{A} parametric theory of poetic meter}, journal = {{L}anguage}, year = {1996}, volume = {72}, pages = {287--335}, number = {2}, abstract = {This paper presents a parametric theory of poetic meter which defines a set of formally possible meters based on the prosodic consituents and categories given by universal grammar, and a functional principle that selects and optimal meter for a particular language on the basis of lexical phonological structure. We support this theory by a detailed analysis of a favored meter in Finnish, a stress-based meter in which syllable count varies in accord with constraints on syllable weight, and show why partially similar meters are likewise favored in English.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.10.27} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Hansson2004, author = {Hansson, Gunnar Olafur}, title = {{T}one and voicing agreement in {Y}abem: representations vs. constraint interaction}, year = {2004}, address = {Davis, CA}, note = {WCCFL 23}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hansson2001, author = {Hansson, Gunnar Olafur}, title = {{T}heoretical and {T}ypological {I}ssues in {C}onsonant {H}armony}, school = {University of California, Berkeley}, year = {2001}, address = {Berkeley}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Haraguchi1992, author = {Haraguchi, Shosuke}, title = {{N}ihongo no mora to onsetsukozo ni kansuru sogoteki kenkyu [{R}esearch on the moraic and syllabic structure of {J}apanese]}, year = {1992}, note = {Mombusho Research Report}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Haraguchi1991, title = {{A} {T}heory of {S}tress and {A}ccent}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1991}, author = {Haraguchi, Shosuke}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Haraguchi1982, author = {Haraguchi, Shosuke}, title = {{A}n autosegmental theory: {I}ts expansion and extension}, journal = {Journal of Linguistic Research}, year = {1982}, volume = {2}, pages = {59--80}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Haraguchi1977, title = {{T}he {T}one {P}attern of {J}apanese: {A}n {A}utosegmental {T}heory of {T}onology}, publisher = {Kaitakusha}, year = {1977}, author = {Haraguchi, Shosuke}, address = {Tokyo}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hargus1995, author = {Hargus, Sharon}, title = {{T}he first person plural prefix in {B}abine-{W}itsuwit'en}, year = {1995}, address = {Seattle.}, keywords = {allomorphy}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hargus1988, title = {{T}he {L}exical {P}honology of {S}entani}, publisher = {Garland Publishing Inc.}, year = {1988}, author = {Hargus, Sharon}, address = {New York \& London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hargus1985, author = {Hargus, Sharon}, title = {{T}he {L}exical {P}honology of {S}ekani}, school = {UCLA}, year = {1985}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hargus.Beavert2002, author = {Hargus, Sharon and Beavert, Virginia}, title = {{P}redictable versus underlying vocalism in {Y}akima {S}ahaptin}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {2002}, volume = {68}, pages = {316--40}, number = {3}, keywords = {predictable vowels stress epenthesis}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hargus.Kaisse1993, title = {{S}tudies in {L}exical {P}honology}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1993}, author = {Hargus, Sharon and Kaisse, Ellen M.}, address = {San Diego}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hargus.Tuttle1997, author = {Hargus, Sharon and Tuttle, Siri G.}, title = {{A}ugmentation as affixation in {A}thabaskan languages}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1997}, volume = {14}, pages = {177--220}, keywords = {allomorphy}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Harley2008, author = {Harley, Heidi}, title = {{C}ompounding in {D}istributed {M}orphology}, booktitle = {{O}xford {H}andbook of {C}ompounding}, publisher = {Oxford {U}niversity {P}ress}, year = {2008}, editor = {Lieber, Rochelle and Stekauer, Pavol}, pages = {129--144}, address = {Oxford}, annote = {lingBuzz/000602}, date-added = {2009-03-22 21:23:29 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 10:40:03 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MISC{Harley2007, author = {Harley, Heidi}, title = {{T}he bipartite structure of verbs cross-linguistically (or: why \emph{Mary can't exhibit John her paintings})}, year = {2007}, note = {Paper presented at {ABRALIN}, {UFMG}, Belo Horizonte, March 1}, timestamp = {2010.08.23} } @MISC{Harms1977, author = {Harms, Robert}, title = {{P}honology {W}orkbook}, year = {1977}, note = {1977}, address = {Austin, TX}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Harms1976, author = {Harms, Robert T.}, title = {{T}he {S}egmentalization of {F}innish `{N}onrules'}, booktitle = {{T}exas {L}inguistic {F}orum 5 ({P}apers from the {T}ransatlantic {F}innish {C}onference)}, year = {1976}, pages = {73--88}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MANUAL{Harrell2008, title = {{\textsf{Design}: Design Package}}, author = {Harrell, Jr. Frank E.}, year = {2008}, note = {R package version 2.1-2}, url = {http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/s/Design, http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/rms} } @MANUAL{Harrell.withcontributionsfrommanyotherusers2008, title = {{\textsf{Hmisc}: Harrell Miscellaneous}}, author = {Harrell, Jr. Frank E. and with contributions from many other users}, year = {2008}, note = {R package version 3.4-4}, timestamp = {2009.06.02}, url = {http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/s/Hmisc, http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/twiki/pub/Main/RS/sintro.pdf, http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/twiki/pub/Main/StatReport/summary.pdf, http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/trac/Hmisc} } @BOOK{Harrell1962, title = {{A} {S}hort {R}eference {G}rammar of {M}oroccan {A}rabic}, publisher = {Georgetown University Press}, year = {1962}, author = {Harrell, Richard S.}, address = {Washington, D.C}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Harrikari1999, author = {Harrikari, Heli}, title = {{T}he gradient {OCP} -- {T}onal evidence from {S}wedish}, year = {1999}, address = {Helsinki}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Harrikari1999a, author = {Harrikari, Heli}, title = {{T}he inalterability of long vowels in {F}innish}, year = {1999}, address = {Nanzan University, Nagoya, Japan}, note = {GLOW}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Harris.OGrady1976, author = {Harris, Barbara and O'Grady, Geoffrey}, title = {{A}n analysis of the progressive morpheme in {U}mpila verbs: {A} revision of a former attempt}, booktitle = {{L}anguages of {C}ape {Y}ork}, publisher = {Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies}, year = {1976}, editor = {Sutton, P.}, address = {Canberra}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:35:53 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Harris1972, author = {Harris, James}, title = {{O}n the ordering of certain phonological rules in {S}panish}, booktitle = {{A} {F}estschrift for {M}orris {H}alle}, publisher = {Holt, Rinehart and Winston}, year = {1972}, editor = {Anderson, Stephen R. and Kiparsky, Paul}, pages = {59--76}, address = {New York}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:38:10 -0500}, keywords = {elsewhere}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Harris1991b, author = {Harris, James}, title = {{W}ith respect to accentual constituents in {S}panish}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {S}tudies in {S}panish {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Georgetown University Press}, year = {1991}, editor = {Campos, H. and Martinez-Gil, F.}, pages = {447--473}, address = {Washington, DC}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:38:27 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Harris1993, author = {Harris, James}, title = {{I}ntegrity of prosodic constituents and the domain of syllabification rules in {S}panish and {C}atalan}, booktitle = {{T}he {V}iew from {B}uilding 20: {E}ssays in {L}inguistics in {H}onor of {S}ylvain {B}romberger}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1993}, editor = {Hale, Kenneth and Keyser, Samuel Jay}, pages = {177--194}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:38:39 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Harris1990a, author = {Harris, John}, title = {{D}erived phonological contrasts}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in the {P}ronunciation of {E}nglish}, publisher = {Routledge}, year = {1990}, editor = {Ramsaran, Susan}, pages = {87--105}, address = {London}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:38:52 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Harris2006, author = {Harris, John}, title = {{T}he phonology of being understood: further arguments against sonority}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {2006}, volume = {116}, pages = {1483-1494}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-10-08 15:03:22 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-10-08 15:04:27 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Harris1994, title = {{E}nglish {S}ound {S}tructure}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1994}, author = {Harris, John}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Harris1991, author = {Harris, James}, title = {{T}he form classes of {S}panish substantives}, journal = {Yearbook of Morphology}, year = {1991}, volume = {2}, pages = {65--88}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Harris1991a, author = {Harris, James}, title = {{T}he exponence of gender in {S}panish}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1991}, volume = {22}, pages = {27--62}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Harris1990, author = {Harris, John}, title = {{S}egmental complexity and phonological government}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1990}, volume = {7}, pages = {255--300}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Harris1989c, author = {Harris, John}, title = {{T}owards a lexical analysis of sound change in progress}, journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1989}, volume = {25}, pages = {35--56}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Harris1983, title = {{S}yllable {S}tructure {A}nd {S}tress in {S}panish: a {N}onlinear {A}nalysis}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1983}, author = {Harris, James}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Harris1989b, author = {Harris, James W.}, title = {{O}ur present understanding of {S}panish syllable structure}, booktitle = {{A}merican {S}panish {P}ronunciation}, publisher = {Georgetown University Press}, year = {1989}, editor = {Bjarkman, P. and Hammond, R.}, pages = {151--169}, address = {Washington, DC}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:39:13 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Harris1988a, title = {{S}onority and syllabification in {S}panish}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1988}, editor = {de Cesaris, J and Kirschner, C.}, author = {Harris, James W.}, address = {Amsterdam}, date-modified = {2008-07-20 22:23:02 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Harris1995, author = {Harris, James W.}, title = {{P}rojection and edge marking in the computation of stress in {S}panish}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John A.}, pages = {867--887}, address = {Cambridge, Mass., and Oxford, UK}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Harris1989, author = {Harris, James W.}, title = {{T}he stress erasure convention and cliticization in {S}panish}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1989}, volume = {20}, pages = {339--363}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Harris1989a, author = {Harris, James W.}, title = {{H}ow different is verb stress in {S}panish?}, journal = {Probus}, year = {1989}, volume = {1}, pages = {241--258}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Harris1988, author = {Harris, James W.}, title = {{S}panish stress: {T}he extrametricality issue}, year = {1988}, note = {Distributed by IULC Publications, 1992}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Harris1987, author = {Harris, James W.}, title = {{T}he accentual patterns of verb paradigms in {S}panish}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1987}, volume = {5}, pages = {61--90}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Harris1985, author = {Harris, James W.}, title = {{S}panish diphthongization and stress: {A} paradox resolved}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1985}, volume = {2}, pages = {31--45}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Harris1978, author = {Harris, James W.}, title = {{T}wo theories of non-automatic morphophonological alternation: {E}vidence from {S}panish}, journal = {Language}, year = {1978}, volume = {54}, pages = {41--60}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Harris1969, title = {{S}panish {P}honology}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1969}, author = {Harris, James W.}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Harris.Kaisse1999, author = {Harris, James W. and Kaisse, Ellen M.}, title = {{P}alatal vowels, glides and obstruents in {A}rgentinian {S}panish}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1999}, volume = {16}, pages = {117--190}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Harris1944, author = {Harris, Zellig}, title = {{S}imultaneous components in phonology}, journal = {Language}, year = {1944}, volume = {20}, pages = {181--205}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Harris1942, author = {Harris, Zellig}, title = {{M}orpheme alternants in linguistic analysis}, journal = {Language}, year = {1942}, volume = {18}, pages = {169--180}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Harris1942a, author = {Harris, Zellig}, title = {{T}he phonemes of {M}oroccan {A}rabic}, journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society}, year = {1942}, volume = {62}, pages = {309--318}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Harris1941, author = {Harris, Zellig}, title = {{T}he linguistic structure of {H}ebrew}, journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society}, year = {1941}, volume = {61}, pages = {143--67}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Harrison2001, author = {Harrison, K. David}, title = {{V}owel {H}armony in {A}ltaic: {A}gree or {A}lign?}, year = {2001}, address = {University of Southern California, Los Angeles}, note = {The 20th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Harrison1976, title = {{M}okilese {R}eference {G}rammar}, publisher = {University of Hawaii Press}, year = {1976}, author = {Harrison, Sheldon}, address = {Honolulu}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hart1981, title = {{N}asality and the {O}rganization of {A}utosegmental {P}honology}, publisher = {Bloomington}, year = {1981}, author = {Hart, George}, address = {Bloomington}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hartkemeyer2000, author = {Hartkemeyer, Dale C.}, title = {*{V}: {A}n optimality-theoretic examination of vowel loss phenomena, with special reference to {L}atin, early {W}estern {R}omance, and {B}asque}, school = {University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}, year = {2000}, keywords = {syncope, vowel deletion}, pages = {290}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Harveytoappear, author = {Harvey, Mark}, title = {{P}roto-{G}unwinyguan phonology}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in {C}omparative {N}on-{P}ama-{N}yungan}, year = {to appear}, editor = {Evans, N.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:39:29 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Harvey1991, author = {Harvey, Mark}, title = {{G}lottal stop, underspecification and syllable structure among the {T}op {E}nd languages}, journal = {Australian Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1991}, volume = {11}, pages = {67--105}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Harvey1986, author = {Harvey, Mark}, title = {{N}goni {W}aray {A}mungal-yang: {T}he {W}aray language from {A}delaide {R}iver}, school = {Australian National University}, year = {1986}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hasegawa1979, author = {Hasegawa, N}, title = {{C}asual speech vs. fast speech}, booktitle = {{P}apers from {CLS} 15}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1979}, editor = {Clyne, P. and Hanks, W. and Hofbauer, C.}, pages = {126--137}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:39:44 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Haspelmath2008, author = {Haspelmath, Martin}, title = {{C}reating economical patterns in language change}, booktitle = {{L}inguistic universals and language change}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {2008}, editor = {Good, Jeff}, pages = {185-214}, address = {Oxford}, abstract = {This chapter presents five main points. First is that a very large number of morphosyntactic implicational universals can be explained by invoking economic motivation: more frequently used expressions are shorter than semantically similar, but more rarely used expressions, because they are more predictable. Second, all universal morphosyntactic asymmetries are economically motivated. Third, economical patterns are created by speakers in language use, and when innovative patterns spread through the community, they are manifested in the results of language change. Fourth, there are at least three different diachronic paths through which economical patterns arise: differential phonological reduction, differential expansion of a new construction, and selective analogical change. Fifth, one obvious possible diachronic path does not seem to be well attested: differential morphosyntactic reduction. However, this generalization is problematic, because morphosyntactic reduction is not easy to differentiate from phonological reduction, and counter-examples have been noted.}, timestamp = {2009.07.15} } @ARTICLE{Haspelmath1999, author = {Haspelmath, Martin}, title = {{O}ptimality and diachronic adaptation}, journal = {{Zeitschrift f\"ur Sprachwissenschaft}}, year = {1999}, volume = {18}, pages = {1--22}, comment = {electronic; needs OCR}, timestamp = {2009.10.19} } @ARTICLE{Haspelmath1999a, author = {Haspelmath, Martin}, title = {{O}ptimality and diachronic adaptation}, journal = {Zeitschrift fur Sprachwissenschaft}, year = {1999}, volume = {18}, pages = {xxx-xxx}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Haspelmath1993, title = {{A} grammar of {L}ezgian}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = {1993}, author = {Haspelmath, Martin}, volume = {9}, address = {Berlin}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INBOOK{Hastie.Pregibon1992, chapter = {6}, title = {{G}eneralized linear models}, publisher = {Wadsworth and Brooks {\slash} Cole}, year = {1992}, editor = {Chambers, J. M. and Hastie, T. J.}, author = {Hastie, T. J. and Pregibon, D.}, booktitle = {{S}tatistical {M}odels in {S}}, editors = {Chambers, J. M. and Hastie, T. J. Hastie}, timestamp = {2009.02.18} } @BOOK{Hastings1974, title = {{S}tifling}, publisher = {IULC Publications}, year = {1974}, author = {Hastings, Ashley}, address = {Bloomington, IN}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hattori1982, author = {Hattori, S.}, title = {{V}owel harmonies of the {A}ltaic languages, {K}orean, and {J}apanese}, journal = {Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae}, year = {1982}, volume = {36}, pages = {207--214}, number = {1-3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hattori1960, title = {{G}engogaku no hoho [{M}ethods of {L}inguistics]}, publisher = {Iwanami}, year = {1960}, author = {Hattori, S.}, address = {Tokyo}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Haugen1956, author = {Haugen, Einar}, title = {{T}he syllable in linguistic description}, booktitle = {{F}or {R}oman {J}akobson}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1956}, editor = {Halle, Morris et al.}, pages = {213--221}, address = {The Hague}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:40:15 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Haugen2003, author = {Haugen, Jason}, title = {{P}rosodic morphology and constraint-ranking in {U}to-{A}ztecan historical phonology}, year = {2003}, address = {Tucson, AZ}, note = {SWOT 8}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hausenberg1998, author = {Hausenberg, Anu-Reet}, title = {{K}omi}, publisher = {(1998)}, year = {1998}, editor = {Abondolo, Daniel}, pages = {305--326}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:40:34 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Haviland1979, author = {Haviland, John}, title = {{G}uugu {Y}imidhirr}, booktitle = {{H}andbook of {A}ustralian {L}anguages}, publisher = {Australian National University Press}, year = {1979}, editor = {Dixon, Robert M. W. and Blake, B.}, pages = {27--182}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @UNPUBLISHED{Hawkins2008, author = {Hawkins, John}, title = {{L}anguage universals and the performance-grammar correspondence hypothesis}, note = {Unpublished manuscript}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Cambridge University}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Hawkins2000, author = {Hawkins, J.A. }, title = {{T}he relative order of prepositional phrases in {E}nglish: {G}oing beyond {Manner-Place-Time}}, journal = {Language Variation and Change}, year = {2000}, volume = {11}, pages = {231--266}, timestamp = {2010.08.19} } @BOOK{Hawkins1995, title = {{A} performance theory of order and constituency}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1995}, author = {Hawkins, John}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, timestamp = {2010.08.18} } @INCOLLECTION{Hawkins.Cutler1988, author = {Hawkins, John A. and Cutler, Anne}, title = {{P}sycholinguistic {F}actors in {M}orphological {A}symmetry}, booktitle = {{E}xplaining {L}anguage {U}niversals.}, publisher = {Basil Blackwell}, year = {1988}, editor = {Hawkins, J.A.}, address = {Oxford}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:40:51 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hay2001, author = {Hay, Jennifer}, title = {{L}exical frequency in morphology: is everything relative?