Data Appendix for "Sources of U.S. Economic Growth in a World of Ideas" Charles I. Jones July 2000 -- Version 5.0 The data used in this paper are taken from several different sources. Many of the sources are now available on-line, and the actual data series that I have used are available from the ``data sets'' section of http://www.stanford.edu/~chadj. GDP per Hour. Data on real GDP in chained 1996 dollars are taken from Table 2A, page 130, of Bureau of Economic Analysis (2000), available on the web at http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/dn1.htm. Employment data is tabken from Table B-33 of the Economic Report of the President, 1997. Employment is converted to total hours using the Average Weekly Hours of Production Workers (series EEU00500005) for total private industry from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and assuming a constant work week of 50 weeks. The hours data was downloaded from the ``National Employment, Hours, and Earnings'' link at http://www.bls.gov/top20.html. All other employment data used in this paper are in units of bodies rather than hours worked, the implicit assumption being that the hours worked are uniform across categories and countries. Educational Attainment. Average educational attainment in the population among persons 25 years old and over is calculated from \cn{CensusEd96, Table 17 (Historical). This source reports the number of persons by ``cells'' of educational attainment. In computing the average, I assume that each person in a cell has the mean years of schooling for the cell (e.g. persons in the cell corresponding to one to three years of high school are assumed to have 10 years of schooling). Persons in the ``four or more years of college'' cell, the top cell, are assumed to have four years of college. Missing data are linearly interpolated. This data is available on-line at http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/education.htm. Scientists and Engineers Engaged in R&D. The data for 1965 to 1993 is taken from National Science Board (1993, 1998). For years prior to 1965 for the U.S., data from the Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 and various editions of the Statistical Abstract of the United States are used. Missing data are log-linearly interpolated. National Science Board (1998) is now available on-line at http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/seind98/start.htm. For years prior to 1965 for France, Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom, we assume that the ratio of research intensity between these countries and the United States in 1950 is the same as in 1965. Next, research intensity for intervening years is linearly interpolated for each country and then multiplied by employment (see below) to get an estimate for scientists and engineers engaged in R&D. This data is only used to construct the aggregate G-5 researchers and research intensity; it is not used on a country-by-country basis. Employment. Data on U.S. employment is taken from the Economic Report of the President (1997), Table B-33, Employed Civilian Labor Force. Employment data for the remaining G-5 countries for 1959 to 1993 is taken from \cn{bls2000, Table 2, available online at ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/ForeignLabor/flslforc.txt. This data is spliced (using the 1959 observation) onto data on the number of workers from the Penn World Tables Mark 5.6 for 1950 to 1958; see \cn{SummersHeston91. Physical Capital. Data on the real net stock of physical capital in chained 1992 dollars is taken from ``Improved Estimates of Fixed Reproducible Tangible Wealth, 1929--95'', prepared by Katz and Herman (1997), available online at http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/an/0597niw/maintext.htm. Investment. Data on real investment in