Data Appendix for "The Upcoming Slowdown in U.S. Economic Growth" Charles I. Jones June 19, 1997 -- Version 1.0 The data used in this paper are taken from several different sources. Many of the sources are now available on-line, and the actual data series that I have used are available from http://www.stanford.edu/~chadj/index.html. Labor Productivity (YLpbs). The Bureau of Labor Statistics (1996) provides an index for output per hour worked in the private business sector in their Table 1. This data is available on-line at http://stats.bls.gov/mprhome.html. As discussed in the paper, I adjust this data for the (empirically small) difference between $L$ and $L_Y$. Educational Attainment (EdAtt). Median educational attainment in the population among persons 25 years old and over is taken from Bureau of the Census (1996), Table 17 (Historical). Medians were no longer computed after 1991, so I extrapolated the values of 12.8 for 1992 and 1993. Missing data are linearly interpolated. This data is available on-line at http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education.htm. Labor Force (LFus). Taken from the Economic Report of the President (1997), Table B-33, Employed Civilian Labor Force, reported in thousands. 'NaN' denotes a missing observation. Labor Productivity, Educational Attainment, and Labor Force Years YLpbs EdAtt LFus 1950 40.5 9.3 62208 1951 42.0 9.7 62017 1952 43.0 10.1 62138 1953 44.6 10.2 63015 1954 45.6 10.3 63643 1955 47.7 10.4 65023 1956 47.9 10.5 66552 1957 49.5 10.6 66929 1958 51.0 10.8 67639 1959 52.6 11.0 68369 1960 53.5 11.1 69628 1961 55.6 11.3 70459 1962 58.3 11.4 70614 1963 60.7 11.6 71833 1964 63.7 11.7 73091 1965 66.0 11.8 74455 1966 68.7 12.0 75770 1967 70.4 12.0 77347 1968 72.9 12.1 78737 1969 73.4 12.1 80734 1970 74.8 12.2 82771 1971 78.0 12.2 84382 1972 80.4 12.2 87034 1973 83.0 12.3 89429 1974 81.8 12.3 91949 1975 84.4 12.3 93775 1976 87.4 12.4 96158 1977 89.1 12.4 99009 1978 89.8 12.4 102251 1979 89.3 12.5 104962 1980 89.1 12.5 106940 1981 90.9 12.5 108670 1982 90.5 12.6 110204 1983 93.1 12.6 111550 1984 95.6 12.6 113544 1985 97.0 12.6 115461 1986 99.6 12.6 117834 1987 100.0 12.7 119865 1988 100.9 12.7 121669 1989 101.0 12.7 123869 1990 101.9 12.7 125840 1991 102.9 12.7 126346 1992 105.9 12.8 128105 1993 106.4 12.8 129200 =============================================================== Scientists and Engineers Engaged in R&D. This data is taken primarily from National Science Board (1996, 1993). For years prior to 1965 for the U.S., data from various issues of the Statistical Abstract of the U.S. Economy are used. Missing data are log-linearly interpolated. National Science Board (1996) is now available on-line at http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/seind96/start.htm. Scientists and Engineers engaged in R&D (thousands) Year France Germany Japan U.K. U.S. 1950 NaN NaN NaN NaN 159.7 1951 NaN NaN NaN NaN 176.9 1952 NaN NaN NaN NaN 207.2 1953 NaN NaN NaN NaN 230.5 1954 NaN NaN NaN NaN 246.6 1955 NaN NaN NaN NaN 251.7 1956 NaN NaN NaN NaN 273.9 1957 NaN NaN NaN NaN 312.3 1958 NaN NaN NaN NaN 333.6 1959 NaN NaN NaN NaN 365.9 1960 NaN NaN NaN NaN 390.2 1961 NaN NaN NaN NaN 414.4 1962 NaN NaN NaN NaN 446.8 1963 NaN NaN NaN NaN 481.1 1964 NaN NaN NaN NaN 503.4 1965 42.8 61.0 121.5 66.4 518.5 1966 47.6 60.0 133.2 67.7 531.7 1967 52.4 64.5 143.3 69.0 560.0 