}, journal = {{L}inguistics}, year = {2001}, volume = {39}, pages = {1041--1070}, number = {6}, abstract = {While it is widely assumed that high-frequency morphologically complex forms tend to display characteristics of noncompositionality, models of morphological processing do not predict a direct relationship between absolute frequency and decomposition. Rather, they predict a relationship between decomposition and the relative frequency of the derived form and the base. This paper argues that such a relative frequency effect does, indeed, exist. First, the results of a simple experiment demonstrate that subjects perceive derived forms that are more frequent than their bases to be significantly less complex than matched counterparts that are less frequent than their bases. And second, dictionary calculations reveal that derived forms that are more frequent than their bases are significantly more likely to display symptoms of semantic drift than derived forms containing higher-frequency bases. High-frequency forms, however, are no more prone to semantic drift than low-frequency forms. These results provide evidence that it is relative frequency, rather than absolute frequency, that affects the decomposability of morphologically complex words. A low-frequency form is likely to be nontransparent if it is composed of even-lower-frequency parts. And a high-frequency form may be highly decomposable if the base word it contains is higher frequency still.}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Hay.Baayen2005, author = {Hay, Jennifer B. and Baayen, R. Harald}, title = {{S}hifting paradigms: gradient structure in morphology}, journal = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences}, year = {2005}, bdsk-file-1 = 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date-added = {2009-10-29 13:11:56 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-10-29 13:12:58 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Hay.etal2004, author = {Hay, Jennifer B. and Pierrehumbert, Janet and Beckman, Mary}, title = {{S}peech perception, well-formedness and the statistics of the lexicon}, booktitle = {{P}honetic {I}nterpretation: {P}apers in {L}aboratory {P}honology {VI}}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2004}, editor = {Local, J. and Ogden, R. and Temple, R.}, pages = {58--74}, date-added = {2008-11-15 21:08:40 -0800}, date-modified = {2010-06-01 13:50:47 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Hayata1980, author = {Hayata, T.}, title = {{N}on-abstract vowel harmony in {M}anchu}, journal = {Gengo Kenkyu}, year = {1980}, volume = {77}, pages = {59--79}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Haydu1964, author = {Haydu, Peter}, title = {{S}amoiedica}, journal = {Nyelvtudomanyi Kozlemenyek}, year = {1964}, volume = {66}, pages = {397--405}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hayes1984b, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{T}he phonetics and phonology of {R}ussian voicing assimilation}, booktitle = {{L}anguage {S}ound {S}tructure}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1984}, editor = {Aronoff, Mark and Oehrle, Richard T.}, pages = {318--328}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 10:40:45 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hayes1994a, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{W}eight of {CVC} can be determined by context}, booktitle = {{P}erspectives in {P}honology}, publisher = {CSLI}, year = {1994}, editor = {Cole, Jennifer and Kisseberth, Charles}, pages = {61--80}, address = {Stanford}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:23:21 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hayes1999a, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{P}honetically driven phonology: the role of {O}ptimality {T}heory and inductive grounding}, booktitle = {{F}unctionalism and {F}ormalism in {L}inguistics, {V}olume {I}: {G}eneral {P}apers}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1999}, editor = {Darnell, Michael and Newmeyer, Frederick J. and Noonan, Michael and Moravcsik, Edith and Wheatley, Kathleen}, pages = {243--285}, address = {Amsterdam}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:41:20 -0500}, keywords = {functionalism}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hayes2008, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{F}aithfulness and componentiality in metrics}, booktitle = {{T}he nature of the word: essays in honor of {Paul Kiparsky}}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {2008}, editor = {Hanson, Kristin and Inkelas, Sharon}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, abstract = {The core ideas of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993) have been shown in earlier work to be applicable to the study of poetic meter: metrical data are appropriately analyzed with ranked, conflicting constraints. However, application of OT to metrics still raises problems. First, while OT grammars derive outputs from inputs, metrics is non-derivational, the goal being simply to characterize a set of well-formed structures. Second, because constraints in OT are violable and conflict, there can be well-formed outputs that violate high-ranking constraints. Thus, it is not clear when constraint violations imply unmetricality. Third, there is no criterion for linking constraint violations to metrical complexity. Lastly, candidate competitions in OT always yield winners. This implies---falsely---that unmetrical forms should always suggest their own repairs, in the form of the winning candidate. In the solution proposed here, well-formed structures are those that can be derived from a rich base (Prince and Smolensky 1993, Smolensky 1996). Unmetricality results not from constraint violations per se, but from violations of markedness constraints that outrank competing Faithfulness constraints. Complexity works similarly, under a gradient conception of constraint ranking adopted from Hayes (in press) and Boersma and Hayes (in press). Lastly, unmetrical lines do not suggest a repaired alternative because their derivations ``crash.'' Crashing results from componentiality, and occurs when different components of the metrical grammar (Kiparsky 1977) disagree on which candidate should win. Data are taken from studies of English folk verse by Hayes and Kaun (1996) and Hayes and MacEachern (1998).}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2009.09.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Hayes1982b, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{M}etrical structure as the organizing principle in {Y}idiny phonology}, booktitle = {{T}he {S}tructure of {P}honological {R}epresentations}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1982}, editor = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, volume = {1}, pages = {97--110}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hayes1990b, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{P}recompiled phrasal phonology}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}honology-{S}yntax {C}onnection}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1990}, editor = {Inkelas, Sharon and Zec, Draga}, pages = {85--108}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:41:42 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hayes2004a, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{P}honological acquisition in {O}ptimality {T}heory: {T}he early stages}, booktitle = {{C}onstraints in {P}honological {A}cquisition}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2004}, editor = {Kager, Ren{\'e} and Pater, Joe and Zonneveld, Wim}, address = {Cambridge}, keywords = {learnability functionalism}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hayes1989d, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{T}he prosodic hierarchy in meter}, booktitle = {{R}hythm and {M}eter}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1989}, editor = {Kiparsky, Paul and Youmans, G.}, pages = {201--260}, address = {Orlando}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:42:03 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hayes1987a, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{A} revised parametric metrical theory}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 17}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1987}, editor = {McDonough, J. and Plunkett, B.}, pages = {274--289}, address = {Amherst}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:42:18 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hayes1985a, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{I}ambic and trochaic rhythm in stress rules}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {BLS} 11: {P}arasession on {P}oetics, {M}etrics, and {P}rosody}, publisher = {Berkeley Linguistic Society}, year = {1985}, editor = {Niepokuj, M. and VanClay, M. and Nikiforidou, V. and Jeder, D.}, pages = {429--46}, address = {Berkeley}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hayes2009a, title = {{I}ntroductory phonology}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, year = {2009}, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, address = {Malden, Mass., and Oxford, UK}, date-added = {2009-07-20 12:19:12 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-07-20 12:20:15 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MISC{Hayes1998, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{C}onstraint-ranking software ({R}anker)}, year = {1998}, note = {Software package available for download at http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/linguistics/people/hayes/otsoft/otsoft.exe.}, address = {Los Angeles}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hayes1997, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{F}our rules of inference for ranking argumentation}, year = {1997}, note = {Downloadable (7/30/00) from http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/humnet/linguistics/people/hayes/otsoft/.}, address = {Los Angeles}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hayes1997a, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{G}radient well-formedness in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, year = {1997}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hayes1996, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{V}oicing in {NC} {C}lusters}, year = {1996}, note = {Handout of talk given at University of California, Santa Cruz}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hayes1995a, title = {{M}etrical {S}tress {T}heory: {P}rinciples and {C}ase {S}tudies}, publisher = {The University of Chicago Press}, year = {1995}, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hayes1990a, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{D}iphthongization and coindexing}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1990}, volume = {7}, pages = {31--71}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hayes1989b, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{S}tress and {S}yllabification in the {Y}upik {L}anguages}, year = {1989}, address = {University of California, Los Angeles}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hayes1989c, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{C}ompensatory {L}engthening in moraic phonology}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1989}, volume = {20}, pages = {253--306}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hayes1986b, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{I}nalterability in {CV} phonology}, journal = {Language}, year = {1986}, volume = {62}, pages = {321--251}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hayes1986c, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{A}ssimilation as spreading in {T}oba {B}atak}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1986}, volume = {17}, pages = {467--99}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hayes1984a, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{T}he phonology of rhythm in {E}nglish}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1984}, volume = {15}, pages = {33--74}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hayes1982a, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{E}xtrametricality and {E}nglish stress}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1982}, volume = {13}, pages = {227--276}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hayes1980a, author = {Hayes, Bruce}, title = {{A} {M}etrical {T}heory of {S}tress {R}ules}, school = {MIT}, year = {1980}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, note = {Published by Garland Press, New York, 1985}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hayes.Abad1989, author = {Hayes, Bruce and Abad, May}, title = {{R}eduplication and syllabification in {I}lokano}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {1989}, volume = {77}, pages = {331--374}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hayes.Lahiri1991, author = {Hayes, Bruce and Lahiri, Aditi}, title = {{B}engali intonational phonology}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1991}, volume = {9}, pages = {47--96}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hayes.Londetoappear, author = {Hayes, Bruce and Zsuzsa Czir{\'a}ky Londe}, title = {{S}tochastic {P}honological {K}nowledge: {T}he {C}ase of {H}ungarian {V}owel {H}armony}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {to appear}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Hayes.MacEachern1998, author = {Hayes, Bruce and MacEachern, Margaret}, title = {{Q}uatrain form in {English} folk verse}, journal = {Language}, year = {1998}, volume = {74}, pages = {473--507}, timestamp = {2010.03.19} } @ARTICLE{Hayes.MacEachern1998a, author = {Hayes, Bruce and MacEachern, Margaret}, title = {{Q}uatrain form in {E}nglish folk verse}, journal = {Language}, year = {1998}, volume = {64}, pages = {473--507}, keywords = {variation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hayes.Stivers1996, author = {Hayes, Bruce and Stivers, Tanya}, title = {{T}he phonetics of post-nasal voicing}, howpublished = {Ms., UCLA}, year = {1996}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.08.07} } @MISC{Hayes.etal2003, author = {Hayes, Bruce and Tesar, Bruce and Zuraw, Kie}, title = {{OTSoft 2.1}}, year = {2003}, note = {Software package, available online at \url{http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/otsoft/.}}, timestamp = {2009.05.19} } @UNPUBLISHED{Hayes.etal2003a, author = {Hayes, Bruce and Bruce Tesar and Kie Zuraw}, title = {{OTS}oft 2.1}, note = {{S}oftware package developed at UCLA}, year = {2003}, bdsk-url-1 = {http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/otsoft/}, timestamp = {2011.04.11}, url = {http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/otsoft/} } @UNPUBLISHED{Hayes.Wilson2006, author = {Hayes, Bruce and Colin Wilson}, title = {{A} {M}aximum {E}ntropy {M}odel of {P}honotactics and {P}honotactic {L}earning}, note = {{Ms.}, UCLA}, year = {2006}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Hays1964, author = {Hays, D. G.}, title = {{D}ependency theory: {A} formalism and some observations}, journal = {Language}, year = {1964}, volume = {40}, pages = {511--525}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hayward1986a, author = {Hayward, Dick}, title = {{T}he {H}igh {C}entral {V}owel in {A}mharic: {N}ew {A}pproaches to an {O}ld {P}roblem}, booktitle = {{T}he {F}ergusonian {I}mpact: {I}n {H}onor of {C}harles {A}. {F}erguson on the {O}ccasion of {H}is 65th {B}irthday, {I}: {F}rom {P}honology to {S}ociety}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = {1986}, editor = {Fishman, Joshua A and Tabouret-Keller, Andree and Clyne, Michael and Krishnamurti, B. and Abdulaziz, Mohamed}, pages = {301--325}, address = {Berlin}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:42:40 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hayward.Hayward1989, author = {Hayward, K. M. and Hayward, R. J.}, title = {'{G}uttural': {A}rguments for a new distinctive feature}, journal = {Transactions of the Philological Society}, year = {1989}, volume = {87}, pages = {179--93}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hayward1988, author = {Hayward, R. J.}, title = {{I}n defense of the skeletal tier}, journal = {Studies in African Linguistics}, year = {1988}, volume = {19}, pages = {131--172}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hayward1986, title = {{T}he {A}rbore {L}anguage}, publisher = {Buske}, year = {1986}, author = {Hayward, R. J.}, address = {Hamburg}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Healey1960, title = {{A}n {A}gta grammar}, publisher = {Summer Institute of Linguistics}, year = {1960}, author = {Healey, P. M.}, address = {Manila}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Heath1987, title = {{A}blaut and {A}mbiguity: {P}honology of a {M}oroccan {A}rabic {D}ialect}, publisher = {State University of New York Press}, year = {1987}, author = {Heath, Jeffrey}, address = {Albany}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Heath1984, title = {{F}unctional grammar of {N}unggubuyu}, publisher = {Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies}, year = {1984}, author = {Heath, Jeffrey}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Heath1981, author = {Heath, Jeffrey}, title = {{T}ubatulabal phonology}, booktitle = {{H}arvard {S}tudies in {P}honology {II}}, publisher = {IULC Publications}, year = {1981}, address = {Bloomington, IN}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:42:56 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hebert.Poppe1964, title = {{K}irgiz manual}, publisher = {Indiana University Publications/The Hague: Mouton \& co.}, year = {1964}, author = {Hebert, Raymond and Poppe, Nicholas}, volume = {33}, address = {Bloomington}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hefferman2007, author = {Hefferman, Kevin}, title = {{P}honetic disinctiveness as a sociolinguistic variable}, school = {Department of Linguistics, University of Toronto}, year = {2007}, abstract = {I begin with a distinction between engendered variation, that is, sex-based phonetic-level variation that shows consistent patterns across communities, and nongendered variation. Much of engendered variation is anatomically-determined, but there is also an important behaviourally-determined component. One example of behaviourally-determined engendered variation is that women speak more clearly, as reflected in their more-dispersed vowel space. I argue that this sex-based difference applies to all types of phonological contrasts, not just vowels, so that the temporal and acoustic correlates of phonological constituents produced by women are differentiated typically more than those produced by men. Furthermore, I demonstrate that ?phonetic distinctiveness? indexes other social categories such as social gender and social class, i.e., is a sociolinguistic variable. I corroborate the indexing of social categories in two major applications. First, I compare phonetic correlates in the speech of eight male radio DJs from a range of music genres with ratings of how macho-sounding each DJ is. For each DJ, I examine durational differences between contextual and inherent long and short vowels. As expected, social gender significantly correlates with the vowel duration distinctiveness so that the more macho-sounding DJs produce less distinct vowel length contrasts. Second, I examine dispersion of front and back vowels in the speech of 439 speakers from the Atlas of North American English (Labov et al. 2006). Vowel dispersion is shown to correlate with both sex and social class. That men typically produce less distinct contrasts than women leads to predictions about the role of sex in phonetic-level sound change. Specifically, if the innovative form results in the loss of phonetic distinctiveness (such as two vowels merging), then we predict that men lead the change. An investigation of vowel mergers among the Atlas of North American English speakers reveals that men do lead mergers, and that speakers with a less dispersed vowel system show more instances of mergers, regardless of sex. Thus phonetic distinctiveness as an explanation of sound change accounts for why men lead sound changes that result in loss of phonetic distinctiveness, while women lead sound changes that maintain phonetic distinctiveness.}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2008.06.19} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Hefferman2007a, author = {Hefferman, Kevin}, title = {{V}owel dispersion as a determinant of which sex leads a vowel change}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {ICP}h{S} {XVI}}, year = {2007}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2008.06.19} } @BOOK{Heffner1950, title = {{G}eneral phonetics}, publisher = {University of Wisconsin Press}, year = {1950}, author = {Heffner, R-M. S.}, address = {Madison}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Heiberg1995, author = {Heiberg, Andrea}, title = {{A} non-derivational approach to {W}innebago stress}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {T}wenty-{F}irst {A}nnual {M}eeting of the {B}erkeley {L}inguistic {S}ociety}, publisher = {Berkeley Linguistic Society}, year = {1995}, editor = {Ahlers, Jocelyn and Blimes, Leela and Guenter, Joshua S. and Kaiser, Barbara A. and Namkung, Ju}, address = {Berkeley}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:43:43 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Heiberg1999, author = {Heiberg, Andrea}, title = {{F}eatures in {O}ptimality {T}heory: {A} {C}omputational {M}odel}, school = {University of Arizona}, year = {1999}, address = {Tucson, AZ}, keywords = {parsing}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Heinrichs1964, author = {Heinrichs, Arlo L.}, title = {{O}s fonemas do {M}ura-{P}irah?}, journal = {Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi}, year = {1964}, volume = {21}, pages = {1--9}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Heinz2009, author = {Heinz, Jeffrey}, title = {{O}n the role of locality in learning stress patterns}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2009}, volume = {26}, pages = {303-351}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-10-29 12:57:33 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-10-29 12:58:18 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Helimski1998, author = {Helimski, Eugene}, title = {{N}ganasan}, year = {1998}, editor = {Abondolo, Daniel}, pages = {480--515}, address = {(1998)}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:40:34 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hellberg1974, title = {{G}raphonomic rules in phonology: {S}tudies in the expression component of {S}wedish}, publisher = {Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis}, year = {1974}, author = {Hellberg, Staffan}, address = {Goteborg, Sweden}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hellmuth2006, author = {Hellmuth, Samantha}, title = {{I}ntonational pitch accent distribution in {E}gyptian {A}rabic}, school = {University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies}, year = {2006}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-01-12 15:08:55 -0500}, date-modified = {2009-01-12 15:10:32 -0500}, keywords = {egyptian, arabic, intonation, pitch}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Henderson1949, author = {Henderson, E. J. A.