chained 1996 dollars are taken from Table 2A, page 130, of Bureau of Economic Analysis (2000), available on the web at http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/dn1.htm. Note: unlike the capital data, the investment data does not include government investment. Years GDP Hours K GDP/L K/Y sK edatt A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1950 1686.6 117246820 4992.9 14 2.960 0.138 8.6 4.579 1951 1815.1 119622195 5191.8 15 2.860 0.128 8.9 4.825 1952 1887.3 120198750 5389.8 16 2.856 0.112 9.2 4.908 1953 1973.9 121134420 5615.0 16 2.845 0.112 9.2 5.097 1954 1960.5 117513095 5824.4 17 2.971 0.108 9.2 5.100 1955 2099.5 123096600 6074.2 17 2.893 0.125 9.2 5.274 1956 2141.1 125365035 6301.7 17 2.943 0.121 9.3 5.229 1957 2183.9 124297740 6515.5 18 2.983 0.113 9.3 5.337 1958 2162.8 121344300 6694.7 18 3.095 0.105 9.4 5.280 1959 2319.0 126028500 6933.2 18 2.990 0.118 9.5 5.509 1960 2376.7 126951540 7158.7 19 3.012 0.115 9.5 5.566 1961 2432.0 126889780 7380.2 19 3.035 0.111 9.7 5.616 1962 2578.9 129068370 7641.3 20 2.963 0.118 9.9 5.862 1963 2690.4 131458280 7926.6 20 2.946 0.121 9.9 5.995 1964 2846.5 134105175 8249.0 21 2.898 0.124 10.0 6.241 1965 3028.5 137910720 8616.0 22 2.845 0.133 10.1 6.478 1966 3227.5 140687350 9004.5 23 2.790 0.135 10.2 6.794 1967 3308.3 141306800 9364.1 23 2.830 0.126 10.3 6.841 1968 3466.1 143488800 9750.1 24 2.813 0.127 10.4 7.027 1969 3571.4 146845270 10131.1 24 2.837 0.131 10.4 7.000 1970 3578.0 145947690 10451.3 25 2.921 0.122 10.5 6.904 1971 3697.7 146432115 10797.2 25 2.920 0.131 10.6 7.066 1972 3898.4 151983050 11225.0 26 2.879 0.139 10.8 7.150 1973 4123.4 156943080 11668.1 26 2.830 0.147 10.9 7.332 1974 4099.0 158399050 12014.8 26 2.931 0.137 11.0 7.043 1975 4084.4 154952030 12283.2 26 3.007 0.113 11.1 7.031 1976 4311.7 160197360 12607.4 27 2.924 0.129 11.2 7.214 1977 4511.8 165630600 13002.6 27 2.882 0.142 11.3 7.310 1978 4760.6 171925920 13459.2 28 2.827 0.150 11.4 7.465 1979 4912.1 176400840 13916.7 28 2.833 0.150 11.5 7.436 1980 4900.9 175269795 14269.2 28 2.912 0.134 11.6 7.330 1981 5021.0 176698720 14609.5 28 2.910 0.143 11.6 7.423 1982 4919.3 173175240 14866.5 28 3.022 0.125 11.7 7.233 1983 5132.3 176459500 15195.5 29 2.961 0.131 11.8 7.434 1984 5505.2 184808800 15662.9 30 2.845 0.158 11.9 7.724 1985 5717.1 186976750 16178.0 31 2.830 0.151 12.0 7.921 1986 5912.4 190698780 16702.7 31 2.825 0.145 12.0 8.012 1987 6113.3 195645600 17200.7 31 2.814 0.144 12.1 8.052 1988 6368.4 199469480 17691.5 32 2.778 0.142 12.1 8.251 1989 6591.8 203001660 18160.3 32 2.755 0.142 12.2 8.390 1990 6707.9 204917925 18586.4 33 2.771 0.135 12.3 8.404 1991 6676.4 201886370 18883.1 33 2.828 0.124 12.3 8.373 1992 6880.0 203806240 19212.4 34 2.793 0.131 12.5 8.519 1993 7062.6 207446775 19609.5 34 2.777 0.138 12.5 8.574 Scientists and Engineers engaged in R&D (thousands) Year France Germany Japan U.K. U.S. --------------------------------------------------- 1950 14.8 19.6 34.8 22.5 159.7 1951 16.5 22.0 39.6 25.1 176.9 1952 18.2 24.5 44.6 27.7 207.2 1953 19.9 27.1 49.7 30.3 230.5 1954 21.6 29.7 55.0 32.9 246.6 1955 23.3 32.3 60.6 35.5 251.7 1956 25.1 35.1 66.1 38.3 273.9 1957 26.9 37.9 71.7 41.1 312.3 1958 28.7 40.8 77.4 43.9 333.6 1959 30.5 43.8 83.4 46.8 365.9 1960 32.2 47.1 90.1 50.2 390.2 1961 34.0 50.2 96.2 53.5 414.4 1962 35.9 52.9 102.3 56.6 446.8 1963 38.3 55.6 108.1 59.5 481.1 1964 40.7 58.2 114.5 63.1 503.4 1965 42.8 61.0 121.5 66.4 518.5 1966 47.6 60.0 133.2 67.7 531.7 1967 52.4 64.5 143.3 69.0 560.0 1968 54.7 68.0 162.8 70.3 559.0 1969 57.2 74.9 162.3 77.2 554.9 1970 58.5 82.5 177.7 84.7 540.8 1971 60.1 90.2 200.7 93.0 520.9 1972 61.2 96.0 204.6 102.1 513.1 1973 62.7 101.0 234.1 103.8 515.0 1974 64.1 102.5 246.1 105.5 519.9 1975 65.3 103.7 263.6 107.2 529.2 1976 67.0 104.5 268.8 110.3 544.1 1977 68.0 111.0 281.0 113.5 564.3 1978 70.9 113.9 