1968 54.7 68.0 162.8 70.3 559.0 1969 57.2 74.9 162.3 77.2 554.9 1970 58.5 82.5 177.7 84.7 540.8 1971 60.1 90.2 200.7 93.0 520.9 1972 61.2 96.0 204.6 102.1 513.1 1973 62.7 101.0 234.1 103.8 515.0 1974 64.1 102.5 246.1 105.5 519.9 1975 65.3 103.7 263.6 107.2 529.2 1976 67.0 104.5 268.8 110.3 544.1 1977 68.0 111.0 281.0 113.5 564.3 1978 70.9 113.9 282.1 116.7 589.1 1979 72.9 116.9 291.2 120.1 614.5 1980 74.9 120.7 303.2 123.5 651.1 1981 85.5 124.7 311.0 127.0 683.2 1982 90.1 127.7 321.0 128.0 711.8 1983 92.7 130.8 347.4 127.0 751.6 1984 98.2 137.1 357.4 129.0 776.3 1985 102.3 143.6 380.3 131.0 801.9 1986 105.0 154.2 393.0 134.0 839.0 1987 109.4 165.6 415.6 134.0 877.8 1988 115.2 170.9 434.6 137.0 900.7 1989 120.4 176.4 457.5 133.0 924.2 1990 123.9 206.1 477.9 133.0 942.1 1991 129.8 240.8 491.1 131.0 960.4 1992 137.6 NaN 511.4 135.0 961.5 1993 NaN NaN 526.5 NaN 962.7 =============================================================== R&D Expenditure as a Share of GDP. This data is taken from National Science Foundation (1995), Tables B-15, B-14, and B-20. It is available on-line at http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/s2194/dst1.htm. R&D Expenditure Data, as a Share of GDP Table B-15. National expenditures for R&D as a percentage of gross domestic product, by source of funds: 1953-1994 NonDefense calculated from Table B-14 applied to total R&D/GDP Total NonDefense Year R&D/GDP R&D/GDP 1953 1.38 0.72013 1954 1.52 0.776069 1955 1.53 0.79103 1956 1.96 0.996421 1957 2.18 1.026554 1958 2.36 1.115617 1959 2.50 1.149359 1960 2.63 1.257691 1961 2.69 1.347188 1962 2.69 1.379717 1963 2.83 1.658475 1964 2.91 1.838747 1965 2.85 1.909694 1966 2.84 1.921262 1967 2.84 1.842758 1968 2.77 1.805597 1969 2.67 1.751004 1970 2.59 1.723589 1971 2.43 1.639902 1972 2.36 1.58587 1973 2.28 1.549674 1974 2.25 1.600889 1975 2.22 1.612972 1976 2.21 1.61695 1977 2.17 1.584829 1978 2.16 1.602532 1979 2.21 1.663788 1980 2.31 1.755292 1981 2.37 1.794027 1982 2.54 1.882383 1983 2.62 1.898191 1984 2.68 1.91613 1985 2.82 1.978444 1986 2.80 1.935899 1987 2.76 1.898006 1988 2.71 1.911818 1989 2.68 1.957324 1990 2.73 2.0466 1991 2.80 2.172907 1992 2.77 2.181751 1993 2.67 2.10581 1994 2.56 2.039011 Table B-20. National expenditures for the performance of R&D as a percentage of GDP, by country: 1970-1993 NonDefense R&D as a percent of GDP United Unified United Year States Japan Germany France Kingdom Italy Canada 1970 1.80 NaN 1.89 NaN NaN 0.81 NaN 1971 1.69 1.74 2.05 1.44 NaN 0.84 1.21 1972 1.62 1.78 2.09 1.46 1.50 0.84 1.20 1973 1.61 1.81 1.95 1.37 NaN 0.80 1.09 1974 1.63 1.86 1.99 1.41 NaN 0.80 1.05 1975 1.61 1.90 2.10 1.44 1.42 0.83 1.06 1976 1.62 1.82 2.02 1.42 NaN 0.76 1.00 1977 1.57 1.80 2.02 1.41 NaN 0.77 1.02 1978 1.58 1.81 2.12 1.38 1.49 0.72 1.03 1979 1.65 1.89 2.23 1.40 NaN 0.73 1.06 1980 1.76 2.00 2.33 1.41 NaN 0.74 1.11 1981 1.76 2.12 2.33 1.48 1.75 0.84 1.20 1982 1.84 2.21 2.42 1.59 NaN 0.88 1.34 1983 1.89 2.34 2.41 1.66 1.61 0.92 1.31 1984 1.90 2.41 2.40 1.74 NaN 0.96 1.34 1985 1.98 2.56 2.58 1.78 1.68 1.06 1.39 1986 1.94 2.54 2.59 1.75 1.75 1.07 1.42 1987 1.90 2.61 2.74 1.78 1.75 1.14 1.37 1988 1.89 2.65 2.73 1.77 1.78 1.13 1.33 1989 1.91 2.77 2.74 1.83 1.80 1.16 1.32 1990 2.01 2.87 2.61 1.85 1.81 1.25 1.41 1991 2.11 2.84 2.53 1.92 1.73 1.26 1.46 1992 2.10 2.77 2.42 1.92 1.71 1.33 1.47 1993 2.02 NaN NaN NaN NaN 1.35 NaN