}, title = {{P}rosodies in {S}iamese}, journal = {Asia Major}, year = {1949}, volume = {1}, pages = {189--215}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Henderson1995, author = {Henderson, J}, title = {{P}honology and the grammar of {Y}ele, {PNG}}, journal = {{P}acific {L}inguistics}, year = {1995}, volume = {B112}, pages = {1-110}, timestamp = {2009.08.13} } @ARTICLE{Hendon1966, author = {Hendon, Rufus S.}, title = {{T}he phonology and morphology of {U}lu {M}uar {M}alay ({K}uala {P}ilah {D}istrict, {N}egri {S}embilan, {M}alaya)}, journal = {Yale University Publications in Anthropology}, year = {1966}, volume = {70}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hendricks.Hooptoappear, author = {Hendricks, Petra and de Hoop, Helen}, title = {{O}ptimality {T}heoretic semantics}, journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy}, year = {to appear}, keywords = {semantics}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hendricks1999, author = {Hendricks, Sean}, title = {{R}eduplication without {T}emplates: {A} {S}tudy of {B}are-{C}onsonant {R}eduplication}, school = {University of Arizona}, year = {1999}, address = {Tucson, AZ}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hennon.etal1999, author = {Elizabeth Hennon and Kathy Hirsh-Pasek and Roberta Golinkoff}, title = {{T}he extraordinary journey from fetus to language-developing child}, booktitle = {{T}he {German} encyclopedia of psychology}, publisher = {xx}, year = {1999}, editor = {H. Grimm}, pages = {xx--yy}, address = {xx}, timestamp = {2010.02.26} } @BOOK{Herbert1986, title = {{L}anguage {U}niversals, {M}arkedness {T}heory, and {N}atural {P}honetic {P}rocesses}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = {1986}, author = {Herbert, R. K.}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hercus1986, title = {{V}ictorian {L}anguages: {A} {L}ate {S}urvey}, publisher = {Australian National University}, year = {1986}, author = {Hercus, Luise A.}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hercus1972, author = {Hercus, Luise A.}, title = {{T}he prestopped nasal and lateral consonants of {A}rabana-{W}angkanguru}, journal = {Anthropological Linguistics}, year = {1972}, volume = {14}, pages = {293--304}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hermans1985, author = {Hermans, Ben}, title = {{T}he relation between aspiration and preaspiration in {I}celandic}, booktitle = {{A}dvances in {N}onlinear {P}honology}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1985}, editor = {Van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, pages = {237--266}, address = {Dordrecht}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:44:02 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hermans2002, author = {Hermans, Ben}, title = {{O}verapplication of yer vocalization in {R}ussian}, journal = {Linguistics in the {N}etherlands}, year = {2002}, pages = {85-95}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2009-03-16 14:08:59 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-06-29 21:58:20 -0400}, keywords = {Russian yers}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Hermans2001, author = {Hermans, Ben}, title = {{Y}er vocalization in suffixed forms; the case of {R}ussian}, journal = {Progress in Grammar: Articles at the 20th Anniversary of the Comparison of Grammatical Models Group in {T}ilburg}, year = {2001}, annote = {Published online at: http://www.roquade.nl/meertens/progressingrammar/toc.html}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2010-06-29 21:58:41 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-06-29 21:59:36 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Hermans.Oostendorp1999, title = {{T}he {D}erivational {R}esidue in {P}honological {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1999}, author = {Hermans, Ben and van Oostendorp, Marc}, address = {Amsterdam}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Herzallah1990, author = {Herzallah, R.}, title = {{A}spects of {P}alestinian {A}rabic {P}honology: {A} {N}onlinear {A}pproach}, school = {Cornell University}, year = {1990}, note = {Distributed as Working Papers of the Cornell Phonetics Laboratory No. 4}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hess1999, author = {Susan Ann Hess}, title = {{P}haryngeal {A}rticulations}, month = {Mar}, year = {1999}, note = {CD: DABAA6; UI: DA9906137}, isbn = {0419-4209}, journal = {Dissertation Abstracts International, A: The Humanities and Social Sciences}, keywords = {Consonants (14900); Vowels (95650); Phonological Analysis (64950); Articulation (04600); Acoustic Phonetics (00150); Arabic (03750); Akan (01350)}, language = {English}, number = {9}, pages = {3427-A}, timestamp = {2011.04.11}, volume = {59} } @BOOK{Hess1998, title = {{L}ushootseed reader with intermediate grammar. {V}olume {II}}, publisher = {Summer Institute of Linguistics}, year = {1998}, author = {Hess, Thom}, address = {Dallas}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hestvik1999, author = {Hestvik, Arild}, title = {{O}ptimality {T}heory, child language and logical form}, booktitle = {{N}ew {P}erspectives on {L}anguage {A}cquisition ({U}niversity of {M}assachusetts {O}ccasional {P}apers in {L}inguistics 22)}, publisher = {GLSA Publications, University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, year = {1999}, editor = {Hollebrandse, Bartjan}, pages = {155--165}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:44:17 -0500}, keywords = {syntax-acq}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hetzron1975, author = {Hetzron, Robert}, title = {{W}here the grammar fails}, journal = {Language}, year = {1975}, volume = {51}, number = {859-872}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hetzron1972, title = {{E}thiopian {S}emitic: {S}tudies in {C}lassification}, publisher = {University Press}, year = {1972}, author = {Hetzron, Robert}, volume = {2}, address = {Manchester}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hetzron1964, author = {Hetzron, Robert}, title = {{L}a voyelle du sixieme order en amharique}, journal = {Journal of African Languages}, year = {1964}, volume = {3}, pages = {179--190}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hewitt1995, title = {{G}eorgian: a structural reference grammar}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1995}, author = {Hewitt, B. G.}, address = {Amsterdam/Philadelphia}, date-modified = {2010-06-29 18:09:03 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hewitt1992, author = {Hewitt, Mark}, title = {{V}ertical {M}aximization and {M}etrical {T}heory}, school = {Brandeis University}, year = {1992}, address = {Waltham, Massachusetts}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hewitt.Crowhurst1996, author = {Hewitt, Mark and Crowhurst, Megan}, title = {{C}onjunctive constraints and templates in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 26}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1996}, editor = {Beckman, Jill}, pages = {101--116}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hewitt.Prince1989, author = {Hewitt, Mark and Prince, Alan}, title = {{OCP}, locality and linking: {T}he {N}. {K}aranga verb}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 8}, publisher = {Stanford Linguistic Association}, year = {1989}, editor = {Fee, E. J. and Hunt, K.}, pages = {176--191}, address = {Stanford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hicks-Kennard2004, author = {Hicks-Kennard, Catherine}, title = {{C}opy but don't repeat: the conflict of dissimilation and reduplication in the {T}awala durative}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2004}, volume = {21}, number = {03}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Higurashi1983, title = {{T}he {A}ccent of {E}xtended {W}ord {S}tructures in {T}okyo {S}tandard {J}apanese}, publisher = {Educa Inc}, year = {1983}, author = {Higurashi, Y.}, address = {Tokyo}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hill1970, author = {Hill, Jane}, title = {{A} peeking rule in {C}upeno}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1970}, volume = {1}, pages = {534--539}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hill1966, author = {Hill, Jane}, title = {{A} grammar of the {C}upeno language}, school = {University of California, Los Angeles}, year = {1966}, address = {Los Angeles}, note = {Department of Linguistics}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hill.Zepeda1992, author = {Hill, Jane and Zepeda, Ofelia}, title = {{D}erived words in {T}ohono {O}'odham}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1992}, volume = {58}, pages = {355--404}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hill1998, author = {Hill, Kenneth C.}, title = {{S}panish {L}oanwords in {H}opi; {P}apers in {L}inguistics in {H}onor of {W}illiam {B}right}, booktitle = {{T}he {L}ife of {L}anguage}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = {1998}, editor = {Hill, Jane- H.}, pages = {19--24}, address = {Berlin, Germany}, note = {xii, 509 pp. 3110156334 English book-article}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:44:32 -0500}, keywords = {Hopi language; lexicology ; word borrowing; sources in Spanish language}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hill.Black1998, author = {Hill, Kenneth C. and Black, Mary E.}, title = {{A} {S}ketch of {H}opi {G}rammar}, booktitle = {{H}opi {D}ictionary, {H}opiikwa {L}avaytutuveni. {A} {H}opi-{E}nglish {D}ictionary of the {T}hird {M}esa {D}ialect}, publisher = {University of Arizona Press}, year = {1998}, pages = {861--900}, address = {Tucson}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hill.etal1998, title = {{H}opi dictionary. {H}opiikwa lavaytutuveni. {A} {H}opi-{E}nglish dictionary of the {T}hird {M}esa dialect}, publisher = {University of Arizona Press}, year = {1998}, author = {Hill, Kenneth C. and Sekaquaptewa, Emory and Black, H. Andrew and Malotki, Ekkehart and Lomatuway'ma, Michael}, address = {Tucson, AZ}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Hiller2004, author = {Hiller, Markus}, title = {{S}upportive {C}ontrast}, year = {2004}, address = {Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ}, note = {HUMDRUM 3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hilpert2008, author = {Hilpert, Martin}, title = {{T}he {E}nglish comparative---language structure and language use}, journal = {English Language and Linguistics}, year = {2008}, volume = {12}, pages = {395--417}, number = {3}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2011.10.25} } @UNPUBLISHED{Hilpert2007, author = {Hilpert, Martin}, title = {{T}he {English} comparative: phonology and usage}, note = {Ms., Department of Linguistics, Rice University}, year = {2007}, abstract = {In English, the comparative can be formed either synthetically (prouder) or analytically (more proud). Quirk et al. (1985: 461) identify word length as the major factor in the distribution, suggesting that the synthetic comparative is formed by monosyllabic adjectives, while trisyllabic or longer adjectives form the analytic comparative. Disyllabic adjectives are said to exhibit variation. While word length does seem to have a strong effect, exceptions such as more apt or trustworthier indicate that more factors have to be considered. Mondorf (2003) summarizes a number of phonological factors that influence the alternation. First, the analytic comparative is favored if the -er suffix serves as a buffer between two stressed syllables, as in a frEsher sAlad. Second, adjectives ending in /r/ such as austere tend to form the analytic comparative, suggesting that the similarity between the final segment and the -er suffix disfavors the synthetic variant. Third, adjectives ending in a consonant cluster overwhelmingly form the analytic comparative, such that more apt is preferred to apter. The present paper aims to quantify the relative influence of factors in the formation of the English comparative. To this end, all English adjectives that alternate between the synthetic and analytic comparative are identified. Relying on data from the Google n-gram corpus (Brants and Franz 2006), 730 adjectives are retrieved that enter the alternation. For each adjective, it is determined how often it occurs in its positive form as well as in the synthetic and analytic comparative. Four examples are shown in Table 1 (next page). From the frequencies collected, it can be determined what ratio of the comparative forms of a given adjective are formed synthetically. As is shown, apt only sporadically forms the synthetic comparative, while early and simple occur almost exclusively with this variant. Elements such as true do not exhibit a bias of such strength. Figure 1 (next page) shows that the alternating adjectives are very evenly distributed across the synthetic and analytic comparative. Each adjective in the database is coded for phonological properties that have been discussed in the literature as factors influencing the comparative alternation. Among these are the number of syllables, the stress pattern, and characteristics of the final segment. All of them are entered into a multiple regression in order to determine which factors are predictive of the ratio of synthetic and analytic comparatives. A low R-squared (.132) indicates that the phonological form of an adjective alone does not strongly determine how it forms the comparative. In a second multiple regression, frequency values are also entered as factors. The resulting R-squared is much higher (.403). Besides phonological factors such as the number of syllables, final stress, final /i/, and whether the -er suffix adds a syllable to the word or not (cf. simplesimpler), the absolute frequency of the analytic comparative strongly predicts the ratio of analytic and synthetic comparatives (cf. Table 2, next page). This suggests a usage effect: If speakers have heard an adjective being used in the analytic comparative (i.e. more glad), they are likely to repeat this usage, even if the phonological characteristics of the adjectives would make it a perfect candidate for the synthetic comparative.}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Hinrichs.Szmrecsanyi2007, author = {Hinrichs, Lars and Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt}, title = {{R}ecent changes in the function and frequency of standard {English} genitive constructions: a multivariate analysis of tagged corpora}, journal = {{E}nglish {L}anguage and {L}inguistics}, year = {2007}, volume = {11}, pages = {437--474}, number = {3}, abstract = {This study of present-day English genitive variation is based on all interchangeable instances of s- and of-genitives from the ?Reportage? and ?Editorial? categories of the ?Brown family? of corpora. Variation is studied by tapping into a number of independent variables, such as precedence of either construction in the text, length of the possessor and possessum phrases, phonological constraints, discourse flow, and animacy of the possessor. In addition to distributional analyses, we use logistic regression to investigate the probabilistic factor weights of these variables, thus tracking language change in progress as evidenced in the language of the press. This method, married to our large database, yields the most detailed perspective to date on frequently discussed issues, such as the relative importance of possessor animacy and end-weight in genitive choice (cf. most recently Rosenbach 2005), or on the exact factorial dynamics responsible for the ongoing spread of the s-genitive.}, timestamp = {2009.06.02} } @BOOK{Hint1974, title = {{E}esti {K}eele {S}onafonoloogia {I}}, publisher = {Keele ja Kirjanduse Instituut}, year = {1974}, author = {Hint, M.}, address = {Tallinn}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hironymous1999, author = {Hironymous, Patricia}, title = {{S}election of the {O}ptimal {S}yllable in an {A}lignment-{B}ased {T}heory of {S}onority}, school = {University of Maryland}, year = {1999}, address = {College Park, MD}, keywords = {L2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hirschberg1913, author = {Hirschberg, L. K.}, title = {'{D}og {L}atin' and sparrow languages used by {B}altimore children}, journal = {Pedagogical Seminar}, year = {1913}, volume = {20}, pages = {257--258}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hirsh-Pasek.etal2000, author = {Kathy Hirsh-Pasek and Roberta Golinkoff and George Hollich}, title = {{A}n emergentist coalition model of word learning}, booktitle = {{B}ecoming a word learner: a debate on lexical acquisition}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {2000}, editor = {Roberta Golinkoff and others}, pages = {136--164}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2010.02.26} } @MISC{Hirst1990, author = {Hirst, Daniel}, title = {{D}etaching intonational phrases from syntactic structure}, year = {1990}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hirst1977, title = {{I}ntonative {F}eatures}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1977}, author = {Hirst, Daniel}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hoard1978, author = {Hoard, James}, title = {{R}emarks on the nature of syllabic stops and affricates}, booktitle = {{S}yllables and {S}egments}, publisher = {North-Holland}, year = {1978}, editor = {Bell, A. and Hooper, J.}, pages = {59--72}, address = {Amsterdam}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:44:51 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hoard1971, author = {Hoard, James}, title = {{A}spiration, tenseness, and syllabication in {E}nglish}, journal = {Language}, year = {1971}, volume = {47}, pages = {133--140}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hoard.OGrady1976, author = {Hoard, James and O'Grady, G. N.}, title = {{N}yangumarda phonology, a preliminary report}, booktitle = {{G}rammatical {C}ategories in {A}ustralian languages}, publisher = {Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies}, year = {1976}, editor = {Dixon, Robert M. W.}, pages = {51--77}, address = {Canberra}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:45:09 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hoberman1987, author = {Hoberman, Robert}, title = {{E}mphasis (pharyngealization) as an autosegmental harmony feature}, booktitle = {{CLS} 23: {P}arasession on {A}utosegmental and {M}etrical {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1987}, editor = {Bosch, A. and Need, B. and Schiller, E.}, pages = {167--81}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Hoberman2004, author = {Hoberman, Robert}, title = {{A}ramaic {S}ma: > {S}@mma--{S}emitic "triradicality" or {M}inimal {W}ord?}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston}, note = {LSA 78}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hoberman1988, author = {Hoberman, Robert}, title = {{L}ocal and long-distance spreading in {S}emitic morphology}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1988}, volume = {6}, pages = {541--549}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hoberman1988a, author = {Hoberman, Robert}, title = {{E}mphasis harmony in {M}odern {A}ramaic}, journal = {Language}, year = {1988}, volume = {64}, pages = {1--26}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hoberman1995, author = {Hoberman, Robert D.}, title = {{C}urrent issues in {S}emitic phonology}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John A.}, pages = {839--847}, address = {Cambridge, Mass., and Oxford, UK}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hochberg1988, author = {Hochberg, Judith}, title = {{L}earning {S}panish stress}, journal = {Language}, year = {1988}, volume = {64}, pages = {683--706}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hock1986, author = {Hock, Hans}, title = {{C}ompensatory lengthening: {I}n defense of the concept '{M}ora'}, journal = {Folia Linguistica}, year = {1986}, volume = {20}, pages = {431--460}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hock1985, author = {Hock, Hans}, title = {{R}egular metathesis}, journal = {Linguistics}, year = {1985}, volume = {23}, pages = {529--546}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hock1975, author = {Hock, Hans}, title = {{O}n the judicious application of rules}, booktitle = {{P}apers from the 11th {R}egional {M}eeting, {C}hicago {L}inguistic {S}ociety}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1975}, pages = {272--278}, address = {Chicago}, keywords = {conspiracy}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hockett1955, title = {{A} {M}anual of {P}honology}, year = {1955}, author = {Hockett, Charles}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hockett1947, author = {Hockett, Charles}, title = {{C}omponential analysis of {S}ierra {P}opoluca}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1947}, volume = {13}, pages = {259--267}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hockett1942, author = {Hockett, Charles}, title = {{A} system of descriptive phonology}, journal = {Language}, year = {1942}, volume = {18}, pages = {3--21}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hockett1973, author = {Hockett, Charles F.}, title = {{Y}okuts as testing-ground for linguistic methods}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1973}, volume = {39}, pages = {63--79}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hoddinott.Kofod1988, title = {{T}he {N}gankikurungkurr {L}anguage ({D}aly {R}iver {A}rea, {N}orthern {T}erritory)}, publisher = {Pacific Linguistics D-77}, year = {1988}, author = {Hoddinott, William and Kofod, Frances M.}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hodge.Hause1944, author = {Hodge, Carleton and Hause, Helen}, title = {{H}ausa tone}, journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society}, year = {1944}, volume = {64}, pages = {51--52}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hoeksema1985, title = {{C}ategorial {M}orphology}, publisher = {Garland}, year = {1985}, author = {Hoeksema, Jack}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hoff1968, title = {{T}he {C}arib language}, publisher = {Martinus Nijhoff}, year = {1968}, author = {Hoff, B.J.