282.1 116.7 589.1 1979 72.9 116.9 291.2 120.1 614.5 1980 74.9 120.7 303.2 123.5 651.1 1981 85.5 124.7 311.0 127.0 683.2 1982 90.1 127.7 321.0 128.0 711.8 1983 92.7 130.8 347.4 127.0 751.6 1984 98.2 137.1 357.4 129.0 776.3 1985 102.3 143.6 380.3 131.0 801.9 1986 105.0 154.2 393.0 134.0 839.0 1987 109.4 165.6 415.6 134.0 877.8 1988 115.2 170.9 434.6 137.0 900.7 1989 120.4 176.4 457.5 133.0 924.2 1990 123.9 206.6 477.9 133.0 942.1 1991 129.8 241.9 491.1 131.0 960.4 1992 141.7 234.3 511.4 134.0 961.5 1993 145.9 229.8 526.5 140.0 962.7 World G-5 Totals Year G5Sci G5emp ellAG5*100 ------------------------------------ 1950 251 159403 0.158 1951 280 161570 0.173 1952 322 163019 0.198 1953 357 165091 0.216 1954 386 165178 0.234 1955 403 168431 0.240 1956 438 171252 0.256 1957 490 172718 0.284 1958 524 172858 0.303 1959 570 175676 0.325 1960 610 178707 0.341 1961 648 179957 0.360 1962 694 181856 0.382 1963 743 183748 0.404 1964 780 186591 0.418 1965 810 189616 0.427 1966 840 192523 0.436 1967 889 193832 0.459 1968 915 196087 0.467 1969 926 199152 0.465 1970 944 201003 0.470 1971 965 201954 0.478 1972 977 205140 0.476 1973 1016 210414 0.483 1974 1038 211872 0.490 1975 1069 209737 0.510 1976 1095 212986 0.514 1977 1138 217214 0.524 1978 1173 222429 0.527 1979 1216 226744 0.536 1980 1273 227982 0.559 1981 1331 228523 0.583 1982 1379 227523 0.606 1983 1450 229344 0.632 1984 1498 234228 0.640 1985 1559 237184 0.657 1986 1625 240636 0.675 1987 1702 244907 0.695 1988 1758 249704 0.704 1989 1812 254645 0.711 1990 1883 258636 0.728 1991 1954 266043 0.735 1992 1983 266030 0.745 1993 2005 266855 0.751 Total Employment (BLS) Year France Germany Japan U.K. U.S. --------------------------------------------------- 1950 18177 23257 36483 22568 58918 1951 18205 23499 37288 22617 59961 1952 18238 23759 38101 22671 60250 1953 18260 24013 38917 22722 61179 1954 18288 24263 39738 22779 60109 1955 18314 24524 40594 22829 62170 1956 18380 24832 41292 22949 63799 1957 18452 25153 41970 23071 64071 1958 18522 25473 42637 23190 63036 1959 18584 25797 43350 23315 64630 1960 18611 26247 44360 23711 65778 1961 18629 26591 44980 24011 65746 1962 18748 26690 45560 24156 66702 1963 19066 26744 45950 24226 67762 1964 19413 26753 46550 24570 69305 1965 19541 26887 47300 24800 71088 1966 19688 26801 48270 24869 72895 1967 19762 25950 49200 24548 74372 1968 19732 25968 50020 24447 75920 1969 20041 26356 50400 24453 77902 1970 20328 26668 50940 24389 78678 1971 20440 26772 51210 24165 79367 1972 20571 26875 51260 24281 82153 1973 20863 27160 52590 24737 85064 1974 21059 26829 52370 24820 86794 1975 20871 26110 52230 24680 85846 1976 21040 25974 52710 24510 88752 1977 21231 26008 53420 24538 92017 1978 21327 26219 54080 24755 96048 1979 21392 26657 54790 25081 98824 1980 21443 27059 55360 24817 99303 1981 21335 27033 55810 23948 100397 1982 21396 26725 56380 23496 99526 1983 21381 26347 57330 23452 100834 1984 21203 26393 57660 23967 105005 1985 21146 26593 58070 24225 107150 1986 21246 26960 58530 24303 109597 1987 21328 27157 59110 24872 112440 1988 21528 27364 60110 25734 114968 1989 21846 27761 61280 26416 117342 1990 22098 28486 62490 26769 118793 1991 22142 36563 63690 25930 117718 1992 21988 35860 64360 25330 118492 1993 21739 35221 64500 25136 120259 Average Weekly Hours Worked, U.S. Production Workers Total Private Industry, BLS 1950 39.8 1951 39.9 1952 39.9 1953 39.6 1954 39.1 1955 39.6 1956 39.3 1957 38.8 1958 38.5 1959 39.0 1960 38.6 1961 38.6 1962 38.7 1963 38.8 1964 38.7 1965 38.8 1966 38.6 1967 38.0 1968 37.8 1969 37.7 1970 37.1 1971 36.9 1972 37.0 1973 36.9 1974 36.5 1975 36.1 1976 36.1 1977 36.0 1978 35.8 1979 35.7 1980 35.3 1981 35.2 1982 34.8 1983 35.0 1984 35.2 1985 34.9 1986 34.8 1987 34.8 1988 34.7 1989 34.6 1990 34.5 1991 34.3 1992 34.4 1993 34.5 1994 34.7 1995 34.5 1996 34.4 1997 34.6 1998 34.6 1999 34.5