D. Nivison: Chronology, Huang Di through Western Zhou
Name of ruler       Annals, stated (or implied)    Correct [or legendary] date
Huang Di              (2402, 100 years)              [2287-2188, 100 years]
Zuo Che interregnum   (2302, 7)                      [2187-2181, 7]
Zhuan Xu              (2295, 78)                     [2180-2103, 78]
13th year, calendar    (2287)

(The Annals chronology was expanded backward to make Yao’s 1st year the numerologically significant date 2145.  2287, which had been 1st year of the entire chronology, was then retained as 1st year of the "Zhuan Xu calendar.")

(mourning)                                           [2102-2101, 2]
Di Ku                 (2217, 63)                     [2100-2038, 63]
(mourning)                                           2037-2036, 2
Zhi                   (2154, 9)                      2035-2027, 9
Yao                   2145-2046, 100 years           2026-1969, 58 years
Yao imprisoned                                       1968-1960, 9
(mourning)            2045-2043, 3
(mourning; calendar suspended)                       1959-1958, 2 years
Shun                  2042-1993, 50 years            1968-60, 1957-35; 9, 23
(mourning)            1992-1990, 3
(mourning, calendar suspended)                       1934-1933, 2 years

Xia Dynasty

1.  Yu (de facto)     2029-                          1953, conjunction
    Yu (de jure)      1989-1982, 8                   1932-1907, 26
  (mourning)          1981-1979, 3                   1906-1905, 2
2.  Qi                1978-1963, 16 years            1904-1889, 16
  (mourning)          1962-1959, 4                   1888-1887, 2
3.  Tai Kang          1958-1855, 4                   1886-1883, 4
  (mourning)          1954-1953, 2                   1882-1881, 2
4.  Zhong Kang        1952-1946, 7                   1880-1874, 7
  5th year, eclipse    1948                           1876, solar eclipse
  (mourning)          1945-1944, 2                   1873-1872, 2
5.  Xiang             1943-1916, 28                  1871-1844, 28
  (usurpation)        1915-1876, 40
  (mourning)                                         1843-1842, 2
6.  Shao Kang         1875-1855, 21                  1841-1821, 21
  (mourning)          1854-1853, 2                   1820-1819, 2
7.  Zhu               1852-1836, 17                  1818-1802, 17
  (mourning)          1835-1834, 2                   1801-1800, 2
8.  Fen               1833-1790, 44                  1799-1756, 44
  (mourning)          (none)                         1755-1754, 2
9.  Mang              1789-1732, 58                  1753-1696, 58
  (mourning)          1731, 1                        1695-1694, 2
10. Xie               1730-1706, 25                  1693-1669, 25
  (mourning)          1705-1703, 3                   1668-1667, 2
11. Bu Jiang          1702-1644, 59                  1666-1608, 59
  (retires; no interregnum; dies Qiong 10 but no calendar break)
12. Qiong             1643-1626, 18                  1607-1590, 18
  (mourning)          1625-1623, 3                   1589-1588, 2
13. Jin               1622-1615, 8                   1587-1580, 8
  (mourning)          1614-1613, 2                   1579-1578, 2
14. Kong Jia          1612-1604, 9                   1577-1569, 9
  (mourning)          1603-1602, 2                   1568-1567, 2
15. Hao               1601-1599, 3                   1566-1564, 3
  (mourning)          1598-1597, 2                   1563-1562, 2
16. Fa                1596-1590, 7                   1561-1555, 7
  (no interregnum)
17. Di Gui            1589-1559, 31 (imaginary)

Shang Dynasty

Planet display        1580                           1576
Tang, year 1          1575                           1575
Conquest of Xia       1559                           1555

1.  Tang              1558-1547, 12 years            1554-1543, 12
2.  Wai Bing          1546-1545, 2                   1541-1540, 2
3.  Zhong Ren         1544-1541, 4                   1542/1539-1536, 3 + 4
4.  Tai Jia           1540-1529, 12                  1542/1539-1528, 3 + 12

Yi Yin usurpation     1540-1534, 7                   1542-1536, 7 years
Yi Yin killed         1534                           1536

(The Annals says that Yi Yin actually made himself king.  I think that he was trying to do this, but got no farther than setting up Wai Bing and Zhong Ren as his puppets, while he had Tai Jia in detention; that is probably why those two are omitted in some chronologies.) (Below, * marks a major emendation.)