}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hoffman1963, title = {{A} {G}rammar of the {M}argi {L}anguage}, publisher = {Oxrford University Press}, year = {1963}, author = {Hoffman, Carl}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hogg.McCully1987, title = {{M}etrical {P}honology: {A} {C}oursebook}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1987}, author = {Hogg, R. and McCully, C. B.}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hogg1978, author = {Hogg, Richard M.}, title = {{T}he {D}uke of {Y}ork gambit: {A} variation}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {1978}, volume = {44}, pages = {255--266}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hohepa1967, title = {{A} {P}rofile {G}enerative {G}rammar of {M}aori}, publisher = {Indiana University}, year = {1967}, author = {Hohepa, Patrick}, address = {Bloomington}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hoijer1933, author = {Hoijer, Harry}, title = {{T}onkawa. {A}n {I}ndian language of {T}exas}, booktitle = {{H}andbook of {A}merican {I}ndian {L}anguages}, publisher = {J.J. Augustin}, year = {1933}, editor = {Boas, Franz and Hoijer, Harry}, volume = {Part 3}, address = {Gluckstadt; New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hoijer1946, author = {Hoijer, Harry}, title = {{C}hiricahua {A}pache}, booktitle = {{L}inguistic {S}tructures of {N}ative {A}merica}, publisher = {viking Fund publications in Anthropology 6}, year = {1946}, editor = {Hoijer, Harry and Bloomfield, L. and Haas, Mary and Halpern, A. and Li, F.K. and Newman, Stanley and Swadesh, Morris and Trager, G.L. and Voegelin, C. and Whorf, Benjamin L.}, pages = {55--84}, address = {New York}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:45:53 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hoijer1946a, author = {Hoijer, Harry}, title = {{T}onkawa}, booktitle = {{L}inguistic {S}tructures of {N}ative {A}merica}, publisher = {Viking {F}und {P}ublications in {A}nthropology 6}, year = {1946}, editor = {Hoijer, Harry and Bloomfield, L. and Haas, Mary and Halpern, A. and Li, F.K. and Newman, Stanley and Swadesh, Morris and Trager, G.L. and Voegelin, C. and Whorf, Benjamin L.}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hoijer1974, title = {{A} {N}avajo {L}exicon}, publisher = {University of California Press}, year = {1974}, author = {Hoijer, Harry}, volume = {78}, address = {Berkeley}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hoijer1972, title = {{T}onkawa texts}, publisher = {University of California Publications in Linguistics}, year = {1972}, author = {Hoijer, Harry}, volume = {73}, date-added = {2009-09-28 14:21:22 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-09-28 14:24:38 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Hoijer1949, title = {{A}n {A}nalytical {D}ictionary of the {T}onkawa {L}anguage}, publisher = {University of California Press}, year = {1949}, author = {Hoijer, Harry}, address = {Berkeley and Los Angeles}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hoijer.etal1946, title = {{L}inguistic structures of native {A}merica}, publisher = {Johnson reprint corporation}, year = {1946}, author = {Hoijer, Harry and Bloomfield, Leonard and Haas, Mary R.}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Holden1976, author = {Holden, K.}, title = {{A}ssimilation rates of borrowings and phonological productivity}, journal = {Language}, year = {1976}, volume = {52}, pages = {131--47}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hollenbach1977, author = {Hollenbach, Barbara}, title = {{P}honetic vs. phonemic correspondence in two {T}rique dialects}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in {O}tomanguean {P}honology}, publisher = {Summer Institute of Linguistics}, year = {1977}, editor = {Merrifield, W.}, pages = {35--68}, address = {Dallas}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:46:07 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hollenbach1984, author = {Hollenbach, Barbara}, title = {{T}he {P}honology and {M}orphology of {L}aryngeals in {C}opala {T}rique}, school = {University of Arizona}, year = {1984}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Holt1996, author = {Holt, D. Eric}, title = {{F}rom {L}atin to {H}ispano-{R}omance: {A} constraint-based approach to vowel nasalization, sonorant simplification, and the {L}ate {S}poken {L}atin open mid vowels}, booktitle = {{P}apers from {CLS} 32}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1996}, editor = {Dobrin, Lise M. and Singer, Kora and McNair, Lisa}, pages = {111--123}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:46:24 -0500}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Holt1999, author = {Holt, D. Eric}, title = {{T}he moraic status of consonants from {L}atin to {H}ispano-{R}omance: {T}he case of obstruents}, booktitle = {{A}dvances in {H}ispanic {L}inguistics: {P}apers from the {S}econd {H}ispanic {L}inguistics {S}ymposium}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {1999}, editor = {Gutierrez-Rexach, Javier and Martinez-Gil, Fernando}, pages = {166--181}, address = {Somerville, Mass.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:46:41 -0500}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Holt1997, author = {Holt, D. Eric}, title = {{T}he {R}ole of the {L}istener in the {H}istorical {P}honology of {S}panish and {P}ortuguese: {A}n {O}ptimality-{T}heoretic {A}ccount}, school = {Georgetown University}, year = {1997}, address = {Washington, DC}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Holtman1996, author = {Holtman, Astrid}, title = {{A} generative theory of rhyme: an {Optimality} approach}, school = {University of Utrecht}, year = {1996}, timestamp = {2010.12.17} } @INCOLLECTION{Holton1995, author = {Holton, David B.}, title = {{A}ssimilation and dissimilation of {S}undanese liquids}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1995}, editor = {Beckman, Jill and Walsh Dickey, Laura and Urbanczyk, Suzanne}, pages = {167--180}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hombert1976, author = {Jean Marie Hombert}, title = {{P}honetic {M}otivations for the {D}evelopment of {T}ones from {P}ostvocalic [h] and [(glottal stop)]: {E}vidence from {C}ontour {T}one {P}erception}, journal = {Report of the Phonology Laboratory}, year = {1976}, volume = {1}, pages = {39-47}, month = {July}, note = {CD: RPLBDF}, abstract = {It is hypothesized that development of contrastive tones on vowels from postvocalic [h] & [(glottal stop)] is phonetically motivated. The intrinsic effect produced by these conss on the fundamental f of the preceding vowel was measured in data from 4 Arabic Ss. Ten American Ss participated in a perception experiment involving synthesized vowels with varying f contours. Thirty stimuli were synthesized from the vowel [i] with different f values. Onset f was held constant, while difference between onset & offset f was varied. Duration of the rising or falling portion of the stimulus was also varied. Each stimulus was followed on the tape by a steady state vowel [i] which the s could adjust with a knob. Ss were asked to match the steady state f with the f offset of the first vowel. Results showed that the synthesized f contours simulating the effect of following [h] were significantly different from those simulating the effect of following [(glottal stop)]. Both production & perception data validate & explain the development of rising & falling tones from the loss of [h] & [(glottal stop)] postvocalically. 1 Table, 2 Figures. Modified HA}, keywords = {Phonology (ph13); Tone (to1); Articulatory Phonetics (ar5); Fundamental Frequency (fu2); Afro-Asiatic Languages (af2); Vowel (vo4); Perception (pe3); phonetic motivations for tone development from postvocalic [h /(glottal stop)]; contour tone perception evidence}, language = {English}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Hombert1975, author = {Hombert, Jean-Marie}, title = {{T}he perception of contour tones}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings from {BLS} 1}, publisher = {Berkeley Linguistic Society}, year = {1975}, editor = {Cogen, C. and Thompson, H. and Thurgood, G. and Whistler, K. and Wright, J.}, pages = {221--232}, address = {Berkeley}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:58:16 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hombert1986, author = {Hombert, Jean-Marie}, title = {{W}ord games: {S}ome implications for analysis of tone and other phonological constructs}, booktitle = {{E}xperimental {P}honology}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1986}, editor = {Ohala, J. J. and Jaeger, J. J.}, pages = {175--186}, address = {Orlando}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hombert1977, author = {Hombert, Jean-Marie}, title = {{A} model of tone systems}, year = {1977}, note = {UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics}, pages = {20--32}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hombert1973, author = {Hombert, Jean-Marie}, title = {{S}peaking backwards in {B}akwiri}, journal = {Studies in African Linguistics}, year = {1973}, volume = {4}, pages = {227--236}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hong1997, author = {Hong, Soonhyun}, title = {{P}rosodic domains and ambisyllabicity in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, school = {University of Pennsylvania}, year = {1997}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hooptoappear, author = {de Hoop, Helen}, title = {{O}ptimal scrambling and interpretation}, booktitle = {{I}nterface {S}trategies}, publisher = {Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen}, year = {to appear}, editor = {Bennis, Hans and Everaert, Martin and Reuland, Eric}, address = {Amsterdam}, note = {Verhandelingen afd. Letterkunde, deel 180}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:58:35 -0500}, keywords = {semantics}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hoop.Swart1999, title = {{P}apers on {O}ptimality {T}heoretic {S}emantics}, publisher = {Utrecht Institute of Linguistics/Onderzoeksinstituut voor Taal en Spraak}, year = {1999}, author = {de Hoop, Helen and de Swart, Henriette}, address = {Utrecht}, keywords = {semantics}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hooper1975, author = {Hooper, Joan B.}, title = {{T}he {A}rchi-{S}egment in {N}atural {G}enerative {P}honology}, journal = {Language}, year = {1975}, volume = {51}, pages = {536--560}, number = {3}, abstract = {It is argued here that lexical redundancy rules (and all phonotactic constraints) must apply to phonological strings that consist of complete syllables (i.e. to words rather than formatives), and further that there is no significant difference between phonetically motivated phonological rules and lexical redundancy rules. It follows that there are two possible forms of a phonological grammar: either all rules act on lexical entries as they are stored, and they are stored as whole words (of complete syllables); or else lexical items are formatives, and NO phonetically motivated rules apply until formatives are concatenated into larger strings of complete syllables. The latter position, which requires redundancy-free or archi-segmental lexical representations, is adopted, and the consequences for natural generative phonology are discussed.}, bdsk-file-1 = {YnBsaXN0MDDUAQIDBAUIJidUJHRvcFgkb2JqZWN0c1gkdmVyc2lvblkkYXJjaGl2ZXLRBgdUcm9vdIABqAkKFRYXGyIjVSRudWxs0wsMDQ4RFFpOUy5vYmplY3RzV05TLmtleXNWJGNsYXNzog8QgASABqISE4ACgAOAB1lhbGlhc0RhdGFccmVsYXRpdmVQYXRo0hgNGRpXTlMuZGF0YU8RAcoAAAAAAcoAAgAADE1hY2ludG9zaCBIRAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMWpUH5IKwAAAAz3vxdob29wZXJfYXJjaGlzZWdtZW50LnBkZgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADPgdxYAGxVBERiBDQVJPAAQABQAACSAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABaAAAEAAIAADFqZbOAAAAEQAIAADFgE0VAAAAAQAYAAz3vwAM9X4ADOEQAAqEugAKhKMAAHxTAAIATk1hY2ludG9zaCBIRDpVc2VyczptYWNib29rMjAwOTpEb2N1bWVudHM6d29yazpwYXBlcnM6aDpob29wZXJfYXJjaGlzZWdtZW50LnBkZgAOADAAFwBoAG8AbwBwAGUAcgBfAGEAcgBjAGgAaQBzAGUAZwBtAGUAbgB0AC4AcABkAGYADwAaAAwATQBhAGMAaQBuAHQAbwBzAGgAIABIAEQAEgBBVXNlcnMvbWFjYm9vazIwMDkvRG9jdW1lbnRzL3dvcmsvcGFwZXJzL2gvaG9vcGVyX2FyY2hpc2VnbWVudC5wZGYAABMAAS8AABUAAgAS//8AAIAF0hwdHh9YJGNsYXNzZXNaJGNsYXNzbmFtZaMfICFdTlNNdXRhYmxlRGF0YVZOU0RhdGFYTlNPYmplY3RfEDsuLi8uLi8uLi8uLi9Eb2N1bWVudHMvd29yay9wYXBlcnMvaC9ob29wZXJfYXJjaGlzZWdtZW50LnBkZtIcHSQloiUhXE5TRGljdGlvbmFyeRIAAYagXxAPTlNLZXllZEFyY2hpdmVyAAgAEQAWAB8AKAAyADUAOgA8AEUASwBSAF0AZQBsAG8AcQBzAHYAeAB6AHwAhgCTAJgAoAJuAnACdQJ+AokCjQKbAqICqwLpAu4C8QL+AwMAAAAAAAACAQAAAAAAAAAoAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADFQ==}, copyright = {Copyright � 1975 Linguistic Society of America}, date-modified = {2008-12-30 17:21:08 -0500}, issn = {00978507}, jstor_articletype = {primary_article}, jstor_formatteddate = {Sep., 1975}, publisher = {Linguistic Society of America}, timestamp = {2011.04.11}, url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/412887} } @INCOLLECTION{Hooper-Bybee1979, author = {Hooper-Bybee, Joan}, title = {{S}ubstantive principles in natural generative phonology}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {A}pproaches to {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Indiana University Press}, year = {1979}, editor = {Dinnsen, Daniel}, pages = {106--125}, address = {Bloomington}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:24:06 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hooper-Bybee1978, author = {Hooper-Bybee, Joan}, title = {{C}onstraints on schwa-deletion in {A}merican {E}nglish}, booktitle = {{R}ecent {D}evelopments in {H}istorical {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1978}, editor = {Fisiak, J.}, pages = {183--207}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hooper-Bybee1976, title = {{A}n {I}ntroduction to {N}atural {G}enerative {P}honology}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1976}, author = {Hooper-Bybee, Joan}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hooper-Bybee1972, author = {Hooper-Bybee, Joan}, title = {{A} note on inserted and deleted vowels}, booktitle = {{S}tanford {U}niversity {W}orking {P}apers: {L}anguage {U}niversals}, year = {1972}, volume = {10}, pages = {141--144}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hopkins1987, author = {Hopkins, Alice W.}, title = {{V}owel dominance in {M}ohawk}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1987}, volume = {53}, pages = {445--59}, number = {4}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hore1981, author = {Hore, Michael}, title = {{S}yllable length and stress in {N}unggubuyu}, booktitle = {{A}ustralian phonologies: {C}ollected {P}apers}, publisher = {SIL-AAB}, year = {1981}, editor = {Waters, B.}, pages = {1--62}, address = {Darwin}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Horn2003, author = {Horn, George}, title = {{I}dioms, metaphors and syntactic mobility}, journal = {{J}ournal of {L}inguistics}, year = {2003}, volume = {29}, pages = {245--273}, abstract = {Jackendoff (1997), whose analysis of idioms is based, in part, on work by Nunberg, Sag & Wasow (1994), discusses VP idioms and addresses the question of mobility. Both works identify fixed idioms, such as kick the bucket, and mobile idioms, such as spill the beans and take advantage of. Fixed idioms are ones whose NP objects are impervious to syntactic operations, as illustrated by the unacceptability, in their idiomatic sense, of sentences like *The bucket was kicked by Bill ; while mobile idioms occur in sentences like The beans were spilled by Fred and Advantage was taken of Bill. Jackendoff correlates the mobility of VP idioms with a property that he refers to as metaphorical semantic composition. However, he observes that this property is not a sufficient condition for mobility. I will argue that the property of metaphorical semantic composition be replaced by a property of thematic composition, and that this property is a sufficient condition for mobility. A closer inspection of mobile idioms that have thematic composition reveals that they fall into two subtypes: expressions that have a property of ? transparency of interpretation ?, and ones that do not have this property.2 I refer to members of the first subtype as METAPHORS. I will demonstrate that there are no idiosyncratic constraints on their syntactic mobility, and will conclude that they need not be encoded in lexical entries as phrasal idioms. In these respects, they are distinct from members of the second subtype, whose degree of mobility is more limited, and which must be encoded in lexical entries as phrasal idioms. Finally, I will address the question of the necessity of thematic composition for mobility. Throughout the paper, I will assume that phrasal idioms are appropriately encoded in lexical entries of the types proposed by Jackendoff for fixed and mobile expressions.}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2009.05.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Horwood2002a, author = {Horwood, Graham}, title = {{P}recedence faithfulness governs morpheme position}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 21st {W}est {C}oast {C}onference in {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Cascadilla Press}, year = {2002}, editor = {Mikkelsen, L. and Potts, C.}, address = {Somerville, Mass.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:27:38 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Horwood2000, author = {Horwood, Graham}, title = {{A}nti-identity and {T}aiwanese tone sandhi}, year = {2000}, address = {New Brunswick, NJ}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Horwood1999, author = {Horwood, Graham}, title = {{A}nti-faithfulness and subtractive morphology}, howpublished = {Ms.}, year = {1999}, note = {ROA 466}, address = {New Brunswick, NJ}, date-modified = {2010-07-09 16:37:36 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hosokawa1991, author = {Hosokawa, Komei}, title = {{T}he {Y}awuru language of {W}est {K}imberley: {A} meaning-based description}, school = {Australian National University}, year = {1991}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Howard1972, author = {Howard, Irwin}, title = {{A} {D}irectional {T}heory of {R}ule {A}pplication in {P}honology}, school = {MIT}, year = {1972}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Howe2004, author = {Howe, Darin}, title = {{V}ocalic dorsality in {R}evised {A}rticulator {T}heory}, year = {2004}, address = {Boston}, note = {LSA 78}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Howe.Pulleyblank2004, author = {Howe, Darin and Pulleyblank, Douglas}, title = {{H}armonic scales as faithfulness}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Linguistics}, year = {2004}, volume = {49}, pages = {1--49}, number = {1}, date-modified = {2010-07-09 16:37:50 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Howren1971, author = {Howren, Robert A.}, title = {{F}ormalization of the {A}thabaskan '{D}-{E}ffect'}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1971}, volume = {37}, pages = {96--113}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hristova1994, author = {Hristova, Vanya Alexieva}, title = {{N}ominal vowel/zero alternations in {B}ulgarian and {R}ussian}, school = {University of Delaware}, year = {1994}, type = {%%Doctoral Dissertation}, bdsk-file-1 = 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date-added = {2009-06-25 11:51:53 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 11:29:36 -0400}, keywords = {yers}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @PHDTHESIS{Hsin2000, author = {Hsin, Tien-Hsin}, title = {{A}spects of {M}aga {R}ukai {P}honology}, school = {University of Connecticut}, year = {2000}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hualde1988a, author = {Hualde, Jose}, title = {{A}ffricates are not contour segments}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 7}, publisher = {Stanford Linguistic Association}, year = {1988}, editor = {Borer, Hagit}, pages = {77--89}, address = {Stanford}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:59:05 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hualde1991b, author = {Hualde, Jose}, title = {{O}n {S}panish syllabification}, booktitle = {{C}urrent {S}tudies in {S}panish {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Georgetown University Press}, year = {1991}, editor = {Campos, H. and Mart!nez-Gil, F.}, pages = {475--493}, address = {Washington, DC}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:59:18 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hualde1991a, author = {Hualde, Jose}, title = {{U}nspecified and unmarked vowels}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1991}, volume = {22}, pages = {205--209}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hualde1989, author = {Hualde, Jose}, title = {{A}utosegmental and metrical spreading in the vowel-harmony systems of northwestern {S}pain}, journal = {Linguistics}, year = {1989}, volume = {27}, pages = {773--805}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hualde1989a, author = {Hualde, Jose}, title = {{T}he strict cycle condition and noncyclic rules}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1989}, volume = {20}, pages = {675--680}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hualde1988, author = {Hualde, Jose}, title = {{A} {L}exical {P}honology of {B}asque}, school = {University of Southern California}, year = {1988}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hualde.Prieto2002, author = {Hualde, Jose and Prieto, Monica}, title = {{O}n the diphthong/hiatus contrast in {S}panish: some experimental results}, journal = {Linguistics}, year = {2002}, volume = {40}, pages = {217-234}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.08.10} } @BOOK{Hualde1992, title = {{C}atalan}, publisher = {Routledge}, year = {1992}, author = {Hualde, Jose Ignacio}, address = {London \& New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hualde1991, title = {{B}asque {P}honology}, publisher = {Routledge}, year = {1991}, author = {Hualde, Jose Ignacio}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Huck.Ojeda1987, title = {{D}iscontinuous consituency}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1987}, author = {Huck, G. and Ojeda, A.}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2010.08.23} } @INCOLLECTION{Hudson1974a, author = {Hudson, Grover}, title = {{T}he representation of non-productive alternation}, booktitle = {{H}istorical {L}inguistics}, publisher = {North Holland}, year = {1974}, editor = {Anderson, J. and Jones, C.}, volume = {2}, pages = {203--229}, address = {Amsterdam}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:59:34 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hudson1976, author = {Hudson, Grover}, title = {{H}ighland {E}ast {C}ushitic}, booktitle = {{T}he {N}on-{S}emitic {L}anguages of {E}thiopia}, publisher = {Michigan State University African Studies Center}, year = {1976}, editor = {Bender, M. Lionel}, address = {East Lansing, MI}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:59:49 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hudson1974, author = {Hudson, Grover}, title = {{T}he role of {SPC}'s in {N}atural {G}enerative {P}honology}, booktitle = {{P}apers from the {P}arasession on {N}atural {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1974}, editor = {Bruck, Anthony and Fox, Robert A. and La Galy, Michael W.}, pages = {171--183}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:00:05 -0500}, keywords = {duplication occultation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hudson1978a, author = {Hudson, Grover}, title = {{L}exical form of the {A}mharic reflexive-passive}, booktitle = {{CLS} 14: {P}arasession on the {L}exicon}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1978}, editor = {Farkas, Donka and Jacobsen, W. and Todrys, K.}, pages = {210--219}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:00:52 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hudson1995, author = {Hudson, Grover}, title = {{P}honology of {E}thiopian languages}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John A.}, pages = {782--797}, address = {Cambridge, Mass., and Oxford, UK}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hudson1991, author = {Hudson, Grover}, title = {{A} and {B}-type verbs in {E}thiopian and {P}roto {S}emitic}, booktitle = {{S}emitic {S}tudies in {H}onor of {W}olf {L}eslau}, publisher = {Harrassowitz}, year = {1991}, editor = {Kaye, A. S.}, pages = {678--689}, address = {Wiesbaden}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:01:08 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hudson1993, author = {Hudson, Grover}, title = {{E}vidence of an argot for {A}mharic and theoretical phonology}, journal = {Journal of African Languages and Linguistics}, year = {1993}, volume = {15}, pages = {47--60}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hudson1986, author = {Hudson, Grover}, title = {{A}rabic root and pattern morphology without tiers}, journal = {Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1986}, volume = {22}, pages = {85--122}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hudson1985, author = {Hudson, Grover}, title = {{T}he principled grammar of {A}mharic verb stems}, journal = {Journal of African Languages and Linguistics}, year = {1985}, volume = {7}, pages = {39--58}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hudson1980, author = {Hudson, Grover}, title = {{A}utomatic alternations in nontransformational phonology}, journal = {Language}, year = {1980}, volume = {56}, pages = {94--125}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hudson1978, title = {{T}he core of {W}almatjari grammar}, publisher = {Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies}, year = {1978}, author = {Hudson, Joyce}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hudson1977, author = {Hudson, Joyce}, title = {{F}ive {P}apers in {A}ustralian {P}honologies}, year = {1977}, note = {Work Papers of SIL-AAB, Series A Volume 1}, address = {Darwin}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Huffman1972, author = {Huffman, Franklin}, title = {{T}he boundary between the monosyllable and the disyllable in {C}ambodian}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {1972}, volume = {29}, pages = {54--66}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hulst1988, author = {van der Hulst, Harry}, title = {{T}he geometry of vocalic features}, booktitle = {{F}eatures, {S}egmental {S}tructure and {H}armony {P}rocesses}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1988}, editor = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, volume = {2}, pages = {77--125}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hulst1985, author = {van der Hulst, Harry}, title = {{V}owel harmony in {H}ungarian: {A} comparison of segmental and autosegmental approaches}, booktitle = {{A}dvances in {N}onlinear {P}honology}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1985}, editor = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, pages = {267--304}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hulst1990, author = {van der Hulst, Harry}, title = {{T}he segmental spine and the non-existence of [{ATR}]}, booktitle = {{G}rammar in {P}rogress}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1990}, editor = {Mascaro, J. and Nespor, M.}, pages = {247--257}, address = {Dordrecht}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:01:40 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hulst1991, author = {van der Hulst, Harry}, title = {{T}he {B}ook of {S}tress}, year = {1991}, address = {University of Leiden}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hulst1989, author = {van der Hulst, Harry}, title = {{A}toms of segmental structure: components, gestures and dependency}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1989}, volume = {6}, pages = {253--284}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hulst1984, title = {{S}yllable {S}tructure and {S}tress in {D}utch}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1984}, author = {van der Hulst, Harry}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hulst.Ewen1991, author = {van der Hulst, Harry and Ewen, Colin}, title = {{M}ajor class and manner features}, booktitle = {{C}ertamen {P}honologicum {II}: {P}apers from the 1990 {C}ortona {P}honology {M}eeting}, publisher = {Rosenberg and Sellier}, year = {1991}, editor = {Bertinetto, P. M. and Kenstowicz, Michael and Loporcaro, M.}, pages = {19--41}, address = {Turin}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:02:33 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hulst.etal1986, author = {van der Hulst, Harry and Mous, M. and Smith, Norval}, title = {{T}he autosegmental analysis of reduced vowel harmony systems: {T}he case of {T}unen}, booktitle = {{L}inguistics in the {N}etherlands 1986}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1986}, editor = {Beukema, F. and Hulk, A.}, pages = {105--122}, address = {Dordrecht}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:02:53 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hulst.Smith1986, author = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, title = {{O}n neutral vowels}, booktitle = {{T}he {R}epresentation of {S}uprasegmentals}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1986}, editor = {Bogers, K. and van der Hulst, Harry and Mous, M.}, pages = {233--279}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hulst.Smith1982, author = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, title = {{P}rosodic domains and opaque segments in autosegmental theory}, booktitle = {{S}tructure of {P}honological {R}epresentations}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1982}, editor = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, volume = {2}, pages = {311--336}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hulst.Smith1985a, author = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, title = {{V}owel features and umlaut in {D}jingili, {N}yangumarda and {W}arlpiri}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1985}, volume = {2}, pages = {277--303}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hulst.Smith1985, author = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval S. H.}, title = {{T}he framework of nonlinear generative phonology}, booktitle = {{A}dvances in {N}onlinear {P}honology}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1985}, editor = {van der Hulst, Harry and Smith, Norval}, pages = {3--55}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hulst.Weijer1991, author = {van der Hulst, Harry and van de Weijer, J.}, title = {{T}opics in {T}urkish phonology}, booktitle = {{T}urkish {L}inguistics {T}oday}, publisher = {E.J.Brill}, year = {1991}, editor = {Boeschoten, H. and Verhoeven, L.}, pages = {11--59}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:03:12 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hulst.Weijer1995, author = {van der Hulst, Harry and van de Weijer, Jeroen}, title = {{V}owel harmony}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John A.}, pages = {495--534}, address = {Cambridge, Mass., and Oxford, UK}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hume1998a, author = {Hume, Elizabeth}, title = {{T}he role of perceptibility in consonant/consonant metathesis}, booktitle = {{WCCFL} {XVII} {P}roceedings}, publisher = {CSLI}, year = {1998}, editor = {Blake, Susan and Kim, Eun-Sook and Shahin, Kimary}, pages = {293--307}, address = {Stanford}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:03:35 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hume1990, author = {Hume, Elizabeth}, title = {{F}ront vowels, palatal consonants and the rule of umlaut in {K}orean}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 20}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1990}, editor = {Carter, J. and Dechaine, R.-M. and Philip, B. and Sherer, T.}, pages = {230--243}, address = {Amherst}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:03:50 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hume2001, author = {Hume, Elizabeth}, title = {{M}etathesis: formal and functional considerations}, booktitle = {{S}urface syllable structure and segment sequencing}, publisher = {HIL}, year = {2001}, editor = {Hume, Elizabeth and Smith, Norval and van de Weijer, Jeroen}, pages = {1--25}, address = {Leiden}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:04:07 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hume1991, author = {Hume, Elizabeth}, title = {{M}etathesis in {M}altese: {I}mplications for the {S}trong {M}orphemic {P}lane {H}ypothesis}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 21}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1991}, editor = {Sherer, T.}, pages = {157--172}, address = {Amherst}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:26:41 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hume2008, author = {Hume, Elizabeth}, title = {{M}arkedness and the {L}anguage {U}ser}, journal = {{P}honological {S}tudies}, year = {2008}, volume = {11}, pages = {xx-yy}, timestamp = {2009.02.18} } @INCOLLECTION{Hume2004, author = {Hume, Elizabeth}, title = {{D}econstructing markedness: a predictability-based approach}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {B}erkeley {L}inguistic {S}ociety}, year = {2004}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hume2002, author = {Hume, Elizabeth}, title = {{P}redicting metathesis: the ambiguity/attestation model}, year = {2002}, address = {Ohio State University}, pages = {51}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hume1998, author = {Hume, Elizabeth}, title = {{M}etathesis in phonological theory: {T}he case of {L}eti}, journal = {Lingua}, year = {1998}, volume = {104}, pages = {147--186}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hume1997, author = {Hume, Elizabeth}, title = {{T}owards an {E}xplanation of {C}onsonant/{C}onsonant {M}etathesis}, year = {1997}, booktitle = {{O}hio {S}tate {U}niversity.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hume1992, author = {Hume, Elizabeth}, title = {{F}ront {V}owels, {C}oronal {C}onsonants, and their {I}nteraction in {N}onlinear {P}honology}, school = {Cornell University}, year = {1992}, note = {Published by Garland Publishing, New York, 1994}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hume.etal1997, author = {Hume, Elizabeth and Muller, Jennifer and van Engelenhoven, Aone}, title = {{N}on-moraic geminates in {L}eti}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1997}, volume = {14}, pages = {371--402}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hume.Tserdanelis1999, author = {Hume, Elizabeth and Tserdanelis, Georgios}, title = {{N}asal place assimilation in {S}ri {L}anka {P}ortuguese {C}reole: {I}mplications for markedness}, year = {1999}, address = {Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Hung1994, author = {Hung, Henrietta}, title = {{T}he {R}hythmic and {P}rosodic {O}rganization of {E}dge {C}onstituents}, school = {Brandeis University}, year = {1994}, address = {Waltham, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hung1992, author = {Hung, Henrietta}, title = {{R}elativized suffixation in {C}hoctaw: {A} constraint-based analysis of the verb grade system}, year = {1992}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hutcheson1973, author = {Hutcheson, James}, title = {{R}emarks on the nature of complete consonant assimilation}, booktitle = {{P}apers from {CLS} 9}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1973}, editor = {Corum, C. and Smith-Stark, T. C. and Weiser, A.}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:04:43 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hutchinson1974, author = {Hutchinson, Sandra Pinkerton}, title = {{S}panish vowel sandhi}, booktitle = {{P}apers from the {P}arasession on {N}atural {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1974}, editor = {Bruck, Anthony and Fox, Robert and La Galy, Michael}, pages = {184--327}, address = {Chicago, IL}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hyams.Wexler1993, author = {Nina Hyams and Kenneth Wexler}, title = {{O}n the grammatical basis of null subjects in child language}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1993}, volume = {24}, pages = {421--459}, timestamp = {2010.02.26} } @INCOLLECTION{Hyman1986, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{T}he representation of multiple tone heights}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}honological {R}epresentation of {S}uprasegmentals}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1986}, editor = {Bogers, K. and van der Hulst, Harry and Mous, M.}, pages = {109--152}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hyman1982b, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{T}he representation of length in {G}okana}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the first {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on formal linguistics}, publisher = {Stanford University}, year = {1982}, editor = {Flickinger, Daniel P and Macken, Marlys and Wiegand, Nancy}, pages = {198--206}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:05:06 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hyman1978a, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{H}istorical tonology}, booktitle = {{T}one: {A} {L}inguistic {S}urvey}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1978}, editor = {Fromkin, Victoria}, pages = {257--269}, address = {New York}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:05:31 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hyman1993a, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{P}roblems for rule ordering in phonology: {T}wo {B}antu test cases}, booktitle = {{T}he {L}ast {P}honological {R}ule: {R}eflections on {C}onstraints and {D}erivations}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1993}, editor = {Goldsmith, John}, pages = {195--222}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hymaninpress, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{T}one: is it different?}, booktitle = {{T}he handbook of phonological theory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {in press}, editor = {Goldsmith, John and Riggle, Jason and Yu, Alan}, edition = {Second}, timestamp = {2010.09.20} } @INCOLLECTION{Hyman1976, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{O}n some controversial questions in the study of consonant types and tone}, booktitle = {{S}tudies on {P}roduction and {P}erception of {T}ones}, year = {1976}, editor = {Hombert, J.-M.}, pages = {90--98}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:05:49 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hyman2001, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{T}he {L}imits of {P}honetic {D}eterminism in {P}honology: *{NC} {R}evisited}, booktitle = {{T}he {R}ole of {S}peech {P}erception in {P}honology}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {2001}, editor = {Hume, Elizabeth and Johnson, Keith}, address = {San Diego}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hyman1977, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{O}n the nature of linguistic stress}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in {S}tress and {A}ccent}, publisher = {University of Southern California}, year = {1977}, editor = {Hyman, L.}, address = {Los Angeles}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:06:25 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hyman1990, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{B}oundary tonology and the prosodic hierarchy}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}honology-{S}yntax {C}onnection}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1990}, editor = {Inkelas, Sharon and Zec, Draga}, pages = {109--125}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:41:42 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hyman1978, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{T}one and/or accent}, booktitle = {{E}lements of {T}one, {S}tress, and {I}ntonation}, publisher = {Georgetown University Press}, year = {1978}, editor = {Napoli, Donna Jo}, pages = {1--20}, address = {Washington, DC}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hyman1993, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{R}egister tones and tonal geometry}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}honology of {T}one: {T}he {R}epresentation of {T}onal {R}egister}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = {1993}, editor = {Snider, K. and van der Hulst, Harry}, pages = {75--108}, address = {Berlin}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:06:44 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hyman2002, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{I}s there a right-to-left bias in vowel harmony?}, year = {2002}, note = {Presented at the 9th International Phonology Meeting, Vienna}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2007.03.08} } @ARTICLE{Hyman1988, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{U}nderspecification and vowel height transfer in {E}simbi}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1988}, volume = {5}, pages = {255--73}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hyman1988a, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{S}yllable structure constraints on tonal contours}, journal = {Linguistique Africaine}, year = {1988}, volume = {1}, pages = {49--60}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hyman1985, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{W}ord domains and downstep in {B}amileke-{D}schang}, journal = {Phonology Yearbook}, year = {1985}, volume = {2}, pages = {45--82}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hyman1985a, title = {{A} {T}heory of {P}honological {W}eight}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1985}, author = {Hyman, Larry}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hyman1982, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{A}gainst asterisks in {L}uganda and {B}antu tonology: {A} reply to {H}yman 1982}, year = {1982}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hyman1982a, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{G}lobality and the accentual analysis of {L}uganda tone}, journal = {Journal of Linguistic Research}, year = {1982}, volume = {2}, pages = {1--40}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hyman1981, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{T}onal accent in {S}omali}, journal = {Studies in African Linguistics}, year = {1981}, volume = {12}, pages = {169--203}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Hyman1975, title = {{P}honology: {T}heory and {A}nalysis}, publisher = {Holt, Rinehart and Winston}, year = {1975}, author = {Hyman, Larry}, address = {New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hyman1973, author = {Hyman, Larry}, title = {{C}onsonant types and tone}, year = {1973}, note = {Southern California Occasional Papers in Linguistics}, address = {Los Angeles}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hyman.Byarushengo1984, author = {Hyman, Larry and Byarushengo, Ernest}, title = {{A} model of {H}aya tonology}, booktitle = {{A}utosegmental {S}tudies in {B}antu {T}one}, publisher = {Foris}, year = {1984}, editor = {Clements, G. N. and Goldsmith, John}, pages = {53--103}, address = {Dordrecht}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Hyman.Byarushengo1980, author = {Hyman, Larry and Byarushengo, Ernest}, title = {{T}onal accent in {H}aya: {A}n autosegmental approach}, year = {1980}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hyman.Inkelas1997, author = {Hyman, Larry and Inkelas, Sharon}, title = {{E}mergent templates: {T}he unusual case of {T}iene}, booktitle = {{U}niversity of {M}aryland {W}orking {P}apers in {L}inguistics 5}, publisher = {Department of Linguistics, University of Maryland}, year = {1997}, editor = {Miglio, Viola and Moren, Bruce}, pages = {92--116}, address = {College Park, MD}, note = {Available on Rutgers Optimality Archive, http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/roa.html.}, keywords = {gtt}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hyman.etal1987, author = {Hyman, Larry and Katamba, Francis and Walusimbi, L.}, title = {{L}uganda and the {S}trict {L}ayer {H}ypothesis}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1987}, volume = {4}, pages = {87--108}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hyman.Mchombo1992, author = {Hyman, Larry and Mchombo, Sam}, title = {{M}orphotactic constraints in the {C}hichewa verb}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {E}ighteenth {A}nnual {M}eeting of the {B}erkeley {L}inguistics {S}ociety}, publisher = {Berkeley Linguistics Society}, year = {1992}, pages = {350--364}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:43:07 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hyman.Mtenje1999, author = {Hyman, Larry and Mtenje, Al}, title = {{P}rosodic {M}orphology and tone: the case of {C}hichewa}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}rosody-{M}orphology {I}nterface}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1999}, editor = {Kager, Ren{\'e} and van der Hulst, Harry and Zonneveld, Wim}, pages = {90--133}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Hyman.Schuh1974, author = {Hyman, Larry and Schuh, Russell}, title = {{U}niversals of tone rules: {E}vidence from {W}est {A}frica}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1974}, volume = {5}, pages = {81--115}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Hyman2003, author = {Hyman, Larry M.