5.  Wo Ding           1528-1510, 19 years            1527/1524-1506, 3 + 19
6.  Xiao Geng         1509-1505, 5                   1505/1502-1498, 3 + 5
7.  Xiao Jia          1504-1488, 17                  1497/1494-1478, 3 + 17
8.  Tai Wu            1475-1401, 75 years            1477/1474-1446, 3 + 29 *
9.  Yong Ji           1487-1476, 12                  1445/1443-1432, 2 + 12
10, Zhong Ding        1400-1392, 9                   1431/1428-1400, 3 + 29 *
11. Wai Ren           1391-1382, 10                  1399/1397-1388, 2 + 10
12. Hedan Jia         1381-1373, 9                   1387/1384-1366, 3 + 19 *
13. Zu Yi             1372-1354, 19                  1365/1363-1345, 2 + 19
14. Zu Xin            1353-1340, 14                  1344/1341-1328, 3 + 14
15. Kai Jia           1339-1335, 5                   1327/1324-1320, 3 + 5
16. Zu Ding           1334-1326, 9                   1319/1316-1308, 3 + 9
17. Nan Geng          1325-1320, 6                   1307/1304-1299, 3 + 6
18. Yang Jia          1319-1316, 4                   1298/1295-1295, 3 + 1
19. Pan Geng          1315-1288, 28                  1294/1292-1269, 2 + 24 **
20. Xiao Xin          1287-1285, 3                   1268/1266-1264, 2 + 3
21. Xiao Yi           1284-1275, 10                  1263/1260-1251, 3 + 10
22. Wu Ding           1274-1216, 59                  1250/1247-1189, 3 + 59
23. Zu Geng           1215-1205, 11                  1188/1185-1178, 3 + 8
24. Zu Jia            1204-1172, 33                  1177/1175-1156, 2 + 20 **
25. Feng Xin          1171-1168, 4                   [1175-1172, 4]
26. Kang Ding         1167-1160, 8                   [1171-1156],
                                                     1155/1153-1146, 2 + 8
27. Wu Yi             1159-1125, 35                  1145/1143-1109, 2 + 35
28. Wenwu Ding        1124-1112, 13                  1118-1108/1106, 10 + 3
29. Di Yi             1111-1103, 9                   1105-1087, 19 * [-1069, 37]
30. Di Xin            1102-1051, 52                  1086-1069, 1068-1041, 46 *

(** Pan Geng probably counted Yang Jia’s 4 years as part of his "28"; Zu Jia must have counted Zu Geng’s 11 years as part of his own "33."  Both moves were attempts at usurpation, Zu Jia’s being successful.  Wu Ding’s intended heir was probably Zu Ji, named in inscriptions as xiao wang; I assume that he was chief mourner during part or all of Zu Geng’s tenure.  Zu Jia guaranteed the succession in his own line by appointing Feng Xin to royal status in 1175, and (on Feng Xin’s death) Kang Ding in 1171.  Wu Yi continued this policy, actually giving his son Wenwu Ding a calendar of his own in 1118.  (The same benefit was accorded Zhou Xin in 1086.) Wenwu Ding is probably identical with Di Yi, taking that title (as "Wenwu Di Yi") in 1105.  He may have died around 1080; his son Zhou Xin probably took the title Di Xin in 1068, at the same time appointing his heir Lu Fu to royal status (as "Wu Geng"), and inaugurating a new calendar.)

Western Zhou Dynasty

Wen Wang              1113-1062, 52 years            1101/1099-1050, 2 + 50
Conjunction           1071                           1059
Mandate               1070                           1058
Royal calendar                                       1056

1.  Wu Wang           1061-1045, 17 years            1049-1038, 12 years
    Conquest          1050 (12th year)                1040 (17th year from 1056)

(The "Royal Calendar" was re-identified as the calendar of of Wu Wang (through mistaken astronomical calculations, perhaps in mid- 5th century BC). It then seemed that Wu Wang, with a 12-year reign, conquered in year 17.  The anomaly was resolved by shifting Zhou Gong’s Regency back five years (making it the 7 years preceding Cheng Wang’s 30), and transposing a slip from Cheng Wang’s chronicle to the end of Wu Wang’s (as discovered by Shaughnessy) to give Wu Wang three more years of life.  The effect was to switch "12" and "17.")
 
    Wu Wang as king   1050-1045, 6                   1040-1038, 3
2.  Cheng Wang        1044-1008, 7 + 30              1037/1035-1006, 2 + 30
3.  Kang Wang         1007-982, 26                   1005/1003-978, 2 + 26
4.  Zhao Wang          981-963, 19                    977/75-957, 2 + 19
5.  Mu Wang            962-908, 55                    956/954-918, 2 + 37
6.  Gong Wang          907-896, 12                    917/915-900, 2 + 16
7.  Yih Wang           895-871, 25                    899/897-873, 2 + 25
8.  Xiao Wang          870-862, 9                     872-868, 5

(Li Wang was born in 864, and Yi Wang’s lack of an heir before that time was probably the justification for Xiao Wang’s usurpation.  So Xiao Wang’s claimed tenure probably continued through 864, and this gave him 9 years in fact.  Yi Wang’s father Yih Wang may have been in forced retirement, living to 868.  Thus, in 867-864 there may have been two claimants to the title at once.)

9.  Yi Wang            861-854, 8                     867/865-860, 2 + 6
10. Li Wang            853-842, 12                    859/857-828, 2 + 30

Gong He Regency        841-828, 14 years              841-828, 14

11. Xuan Wang          827-782, 46                    827/825-784, 2 + 42
12. You Wang           781-771, 11                    783/781-771, 2 + 11

(There seem to be no believable events ascribable to Xuan 45-46.  The calendar of Shang-shu of Jin, which continued the Annals beginning in 784, would not have been able to recognize 781 as year 1 for You Wang (his actual acession year, I assume) without treating 782 as Xuan Wang’s last year.  The Shi Hong gui inscription, which must be a first year inscription in You Wang’s calendar, requires 783 as "1st year.")

 return to home page