}, title = {{S}uffix ordering in {B}antu: a morphocentric approach}, booktitle = {{Y}earbook of morphology}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, year = {2003}, editor = {Booij, Geert and van Marle, Jaap}, pages = {245--281}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @INCOLLECTION{Idsardi1997, author = {Idsardi, William}, title = {{P}honological derivations and historical changes in {H}ebrew spirantization}, booktitle = {{D}erivations and {C}onstraints in {P}honology}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1997}, editor = {Roca, Iggy}, pages = {367--392}, address = {Oxford}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Idsardi1998, author = {Idsardi, William}, title = {{T}iberian {H}ebrew spirantization and phonological derivations}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1998}, volume = {29}, pages = {37--73}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Idsardi1993, author = {Idsardi, William}, title = {{S}ome properties of simplified bracketed grids. {GLOW} {W}orkshop on {P}honological {C}onstituents}, year = {1993}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Idsardi1992, author = {Idsardi, William}, title = {{T}he {C}omputation of {P}rosody}, school = {MIT}, year = {1992}, type = {%%Doctoral Dissertation}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 11:29:36 -0400}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Idsardi1991, author = {Idsardi, William J.}, title = {{S}tress in {I}nterior {S}alish}, booktitle = {{P}apers from {CLS} 27}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1991}, editor = {Dobrin, L. and Nichols, L. and Rodriguez, R.}, pages = {246--260}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:07:14 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Iida.Sells2008, author = {Iida, Masayo and Sells, Peter}, title = {{M}ismatches between morphology and syntax in {J}apanese complex predicates}, journal = {{L}ingua}, year = {2008}, volume = {118}, pages = {946--968}, abstract = {In this paper, we propose a lexicalist account of constructions which initially appear to be nominalisations of phrasal structures. We argue that lexical nominalisation of verbs preserves their form-selectional properties, creating nouns which select for dependents in exactly the way that the source verbs do. These properties hold in the ?sub-phrasal? syntax essentially a domain of complex predicate formation --- but do not hold in the regular phrasal syntax, where the form-selectional properties of verbs and nouns are disjoint. The overall view of grammar is one in which all morphological derivation and inflection is in the lexicon, interacting with a syntax in which there is a crucial distinction between words ? items from the lexicon which do not project phrases, but create sub-phrasal constituents ? and phrases, which are standardly projected from words.}, owner = {matthewa}, timestamp = {2009.02.18} } @BOOK{Ingham1982, title = {{N}ortheast {A}rabian {D}ialects}, publisher = {Kegan Paul International}, year = {1982}, author = {Ingham, Bruce}, address = {London}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Ingram1989, title = {{F}irst {L}anguage {A}cquisition}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1989}, author = {Ingram, David}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Ingram1974, author = {Ingram, David}, title = {{P}honological rules in young children}, journal = {Journal of Child Language}, year = {1974}, volume = {1}, pages = {49--64}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Ingria1980, author = {Ingria, Robert}, title = {{C}ompensatory lengthening as a metrical phenomenon}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1980}, volume = {11}, pages = {465--495}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Inkelas1994, author = {Inkelas, Sharon}, title = {{T}he consequences of optimization for underspecification}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 25}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1994}, editor = {Beckman, Jill}, pages = {287--302}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Inkelas1988, author = {Inkelas, Sharon}, title = {{P}rosodic effects on syntax: {H}ausa fa}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of the {W}est {C}oast {C}onference on {F}ormal {L}inguistics 7}, publisher = {Stanford Linguistic Association}, year = {1988}, editor = {Borer, Hagit}, pages = {375--388}, address = {Stanford}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:59:05 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Inkelas1999a, author = {Inkelas, Sharon}, title = {{E}xceptional stress-attracting suffixes in {T}urkish: representation vs. the grammar}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}rosody-{M}orphology {I}nterface}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1999}, editor = {Kager, Ren{\'e} and van der Hulst, Harry and Zonneveld, Wim}, pages = {134--187}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Inkelas1996, author = {Inkelas, Sharon}, title = {{D}ominant affixes and the phonology-morphology interface}, booktitle = {{S}tudia grammatica}, publisher = {Akademie Verlag}, year = {1996}, editor = {Kleinhenz, Ursula}, volume = {41}, number = {Interfaces in phonology}, pages = {128-154}, address = {Berlin}, date-added = {2009-11-30 15:08:20 -0500}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 10:42:59 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Inkelas1990, author = {Inkelas, Sharon}, title = {{P}rosodic replacement in {M}odern {H}ebrew}, booktitle = {{CLS} 26: {P}arasession on the syllable in phonetics and phonology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1990}, editor = {Ziolkowski, M. and Noske, M. and Deaton, K.}, pages = {197--212}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:07:32 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Inkelasforthcoming, author = {Inkelas, Sharon}, title = {{N}imboran position class morphology}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {forthcoming}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Inkelas1999, author = {Inkelas, Sharon}, title = {{P}honotactic blocking through structural immunity}, year = {1999}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Inkelas1989, author = {Inkelas, Sharon}, title = {{P}rosodic constituency in the lexicon}, school = {Department of Linguistics, Stanford University}, year = {1989}, note = {Published 1990, Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics Series, Garland Press, New York}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Inkelas.Cho1993, author = {Inkelas, Sharon and Cho, Young-mee}, title = {{I}nalterability as prespecification}, journal = {Language}, year = {1993}, volume = {69}, pages = {529--574}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Inkelas.Leben1990, author = {Inkelas, Sharon and Leben, Will}, title = {{W}here phonology and phonetics intersect: {T}he case of {H}ausa intonation}, booktitle = {{B}etween the {G}rammar and the {P}hysics of {S}peech}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1990}, editor = {Beckman, Mary and Kingston, John}, pages = {17--34}, address = {New York}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:07:51 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Inkelas.etal1987, author = {Inkelas, Sharon and Leben, Will and Cobler, M.}, title = {{T}he phonology of intonation in {H}ausa}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 17}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1987}, editor = {Blevins, Juliette and Carter, J.}, pages = {327--341}, address = {Amherst}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:26:26 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Inkelas.Orgun2003, author = {Sharon Inkelas and Cemil Orhan Orgun}, title = {{T}urkish {S}tress: {A} {R}eview}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2003}, volume = {20}, pages = {139-161}, number = {1}, note = {CD: PHNLEC}, abstract = {This work evaluates an argument recently made in these pages by Kabak & Vogel (2001) to the effect that the analysis of Turkish which they develop is superior on theoretical grounds to that of past accounts. Kabak & Vogel explicitly contrast their account to that offered in two recent, comprehensive discussions of Turkish stress by Inkelas & Orgun (1998) & Inkelas (1999). Careful consideration of the data discussed by Kabak & Vogel & by Inkelas & Orgun, as well as some additional data introduced in this paper, shows that the original Inkelas & Orgun analysis achieves greater empirical coverage while using less theoretical machinery. 4 Tables, 44 References. Adapted from the source document}, isbn = {0952-6757}, keywords = {Stress (84550); Phonological Analysis (64950); Turkish (91900); Linguistic Theories (47700)}, language = {English}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.07.17} } @ARTICLE{Inkelas.Orgun1995, author = {Inkelas, Sharon and Orgun, C. Orhan}, title = {{L}evel ordering and economy in the lexical phonology of {T}urkish}, journal = {Language}, year = {1995}, volume = {71}, pages = {763--793}, number = {4}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Inkelas.etal1996, author = {Inkelas, Sharon and Orgun, C. Orhan and Zoll, Cheryl}, title = {{E}xceptions and static phonological patterns: cophonologies vs. prespecification}, year = {1996}, address = {UC Berkeley and U. Iowa}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Inkelas.Orgun2004, author = {Sharon Inkelas and Orhan Orgun}, title = {{I}nmost {W}ins in {T}urkish {S}tress}, journal = {MIT Working Papers in Linguistics}, year = {2004}, volume = {46}, pages = {137-148}, note = {CD: MPLIEG}, abstract = {We show that in Turkish words with multiple potential sources of non-final stress, the stress of the innermost morphological constituent always prevails. This generalization is shown to be readily captured by cophonologies within the framework of Stratal Optimality Theory. References. Adapted from the source document}, keywords = {Optimality Theory (61180); Turkish (91900); Accentuation (00080); Word Structure (98300); Morphemes (55350); Morphophonemics (55550); Suprasegmentals (85750)}, language = {English}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.07.17} } @MISC{Inkelas.Orgun1993, author = {Inkelas, Sharon and Orgun, Orhan}, title = {{T}urkish coda devoicing: a prosodic constraint on extrametricality}, year = {1993}, note = {A version was presented at the 1993 LSA meeting, Los Angeles}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Inkelas.etal2002, author = {Inkelas, Sharon and Orgun, Orhan and Sprouse, Ronald}, title = {{O}pacity and input sets}, year = {2002}, note = {Handout of talk presented at "Architecture of Grammar" conference, Hyderabad, India, 15-17 January, 2002.}, address = {UC Berkeley}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Inkelas.etal1997, author = {Inkelas, Sharon and Orgun, Orhan and Zoll, Cheryl}, title = {{T}he implications of lexical exceptions for the nature of grammar}, booktitle = {{D}erivations and {C}onstraints in {P}honology}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1997}, editor = {Roca, Iggy}, pages = {393--418}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Inkelas.Rose2003, author = {Sharon Inkelas and Yvan Rose}, title = {{V}elar {F}ronting {R}evisited}, journal = {Proceedings of the Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development}, year = {2003}, volume = {27}, pages = {334-345}, number = {1}, note = {CD: PBLDF5}, abstract = {The continuous language acquisition hypothesis, according to which the formal properties of the grammar are unchanging, & existing theories of positional neutralization are challenged by previously unpublished data from a case study of a first-language learner of English who fronts velar stops to coronal position in word-initial & stressed onset positions exclusively, retaining velar position in all other environments. S's velar fronting pattern, which manifested from age 1:1 to 2:3, has been described in other children, & is unattested in adult language, is argued to be unexplainable on grammatical grounds alone. It is proposed instead that very young children who have a disproportionately large tongue & short palate compared to children aged 7 & older are sensitive to adult English speakers' strengthening of velars in prosodically strong positions; fronting of strengthened velars is therefore expected to arise as a reaction of individual children's grammars to physiological constraints & is argued to have been grammaticalized at the expense of velar articulations in S's case. 34 References. J. Hitchcock}, isbn = {1080-692X}, keywords = {Language Acquisition (41600); Neutralization (57320); Place of Articulation (66100); Oral Cavity (61200); Articulation (04600); English (21900)}, language = {English}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.07.17} } @INCOLLECTION{Inkelas.Zec1995a, author = {Inkelas, Sharon and Zec, Draga}, title = {{S}yntax-phonology interface}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John A.}, pages = {535--549}, address = {Cambridge, Mass., and Oxford, UK}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Inkelas.Zec1990a, title = {{T}he {P}honology-{S}yntax {C}onnection}, publisher = {University of Chicago Press}, year = {1990}, author = {Inkelas, Sharon and Zec, Draga}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Inkelas.Zec1988, author = {Inkelas, Sharon and Zec, Draga}, title = {{S}erbo-{C}roatian pitch accent}, journal = {Language}, year = {1988}, volume = {64}, pages = {227--248}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Inkelas.Zoll2007, author = {Inkelas, Sharon and Zoll, Cheryl}, title = {{I}s grammar dependence real? {A} comparison between cophonological and indexed constraint approaches to morphologically conditioned phonology}, journal = {{L}inguistics}, year = {2007}, volume = {45}, pages = {133--71}, number = {1}, abstract = {This article compares and contrasts cophonology theory and indexed constraint theory, the dominant current proposals to morphologically conditioned phonology. In cophonology theory, morphologically conditioned phonology is captured by associating each morphological construction or lexical class with its own phonological grammar, or cophonology. All constraints within a given cophonology are purely phonological; no constraint directly refers to morphological context. By contrast, indexed constraint theory assumes a single fixed constraint ranking for the entire language, and captures morphologically conditioned phonology by indexing individual constraints to specific morphological contexts. The article raises three arguments in favor of cophonology theory: greater formal parsimony, the ability to handle free variation, and more accurate predictions about the scope of morphologically conditioned phonological e�ects. It also evaluates and rejects the primary argument for indexed constraint theory, i.e., Grammar Dependence, the claim that indexed constraint theory is more restrictive in the degree of language-internal diversity allowed. Cophonology theory and indexed constraint theory are equivalent in the range of language-internal diversity they allow; it is argued that the upper limit on language-internal diversity should not be a matter for formal grammar, but instead requires extra-grammatical explanation in terms of the factors influencing language change and variation.}, timestamp = {2009.08.11} } @ARTICLE{Inkelas.Zoll2007a, author = {Inkelas, Sharon and Zoll, Cheryl}, title = {{I}s {G}rammar {D}ependence {R}eal? {A} {C}omparison between {C}ophonological and {I}ndexed {C}onstraint {A}pproaches to {M}orphologically {C}onditioned {P}honology}, journal = {Linguistics}, year = {2007}, volume = {45}, pages = {133-171}, number = {1}, note = {CD: LINGBP}, abstract = {This article compares & contrasts cophonology theory & indexed constraint theory, the dominant current proposals to morphologically conditioned phonology. In cophonology theory, morphologically conditioned phonology is captured by associating each morphological construction or lexical class with its own phonological grammar, or cophonology. All constraints within a given cophonology are purely phonological; no constraint directly refers to morphological context. By contrast, indexed constraint theory assumes a single fixed constraint ranking for the entire language, & captures morphologically conditioned phonology by indexing individual constraints to specific morphological contexts. The article raises three arguments in favor of cophonology theory: greater formal parsimony, the ability to handle free variation, & more accurate predictions about the scope of morphologically conditioned phonological effects. It also evaluates & rejects the primary argument for indexed constraint theory, ie, Grammar Dependence, the claim that indexed constraint theory is more restrictive in the degree of language-internal diversity allowed. Cophonology theory & indexed constraint theory are equivalent in the range of language-internal diversity they allow; it is argued that the upper limit on language-internal diversity should not be a matter for formal grammar, but instead requires extra-grammatical explanation in terms of the factors influencing language change & variation. References. Adapted from the source document}, isbn = {0024-3949}, keywords = {Optimality Theory (61180); Phonology (65250); Morphology (55500); Morphophonemics (55550); Context (15250); Language Diversity (42350); Language Change (41850)}, language = {English}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.07.17} } @BOOK{Inkelas.Zoll2005, title = {{R}eduplication: doubling in morphology}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2005}, author = {Inkelas, Sharon and Zoll, Cheryl}, address = {Cambridge}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2006.11.21} } @ARTICLE{Ionin.Matushansky2006, author = {Ionin, Tania and Matushansky, Ora}, title = {{T}he composition of complex cardinals}, journal = {Journal of Semantics}, year = {2006}, volume = {23}, pages = {315}, number = {4}, bdsk-file-1 = 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date-added = {2010-06-29 22:02:23 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-06-29 22:03:05 -0400}, publisher = {Oxford {U}niversity {P}ress}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MISC{Iosad2008, author = {Iosad, Pavel}, title = {{A}ll that glistens is not gold: against autosegmental approaches to initial consonant mutations}, howpublished = {Presented at {GLOW} 31}, year = {2008}, address = {Newcastle University}, date-added = {2009-06-25 12:18:13 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-06-25 12:21:08 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MISC{Iosad.Moren-Duollja2010, author = {Iosad, Pavel and Mor{\'e}n-Duollj{\'a}, Bruce}, title = {{R}ussian palatalization: the true(r) story}, howpublished = {Presented at {O}ld {W}orld {C}onference in {P}honology 7}, year = {2010}, date-added = {2010-05-10 14:52:56 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-10 14:56:38 -0400}, keywords = {Russian, palatalization, mutation}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @PHDTHESIS{Irshied1984, author = {Irshied, Omar}, title = {{T}he {P}honology of {B}ani-{H}assan {A}rabic, a {B}edouin {J}ordanian dialect}, school = {University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana}, year = {1984}, address = {Champaign, IL}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Irshied.Kenstowicz1984, author = {Irshied, Omar and Kenstowicz, Michael}, title = {{S}ome phonological rules of {B}ani-{H}assan {A}rabic, a {B}edouin dialect}, journal = {Studies in the Linguistic Sciences}, year = {1984}, volume = {14}, pages = {109--147}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Irvine2001, author = {Irvine, Judith}, title = {{S}tyle as distinctiveness: the culture and ideology of linguistic differentiation}, booktitle = {{S}tylistic variation in language}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2001}, editor = {Eckert, Penny and Rickford, John}, pages = {21--43}, address = {Cambridge, UK}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Isola1982, author = {Isola, Akinwumi}, title = {{E}na: {C}ode-talking in {Y}oruba}, journal = {Journal of West African Languages}, year = {1982}, volume = {12}, pages = {43--51}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Itkonen1955, author = {Itkonen, Ergi}, title = {{U}eber die {B}etonungsverhaltnisse in den finnish-ugrischen {S}prachen}, journal = {Acta Linguistics Academiae Scientarium Hungaricae}, year = {1955}, volume = {5}, pages = {21--23}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ito1990, author = {Ito, Junko}, title = {{P}rosodic minimality in {J}apanese}, booktitle = {{CLS} 26: {P}arasession on the {S}yllable in {P}honetics and {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1990}, editor = {Deaton, K. and Noske, M. and Ziolkowski, M.}, pages = {213--239}, address = {Chicago}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:08:10 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Ito1989, author = {Ito, Junko}, title = {{A} prosodic theory of epenthesis}, journal = {Natural Language and Linguistic Theory}, year = {1989}, volume = {7}, pages = {217--259}, bdsk-file-1 = 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timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Ito1986, author = {Ito, Junko}, title = {{S}yllable {T}heory in {P}rosodic {P}honology}, school = {University of Massachusetts, Amherst}, year = {1986}, note = {Published 1988. Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics series. New York: Garland}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Ito1985, author = {Ito, Junko}, title = {{M}elodic dissimilation in {A}inu}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1985}, volume = {15}, pages = {505--513}, keywords = {ocp}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ito.Hankamer1989, author = {Ito, Junko and Hankamer, Jorge}, title = {{N}otes on monosyllabism in {T}urkish}, booktitle = {{P}honology at {S}anta {C}ruz 1}, year = {1989}, pages = {61--70}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Ito.etal1996, author = {Ito, Junko and Kitagawa, Yoshihisa and Mester, Armin}, title = {{P}rosodic faithfulness and correspondence: {E}vidence from a {J}apanese {A}rgot}, journal = {Journal of East Asian Linguistics}, year = {1996}, volume = {5}, pages = {217--294}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ito.Mester1995c, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{T}he core-periphery structure of the lexicon and constraints on reranking}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1995}, editor = {Beckman, Jill and Walsh Dickey, Laura and Urbanczyk, Suzanne}, pages = {181--210}, address = {Amherst}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ito.Mester2003a, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{O}n the sources of opacity in {OT}: {C}oda processes in {G}erman}, booktitle = {{T}he {S}yllable in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2003}, editor = {F{\'e}ry, Caroline and van de Vijver, Ruben}, pages = {271-304}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ito.Mester1995b, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{J}apanese phonology}, booktitle = {{H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John}, pages = {817--838}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ito.Mester1999a, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{R}ealignment}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}rosody-{M}orphology {I}nterface}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1999}, editor = {Kager, Ren{\'e} and van der Hulst, Harry and Zonneveld, Wim}, pages = {188--217}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ito.Mester2001a, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{S}tructure preservation and stratal opacity in {G}erman}, booktitle = {{S}egmental {P}honology in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {2001}, editor = {Lombardi, Linda}, pages = {261--295}, address = {Cambridge}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:08:30 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ito.Mester1994, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{R}eflections on \noun{CodaCond} and {A}lignment}, booktitle = {{P}honology at {S}anta {C}ruz}, publisher = {Linguistics Research Center, UC Santa Cruz}, year = {1994}, editor = {Merchant, Jason and Padgett, Jaye and Walker, Rachel}, volume = {3}, pages = {27--46}, address = {Santa Cruz}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ito.Mester1997b, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{S}ympathy theory and {G}erman truncations}, booktitle = {{U}niversity of {M}aryland {W}orking {P}apers in {L}inguistics 5. {S}elected {P}honology {P}apers from {H}opkins {O}ptimality {T}heory {W}orkshop 1997 / {U}niversity of {M}aryland {M}ayfest 1997}, year = {1997}, editor = {Miglio, Viola and Moren, Bruce}, pages = {117--139}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ito.Mester2006, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{P}rosodic adjunction in {J}apanese compounds}, booktitle = {{T}he {P}roceedings of {Formal Approaches to Japanese Linguistics} 4}, publisher = {{MITWPL} 55}, year = {2006}, editor = {Miyamoto, Yoichi and Ochi, Masao}, pages = {97-112}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 14:39:56 -0400}, owner = {maria}, timestamp = {2008.04.20} } @INCOLLECTION{Ito.Mester1996b, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{S}tem and word in {S}ino-{J}apanese}, booktitle = {{P}honological {S}tructure and {L}anguage {P}rocessing: {C}ross-{L}inguistic {S}tudies}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = {1996}, editor = {Otake, T. and Cutler, A.}, pages = {13--44}, address = {Berlin}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:09:07 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ito.Mester2009, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{T}he onset of the prosodic word}, booktitle = {{P}honological {A}rgumentation: {E}ssays on {E}vidence and {M}otivation}, publisher = {Equinox}, year = {2009}, editor = {Parker, Steve}, pages = {227--260}, address = {London}, date-added = {2009-03-20 13:29:05 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 14:16:41 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Ito.Mester1997a, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{C}orrespondence and compositionality: {T}he ga-gyo variation in {J}apanese phonology}, booktitle = {{D}erivations and {C}onstraints in {P}honology}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1997}, editor = {Roca, Iggy}, pages = {419--462}, address = {Oxford}, keywords = {variation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ito.Mester1999, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{T}he phonological lexicon}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {J}apanese {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1999}, editor = {Tsujimura, Natsuko}, pages = {62--100}, address = {Oxford}, keywords = {learnability}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Ito.Mester1997, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{F}eatural sympathy: feeding and counterfeeding interactions in {J}apanese}, booktitle = {{P}honology at {S}anta {C}ruz}, publisher = {Linguistics Research Center, University of California}, year = {1997}, editor = {Walker, Rachel and Katayama, Motoko and Karvonen, Daniel}, volume = {5}, pages = {29--36}, address = {Santa Cruz, CA}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:09:30 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Ito.Mester2003, title = {{J}apanese {M}orphophonemics: {M}arkedness and {W}ord {S}tructure}, publisher = {MIT Press Linguistic Inquiry Monograph Series 41}, year = {2003}, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, address = {Cambridge, Massachusetts}, owner = {joepater}, timestamp = {2007.05.03} } @ARTICLE{Ito.Mester2001, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{C}overt generalizations in {O}ptimality {T}heory: the role of stratal faithfulness constraints}, journal = {Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology}, year = {2001}, volume = {7}, bdsk-file-1 = 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date-added = {2009-10-29 12:53:14 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-10-29 12:53:59 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @MISC{Ito.Mester1998, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{M}arkedness and word structure: {OCP} effects in {J}apanese}, year = {1998}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Ito.Mester1998a, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{G}erman coda conditions: {S}ympathy meets freedom of the input}, year = {1998}, address = {Tuebingen, Germany}, note = {The Syllable: Typology and Theory}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Ito.Mester1996, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{OCP} interactions}, year = {1996}, address = {University of California, Santa Cruz}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Ito.Mester1996a, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{R}endaku {I}: {C}onstraint conjunction and the {OCP}}, year = {1996}, address = {Kobe, Japan}, note = {Kobe Phonology Forum}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Ito.Mester1995, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{A}ccent alignment}, year = {1995}, note = {Talk presented at GLOW (University of Tromso, Norway;, May 1995)}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Ito.Mester1995a, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{H}ierarchical alignment and binarity}, year = {1995}, note = {Talk presented at TREND (UC Santa Cruz, April 1995) and GLOW (University of Tromso, Norway; May 1995)}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Ito.Mester1993, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{L}icensed segments and safe paths}, journal = {Canadian Journal of Linguistics}, year = {1993}, volume = {38}, pages = {197--213}, number = {2}, note = {Special issue of the Canadian Journal of Linguistics}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Ito.Mester1992, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{W}eak layering and word binarity}, year = {1992}, note = {Linguistics Research Center Report}, address = {Santa Cruz, CA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Ito.Mester1991, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{T}he prosodic phonology of {J}apanese}, year = {1991}, note = {Class Reader LINS 224, LSA Summer Linguistic Institute, University of California at Santa Cruz}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Ito.Mester1990, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{P}roper containment and phonological domains}, year = {1990}, note = {Handout of talk presented at KATL, Osaka University, Dec. 1990}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Ito.Mester1989, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{G}agyoo: {F}eatural and prosodic characteristics}, year = {1989}, address = {MIT, Cambridge, MA}, note = {Oct. 1989}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Ito.Mester1986, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin}, title = {{T}he phonology of voicing in {J}apanese: {T}heoretical consequences for morphological accessibility}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1986}, volume = {17}, pages = {49--73}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Ito.etal1998, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin and Padgett, Jaye}, title = {{L}exical classes in {J}apanese: a reply to {R}ice}, year = {1998}, note = {ms}, address = {University of California, Santa Cruz}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Ito.etal1995, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin and Padgett, Jaye}, title = {{L}icensing and underspecification in {O}ptimality {T}heory}, journal = {Linguistic Inquiry}, year = {1995}, volume = {26}, pages = {571--614}, number = {4}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Ito.etal1993, author = {Ito, Junko and Mester, Armin and Padgett, Jaye}, title = {{C}onstraint ranking and underspecification}, year = {1993}, note = {Linguistic Research Center Report}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Iushmanov1938, author = {Iushmanov, N. V.}, title = {{S}ingarmonizm urmiiskogo narechiia}, booktitle = {{P}amiati akademika {N}. {I}a. {M}arra}, publisher = {Akademiia Nauk S.S.S.R, Institut Iazyka i Myshleniia}, year = {1938}, pages = {295--314}, address = {Moscow and Leningrad}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Iusupova2000, title = {{K}urdskii dialekt avramani. [{T}he {K}urdish dialect of {A}vramani}, publisher = {Vostochnaia literatura}, year = {2000}, author = {Iusupova, Zara Aliievna}, address = {Moscow}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Iverson1995, author = {Iverson, Gregory}, title = {{R}ule ordering}, booktitle = {{T}he {H}andbook of {P}honological {T}heory}, publisher = {Blackwell}, year = {1995}, editor = {Goldsmith, John A.}, pages = {609--614}, address = {Cambridge, Mass., and Oxford, UK}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Iverson1989, author = {Iverson, Gregory}, title = {{O}n the category supralaryngeal}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {1989}, volume = {6}, pages = {285--303}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Iverson1981, author = {Iverson, Greg}, title = {{R}ules, constraints, and paradigm lacunae}, journal = {Glossa}, year = {1981}, volume = {15}, pages = {136--44}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Iverson1974, author = {Iverson, Gregory}, title = {{O}rdering {C}onstraints in {P}honology}, school = {University of Minnesota}, year = {1974}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Iverson.Kim1987, author = {Iverson, Gregory and Kim, K.-H.}, title = {{U}nderspecification and hierarchical feature representation in {K}orean consonantal phonology}, booktitle = {{CLS} 23: {P}arasession on {A}utosegmental and {M}etrical {P}honology}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1987}, editor = {Bosch, A. and Need, B. and Schiller, E.}, pages = {182--198}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Iverson.Lee1995, author = {Iverson, Gregory and Lee, Shinsook}, title = {{V}ariation as optimality in {K}orean consonant cluster reduction}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {E}leventh {E}astern {S}tates {C}onference on {L}inguistics}, publisher = {DMLL Publications}, year = {1995}, editor = {Fuller, J. and Han, H. and Parkinson, D.}, pages = {174--185}, address = {Ithaca, NY}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:09:56 -0500}, keywords = {variation}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Iverson.Salmons2003, author = {Iverson, Greg and Salmons, Joseph}, title = {{L}aryngeal enhancement in early {G}ermanic}, journal = {Phonology}, year = {2003}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Iverson.Wheeler1988, author = {Iverson, Gregory and Wheeler, Deirdre}, title = {{B}locking and the {E}lsewhere {C}ondition}, booktitle = {{T}heoretical {M}orphology: {A}pproaches in {M}odern {L}inguistics}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1988}, editor = {Hammond, Michael and Noonan, M.}, pages = {325--338}, address = {San Diego}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 15:10:09 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Iwai1989, author = {Iwai, Melissa}, title = {{A} {P}rosodic {A}nalysis of {J}apanese {L}oanwords}, school = {University of California}, year = {1989}, address = {Santa Cruz}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jagertoappear, author = {J{\"a}ger, Gerhard}, title = {{M}aximum {E}ntropy {M}odels and {S}tochastic {O}ptimality {T}heory}, booktitle = {{A}rchitectures, {R}ules, and {P}references: {A} {F}estschrift for {J}oan {B}resnan}, publisher = {CSLI}, year = {to appear}, editor = {Jane Grimshaw and Joan Maling and Chris Manning and Jane Simpson and Annie Zaenen}, address = {Stanford, CA}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Jager2002, author = {J{\"a}ger, Gerhard}, title = {{G}radient {C}onstraints in {F}inite {S}tate {OT}: {T}he {U}nidirectional and the {B}idirectional {C}ase}, booktitle = {{M}ore than {W}ords. {A} {F}estschrift for {D}ieter {W}underlich,}, publisher = {Akademie Verlag}, year = {2002}, editor = {I. Kaufmann and B. Stiebels}, pages = {299--325}, address = {Berlin}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Jackendoff2002, title = {{F}oundations of language: brain, meaning, grammar, evolution}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {2002}, author = {Jackendoff, Ray}, address = {Oxford, UK}, comment = {book}, timestamp = {2009.02.28} } @ARTICLE{Jackendoff1975, author = {Jackendoff, Ray}, title = {{M}orphological and semantic regularities in the lexicon}, journal = {Language}, year = {1975}, volume = {51}, pages = {639--71}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2011.10.26} } @BOOK{Jackendoff1972, title = {{S}emantics in generative grammar}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1972}, author = {Jackendoff, Ray}, address = {Cambridge, MA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Jackson1953, title = {{L}anguage and history in early {Britain}}, publisher = {R. \& R. Clark, Ltd.}, year = {1953}, author = {Jackson, Kenneth}, address = {Edinburgh}, timestamp = {2010.03.19} } @INCOLLECTION{Jackson1972, author = {Jackson, Walter S.}, title = {{W}ayana grammar}, booktitle = {{L}anguages of the {G}uianas}, publisher = {SIL of the University of Oklahoma}, year = {1972}, editor = {Grimes, Joseph and Grimes, Joseph}, pages = {47--77}, address = {Norman}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jacobs1995a, author = {Jacobs, Haike}, title = {{O}ptimality {T}heory and sound change}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 25}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1995}, editor = {Beckman, Jill}, pages = {219--232}, address = {Amherst, Mass.}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Jacobs1995, author = {Jacobs, Haike}, title = {{Optimality Theory} and sound change}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}ortheastern {L}inguistic {S}ociety ({NELS} 25)}, year = {1995}, editor = {Becknman, Jill N.}, volume = {2}, pages = {219--232}, howpublished = {Paper presented at the Northeastern Linguistic Society (NELS 25)}, timestamp = {2009.10.19} } @INCOLLECTION{Jacobs2000, author = {Jacobs, Haike}, title = {{T}he revenge of the uneven trochee: {L}atin main stress, metrical constituency, stress-related phenomena and {OT}}, booktitle = {{A}nalogy, levelling, markedness. {P}rinciples of change in phonology and morphology}, publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter}, year = {2000}, editor = {Lahiri, Aditi and Lahiri, Aditi}, volume = {127}, address = {Berlin}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jacobs1994, author = {Jacobs, Haike}, title = {{L}enition and {O}ptimality {T}heory}, booktitle = {{A}spects of {R}omance {L}inguistics: {S}elected {P}apers from the {L}inguistic {S}ymposium on {R}omance {L}anguages {XXIV}}, publisher = {Georgetown University Press}, year = {1994}, editor = {Parodi, Claudia and Quicoli, Carlos and Saltarelli, Mario and Zubizarreta, Maria Luisa and Parodi, Claudia and Quicoli, Carlos and Saltarelli, Mario and Zubizarreta, Maria Luisa}, pages = {253--265}, address = {Washington, DC}, keywords = {history}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Jacobs2001, author = {Jacobs, Haike}, title = {{R}hythmic {V}owel {D}eletion in {OT}: {S}yncope in {L}atin}, year = {2001}, address = {Tromso}, booktitle = {{U}niversity of {T}romso, 10 {J}une 2001}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Jacobs1990, author = {Jacobs, Haike}, title = {{O}n markedness and bounded stress systems}, journal = {The Linguistic Review}, year = {1990}, volume = {7}, pages = {81--119}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Jacobs1989, author = {Jacobs, Haike}, title = {{N}onlinear {S}tudies in {T}he {H}istorical {P}honology of {F}rench}, school = {Katholiek Universiteit te Nijmegen}, year = {1989}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Jacobs1986, author = {Jacobs, Haike}, title = {{M}etrical structure and phonological domains}, journal = {Gramma}, year = {1986}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jacobs.Gussenhoven2000, author = {Jacobs, Haike and Gussenhoven, Carlos}, title = {{L}oan phonology: {P}erception, salience, the lexicon and {OT}}, booktitle = {{O}ptimality {T}heory: {P}honology, {S}yntax, {A}cquisition}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {2000}, editor = {Dekkers, Joost and van der Leeuw, Frank and van de Weijer, Jeroen and Dekkers, Joost}, pages = {193--210}, address = {Oxford}, keywords = {L2}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jacobson1985, author = {Jacobson, Steven}, title = {{S}iberian {Y}upik and {C}entral {Y}upik prosody}, booktitle = {{Y}upik {E}skimo {P}rosodic {S}ystems: {D}escriptive and {C}omparative {S}tudies}, publisher = {Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska}, year = {1985}, editor = {Krauss, M. and Krauss, M.}, pages = {25--46}, address = {Fairbanks}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Jacobson1984, author = {Jacobson, Steven}, title = {{T}he stress conspiracy and stress-repelling bases in the {C}entral {Y}up'ik and {S}iberian {Y}upik {E}skimo languages}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1984}, volume = {50}, pages = {312--324}, number = {3}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jaeger1986, author = {Jaeger, J. J.}, title = {{C}oncept formation as a tool for linguistic research}, booktitle = {{E}xperimental {P}honology}, publisher = {Academic Press}, year = {1986}, editor = {Ohala, J. J. and Jaeger, J. J.}, pages = {211--237}, address = {Orlando}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Jaeger1983, author = {Jaeger, J. J.}, title = {{T}he fortis/lenis question: {E}vidence from {Z}apotec and {J}awon}, journal = {Journal of Phonetics}, year = {1983}, volume = {11}, pages = {177--99}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Jaeger1980, author = {Jaeger, J. J.}, title = {{T}esting the psychological reality of phonemes}, journal = {Language and Speech}, year = {1980}, volume = {23}, pages = {233--253}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Jaeger2008, author = {Jaeger, T. Florian}, title = {{C}ategorical data analysis: {A}way from {ANOVAs} (transformation or not) and towards logit mixed models}, journal = {{J}ournal of {M}emory and {L}anguage}, year = {2008}, volume = {59}, pages = {434--446}, abstract = {This paper identifies several serious problems with the widespread use of ANOVAs for the analysis of categorical outcome variables such as forced-choice variables, question-answer accuracy, choice in production (e.g. in syntactic priming research), et cetera. I show that even after applying the arcsine-square-root transformation to proportional data, ANOVA can yield spurious results. I discuss conceptual issues underlying these problems and alternatives provided by modern statistics. Specifically, I introduce ordinary logit models (i.e. logistic regression), which are well-suited to analyze categorical data and offer many advantages over ANOVA. Unfortunately, ordinary logit models do not include random effect modeling. To address this issue, I describe mixed logit models (Generalized Linear Mixed Models for binomially distributed outcomes, Breslow and Clayton [Breslow, N. E. & Clayton, D. G. (1993). Approximate inference in generalized linear mixed models. Journal of the American Statistical Society 88(421), 9--25]), which combine the advantages of ordinary logit models with the ability to account for random subject and item effects in one step of analysis. Throughout the paper, I use a psycholinguistic data set to compare the different statistical methods.}, comment = {paper, electronic}, timestamp = {2009.03.06} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Jaeger.Kidd2008, author = {Jaeger, T. Florian and Kidd, Celeste}, title = {{A} unified model of redundancy avoidance and strategic lengthening}, booktitle = {{T}he 21st {CUNY} {S}entence {P}rocessing {C}onference}, year = {2008}, address = {Chapel Hill, NC}, abstract = {Recent studies have revealed an intriguing link between redundancy and reduction: words that are more predictable in their context are more commonly reduced (shorter and with less articulatory detail). These studies have, however, also found a puzzling asymmetry: Content words are reduced when predictable given the previous word, but function words are reduced when predictable given the following word. We present a solution to this puzzle that unifies work on redundancy with work on strategic lengthening. We find that the apparent backward- predictability effect on function word reduction is an artifact caused by speakers? tendency to slow pronunciation when the next word is unavailable. Study 1 replicates the effect of previous studies. We use linear mixed models to analyze the effect of redundancy on 15,000 instances of ``a'' from a spontaneous speech corpus, while controlling for various factors that influence reduction (speaker differences, speech rate, presence of hesitations or disfluencies, phonological context, etc.). As expected [1,2], only backward- predictability of ``a'' (1b)?but not forward-predictability (1a)?reached significance. Further analysis revealed that the apparent backward-predictability effect is predominantly driven by two factors. First, ``a'' is frequently followed by corrections. Unlike other disfluencies, corrections correlate with shortening of ``a''. Second, over a fifth of the tokens after ``a'' are part of collocations, as in ``a lot of'', that co-occur with ``a'' more than 70% of all times. This holds for less than 0.5% of all tokens preceding ``a''. As would be expected if frequent collocations are retrieved together, ``a'' is pronounced significantly shorter. Further support for the hypothesis that these frequent collocations have a special status comes from the bimodal shape of the distribution of the (log-transformed) backward-predictability of ``a''. After excluding collocations and cases with corrections, the backward-predictability effect was largely reduced. Study 2 tests whether the remaining effect of backward-predictability is an artifact due to strategic lengthening before unavailable material. Here we model the availability of an upcoming word by its frequency and contextual predictability. We add two probabilistic measures of availability to the model: the frequency of the word following ``a'' and its trigram predictability (1c). The availability-trigram improves the model and subsumes backward-predictability. Thus the apparent effect of backward-predictability [2] seems to be spurious. Instead, ``a'' is strategically lengthened before unavailable words. Study 3 and 4 provide further evidence for strategic lengthening from instances of complementizer and relativizer ``that''. In conclusion, we propose a unified probabilistic model that attributes reduction to three underlying causes: redundancy avoidance (predictable words are reduced), strategic lengthening before unavailable material, and joint storage and retrieval of collocations. Redundancy avoidance affects function words less than content words, consistent with the absence of frequency effects on function word reduction [1]. But strategic lengthening affects function words more: their high availability and occurrence before low-probability words (lexical heads) makes them ideal candidates for strategic lengthening. We close by discussing extensions of the proposed model to capture phrase-initial function word repetitions (``the, the, the...'') and the distribution of filled pauses (``uh'', ``um'').}, comment = {electronic}, timestamp = {2010.01.04} } @UNPUBLISHED{Jaeger.Norcliffe, author = {Jaeger, T. Florian and Norcliffe, Elisabeth}, title = {{T}he cross-linguistic study of sentence production: state of the art and a call for action}, note = {Unpublished manuscript, University of Rochester and Stanford University}, abstract = {The mechanisms underlying language production are often assumed to be universal, and hence not contingent on a speaker's language. There is, however, evidence that language-specific grammatical properties affect production preferences. While these language-specific production preferences may be reducible to more abstract universal mechanism, the limited available cross-linguistic evidence serves as a wake-up call: to understand the architecture and mechanisms of the production system, we need to study a typologically diverse set of languages. Here we summarize cross-linguistic work on sentence production (specifically: grammatical encoding). We focus on examples where such work has refuted long-standing hypotheses and improved our theoretical understanding beyond what studies on English alone could have achieved. And cross-linguistic research has much to offer beyond the test of existing hypotheses: it can guide the development of theories by making us aware of the full extent of the human ability to produce language structures. We close by discussing the need and potential for interdisciplinary collaborations, calling also for more field-based psycholinguistic work on understudied languages. Given the rapid reduction of language diversity across the globe, we should start collecting psycholinguistically controlled quantitative data while we still can.}, comment = {paper}, timestamp = {2009.03.06} } @INCOLLECTION{Jagst1975, author = {Jagst, Lothar}, title = {{N}gardilpa ({W}arlpiri) {P}honology}, booktitle = {{P}apers in {A}ustralian {L}inguistics {N}o. 8}, publisher = {Australian National University}, year = {1975}, editor = {Wurm, S. A. and Wurm, S. A.}, pages = {21--58}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jakobson1963a, author = {Jakobson, Roman}, title = {{I}mplications of language universals for linguistics}, booktitle = {{U}niversals of {L}anguage}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1963}, editor = {Greenberg, Joseph}, pages = {208--219}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:28:29 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jakobson1953, author = {Jakobson, Roman}, title = {{P}attern in {L}inguistics}, booktitle = {{S}elected {W}ritings {II}}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1953}, editor = {Jakobson, Roman and Jakobson, Roman}, pages = {223--228}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jakobson1949, author = {Jakobson, Roman}, title = {{T}he phonemic and grammatical aspects of language in their interrelations}, booktitle = {{S}elected {W}ritings {II}}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1949}, editor = {Jakobson, Roman and Jakobson, Roman}, pages = {103--114}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jakobson1938, author = {Jakobson, Roman}, title = {{O}bservations sur le classement phonologique des consonnes}, booktitle = {{E}ssais de linguistique generale}, publisher = {Editions de Minuit}, year = {1938}, editor = {Ruwet, N. and Ruwet, N.}, volume = {2}, address = {Paris}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jakobson1962a, author = {Jakobson, Roman}, title = {{T}ypological studies and their contribution to historical comparative linguistics: {R}eport in the first plenary session of the {E}ighth {I}nternational {C}ongress of {L}inguists, {O}slo, 5 {A}ugust 1957}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1962}, editor = {Studies, Selected Writings I: Phonological and Studies, Selected Writings I: Phonological}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jakobson1971, author = {Jakobson, Roman}, title = {{Z}ur {S}truktur des russischen {V}erbums}, booktitle = {{S}elected {W}ritings, vol. 2: {W}ord and {L}anguage}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1971}, pages = {3--16}, address = {The Hague}, note = {Originally published in 1932.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jakobson1963, author = {Jakobson, Roman}, title = {{O}n the so-called vowel alliteration in {G}ermanic verse}, booktitle = {{Z}eitschrift fur {P}honetik, {S}prachwissenschaft, und {K}ommunikationsforschung}, year = {1963}, volume = {16}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Jakobson1962, title = {{S}elected {W}ritings {I}: {P}honological {S}tudies}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1962}, author = {Jakobson, Roman}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jakobson1957, author = {Jakobson, Roman}, title = {{N}otes on {G}ilyak}, booktitle = {{S}tudies {P}resented to {Y}uen {R}en {C}hao on his 65th {B}irthday}, publisher = {Academia Sinica}, year = {1957}, volume = {29}, pages = {255--281}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Jakobson1941, title = {{K}indersprache, {A}phasie, und {A}llgemeine {L}autgesetze}, publisher = {Almqvist \& Wiksell [tr. Child Language, Aphasia and Phonological Universals, Mouton]}, year = {1941}, author = {Jakobson, Roman}, address = {Uppsala}, note = {Translated into English by A. Keiler, 1968}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jakobson1939, author = {Jakobson, Roman}, title = {{O}bservations sur le classement phonologique des consonnes}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 3rd {I}nternational {C}ongress of {P}honetic {S}ciences}, year = {1939}, pages = {34--41}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Jakobson1929, author = {Jakobson, Roman}, title = {{R}emarques sur l'evolution phonologique du russe comparee a celle des autres langues slaves}, journal = {Travaux du Cercle linguistique de Prague}, year = {1929}, volume = {2}, note = {Reprinted in Selected Writings of Roman Jakobson, Vol. 1}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Jakobson.etal1952, title = {{P}reliminaries to {S}peech {A}nalysis}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1952}, author = {Jakobson, Roman and Fant, Gunnar and Halle, Morris}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Jakobson.Halle1956, title = {{F}undamentals of {L}anguage}, publisher = {Mouton}, year = {1956}, author = {Jakobson, Roman and Halle, Morris}, address = {The Hague}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Jakobson.Waugh1979, title = {{T}he {S}ound {S}hape of {L}anguage}, publisher = {Indiana University Press}, year = {1979}, author = {Jakobson, Roman and Waugh, Linda}, address = {Bloomington}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Janda.Joseph1986, author = {Janda, Richard and Joseph, Brian}, title = {{O}ne rule or many? {S}anskrit reduplication as fragmented affixation}, journal = {Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics}, year = {1986}, volume = {34}, pages = {84--107}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Janda.Sandoval1984, title = {'{E}lsewhere' in {M}orphology}, publisher = {IULC Publications}, year = {1984}, author = {Janda, Richard and Sandoval, Maria}, address = {Bloomington, IN}, keywords = {elsewhere}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Janson.Tsonope1991, title = {{B}irth of a national language: the history of {S}etswana}, publisher = {Heinemann}, year = {1991}, author = {Janson, Tore and Tsonope, Joe}, address = {Gaborone}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Janssen.etal2006, author = {Janssen, Dirk P. and Bickel, Balthasar and Z\'u\~{n}iga}, title = {{R}andomization tests in language typology}, journal = {{L}inguistic {T}ypology}, year = {2006}, volume = {10}, pages = {419--440}, number = {3}, abstract = {Two of the major assumptions that common statistical tests make about random sampling and distribution of the data are not tenable for most typological data. We suggest to use randomization tests, which avoid these assumptions. Randomization is applicable to frequency data, rank data, scalar measurements, and ratings, so most typological data can be analyzed with the same tools. We provided a free computer program, which also includes routines that help determine the degree to which a statistical conclusion is reliable or dependent on a few languages in the sample.}, timestamp = {2009.07.15} } @ARTICLE{Jany.etal2007, author = {Jany, Carmen and Gordon, Matthew and Nash, Carlos M. and Takahara, Nobutaka}, title = {{H}ow universal is the sonority hierarchy?: a cross-linguistic acoustic study}, journal = {ICPhS}, year = {2007}, volume = {XVI}, pages = {1401-1404}, bdsk-file-1 = {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}, date-added = {2008-07-20 23:18:16 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-10-14 13:23:07 -0400}, keywords = {sonority}, local-url = {file://localhost/Users/maria/Documents/work/phonology_papers/j/jany_et_al_universal_sonority_hierarchy.pdf}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Jarosz2008, author = {Jarosz, Gaja}, title = {{P}artial ranking and alternating vowels in {P}olish}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {CLS} 43}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {2008}, volume = {41}, pages = {193-206}, date-added = {2009-04-23 13:39:52 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-04-23 13:45:31 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Jarosz2005, author = {Jarosz, Gaja}, title = {{P}olish yers and the finer structure of output-output correspondence}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {BLS} 31}, publisher = {Berkeley Linguistics Society}, year = {2005}, date-added = {2010-05-14 10:56:00 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-05-14 11:03:51 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Jassem1952, title = {{I}ntonation in conversational {English}}, publisher = {Polish Academy of Science}, year = {1952}, author = {Jassem, W.}, address = {Warsaw}, timestamp = {2009.05.30} } @ARTICLE{Jassem.Richter1989, author = {Jassem, Wiktor and Richter, Lutoslawa}, title = {{N}eutralization of voicing in {P}olish obstruents}, journal = {Journal of {P}honetics}, year = {1989}, volume = {17}, pages = {317-325}, date-modified = {2009-01-29 23:15:29 -0500}, owner = {mg}, timestamp = {2006.02.03} } @INCOLLECTION{Jastrow1980, author = {Jastrow, Otto}, title = {{D}ie {D}ialekte der {A}rabischen {H}albinsel}, booktitle = {{H}andbuch der {A}rabischen {D}ialekte}, publisher = {Otto Harrassowitz}, year = {1980}, editor = {Fischer, Wolfdietrich and Jastrow, Otto and Fischer, Wolfdietrich and Jastrow, Otto}, pages = {103--121}, address = {Wiesbaden}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Javkin1977, author = {Javkin, Hector R.}, title = {{T}owards a phonetic explanation for universal preferences in implosives and ejectives}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of {BLS} 3}, year = {1977}, pages = {559-565}, address = {Berkeley, CA}, date-added = {2009-11-08 16:54:28 -0500}, date-modified = {2009-11-08 16:56:23 -0500}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @ARTICLE{Jeanne1982, author = {Jeanne, LaVerne}, title = {{S}ome phonological rules of {H}opi}, journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics}, year = {1982}, volume = {48}, pages = {245--270}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Jeanne1978, author = {Jeanne, LaVerne}, title = {{A}spects of {H}opi grammar}, school = {MIT}, year = {1978}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, note = {Linguistics Department}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jeanne.Hale1999, author = {Jeanne, LaVerne and Hale, Ken}, title = {{H}opi -na}, booktitle = {{P}apers on {M}orphology and {S}yntax, {I}: {C}ycle {O}ne; {II}: {C}ycle {T}wo}, publisher = {MIT Press}, year = {1999}, editor = {Arregi, Karlos and Arregi, Karlos}, pages = {I: 139--57}, address = {Cambridge, Mass.}, note = {ix, 317 + ix, 315 pp. English book-article}, keywords = {Hopi language; morphology ; and syntax ; transitivity}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Jebbour1996, author = {Jebbour, Abdelkrim}, title = {{M}orphologie et {C}ontraintes {P}rosodiques en {B}erbere ({T}achelhit de {T}iznit) -- {A}nalyse {L}inguistique et {T}raitement {A}utomatique}, school = {Mohammed V University}, year = {1996}, address = {Rabat, Morocco}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Jensen1995, author = {Jensen, John}, title = {{C}onstraints and opaque interactions}, journal = {Cahiers linguistiques d'Ottawa}, year = {1995}, volume = {23}, pages = {1--9}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Jensen1977, title = {{Y}apese {R}eference {G}rammar}, publisher = {University Press of Hawaii}, year = {1977}, author = {Jensen, J. T.}, address = {Honolulu}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jensen.Stong-Jensen1989, author = {Jensen, John T. and Stong-Jensen, Margaret}, title = {{T}he strict cycle and epenthesis in {H}ungarian}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety 19}, publisher = {GLSA Publications}, year = {1989}, editor = {Carter, J. and Dechaine, R.-M. and Carter, J. and Dechaine, R.-M.}, pages = {223--235}, address = {Amherst}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Jesney2009, author = {Jesney, Karen}, title = {{P}ositional faithfulness, non-locality, and the harmonic serialism solution}, booktitle = {{P}roceedings of the 39th meeting of the {N}orth {E}ast {L}inguistic {S}ociety}, publisher = {{GLSA} {P}ublications}, year = {2009}, annote = {ROA-1018}, date-added = {2009-03-12 14:48:01 -0400}, date-modified = {2009-03-12 14:49:38 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @UNPUBLISHED{Jesney.etalinprep, author = {Jesney, Karen and Joe Pater and Anne-Michelle Tessier}, title = {{R}estrictiveness and {G}ang {E}ffects in {L}earning}, note = {{Ms.}, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and University of Alberta}, year = {in prep}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INPROCEEDINGS{Jesney.etal2010, author = {Jesney, Karen, and Pater, Joe and Staubs, Robert}, title = {{L}earning the distributions over underlying representations}, booktitle = {the {W}orkshop on computational modeling of sound pattern acquisition}, year = {2010}, address = {Edmonton, AB}, month = {February}, date-added = {2010-03-10 16:08:40 -0500}, date-modified = {2010-03-10 16:17:28 -0500}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @BOOK{Jespersen1965, title = {{A} modern {E}nglish grammar on historical principles}, publisher = {George Allen and Unwin, Ltd.}, year = {1965}, author = {Jespersen, Otto}, address = {London}, comment = {none}, timestamp = {2009.02.18} } @BOOK{Jespersen1922, title = {{L}anguage}, publisher = {Henry Holt}, year = {1922}, author = {Jespersen, Otto}, address = {New York}, comment = {none}, timestamp = {2009.05.07} } @BOOK{Jespersen1904, title = {{L}ehrbuch der {P}honetik}, publisher = {B. G. Teubner}, year = {1904}, author = {Jespersen, Otto}, address = {Leipzig and Berlin}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @PHDTHESIS{Jetchev1997, author = {Jetchev, Georgi Ivanov}, title = {{G}host vowels and syllabification: {E}vidence from {B}ulgarian and {F}rench}, school = {Scuola {N}ormale {S}uperiore di {P}isa}, year = {1997}, type = {%%Doctoral Dissertation}, date-added = {2009-07-01 11:52:52 -0400}, date-modified = {2010-06-30 11:29:36 -0400}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Jiang-King1999, author = {Jiang-King, Ping}, title = {{S}onority constraints on tonal patterns}, booktitle = {{WCCFL} 17}, publisher = {CSLI}, year = {1999}, editor = {Shahin, Kimary and Blake, Susan J. and Kim, Eun-Sook and Shahin, Kimary and Blake, Susan J. and Kim, Eun-Sook}, pages = {332--346}, address = {Stanford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @MISC{Joanisse.Curtin1999, author = {Joanisse, Marc and Curtin, Suzanne}, title = {{D}utch stress acquisition: {OT} and connectionist approaches}, year = {1999}, note = {Available (6/00) at ftp://siva.usc.edu/pub/coglab/marcj/Joanisse.Curtin.pdf.}, address = {Los Angeles}, keywords = {learnability}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Johnson1980, author = {Johnson, C. D.}, title = {{R}egular disharmony in {K}irghiz}, booktitle = {{I}ssues in {V}owel {H}armony}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, year = {1980}, editor = {Vago, Robert and Vago, Robert}, pages = {89--99}, address = {Amsterdam}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Johnson.Lappin1999, title = {{L}ocal {C}onstraints vs. {E}conomy}, publisher = {CSLI}, year = {1999}, author = {Johnson, David E. and Lappin, Shalom}, address = {Stanford, CA}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Johnson.Postal1980, title = {{A}rc {P}air {G}rammar}, publisher = {Princeton University Press}, year = {1980}, author = {Johnson, David E. and Paul M. Postal}, address = {Princeton, NJ}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @PHDTHESIS{Johnson1975, author = {Johnson, Robert}, title = {{T}he {R}ole of {P}honetic {D}etail in {C}oeur {D}'{A}lene {P}honology}, school = {Washington State University}, year = {1975}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @INCOLLECTION{Johnson.Liddell1984, author = {Johnson, Robert and Liddell, Scott}, title = {{S}tructural diversity in {A}merican {S}ign {L}anguage}, booktitle = {{CLS} 20: {P}arasesssion on {L}exical {S}emantics}, publisher = {Chicago Linguistic Society}, year = {1984}, editor = {Drogo, J. and Mishra, V. and Testen, D. and Drogo, J. and Mishra, V. and Testen, D.}, pages = {172--186}, address = {Chicago}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Johnson1986, title = {{N}garrindjeri {D}ictionary}, publisher = {SAL}, year = {1986}, author = {Johnson, Steve}, address = {Batchelor}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Johnston1980, title = {{N}akanai of {N}ew {B}ritain : the grammar of an {O}ceanic language}, publisher = {Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University}, year = {1980}, author = {Johnston, Raymond Leslie}, address = {Canberra}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Johnstone1967, author = {Johnstone, T. M.}, title = {{A}spects of syllabication in the spoken {A}rabic of `{A}naiza}, journal = {Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies}, year = {1967}, volume = {30(1)}, pages = {1--16}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Johnstone1967a, title = {{E}astern {A}rabian dialect studies}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, year = {1967}, author = {Johnstone, T. M.}, address = {Oxford}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Jones1918, title = {{A}n {O}utline of {E}nglish {P}honetics}, publisher = {W.Heffer \& Sons}, year = {1918}, author = {Jones, Daniel}, address = {Cambridge}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @BOOK{Jones.Ward1969, title = {{T}he phonetics of {R}ussian}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1969}, author = {Jones, D. and Ward, D.}, address = {Cambridge}, date-added = {2008-11-12 16:53:15 -0500}, date-modified = {2008-11-12 16:54:32 -0500}, keywords = {Russian}, timestamp = {2011.04.11} } @INCOLLECTION{Jones.Knudson1977, author = {Jones, T. and Knudson, L. M.}, title = {{G}uelavia {Z}apotec phonemes}, booktitle = {{S}tudies in {O}tomanguean {P}honology}, publisher = {Summer Institute of Linguistics}, year = {1977}, editor = {Merrifield, W.}, address = {Dallas}, date-modified = {2006-12-26 14:46:07 -0500}, timestamp = {2005.12.29} } @ARTICLE{Jong1990, author = {de Jong, Daan}, title = {{T}he syntax-phon