Varicella-Zoster virus
Vaccines against varicella have been difficult to develop for several
reasons. Foremost, there is evidence that the side effects associated
with a vaccine for a mild infecting virus such as varicella may
outweight the benefits of the vaccine. Some children with leukemia or on
steroid therapy may develop varicella following vaccination from a latent
infection in the dorsal ganglia. Passive immunization efforts have
included the usage of human gamma globulin, Zoster immune globulin
(ZIG) and varicella zoster immune globulin (VZIG).
The Oka strain, a live-attenuated vaccine, and modifications to it has
been the primary effort in active immunization. The Oka strain was
developed by taking fluid from vesicles of a healthy 3-year-old boy with
typical chicken pox. The VZV Oka strain was isolated in human embryonic
lung (HEL) cell culture, passaged in guinea pig embryonic fibroblasts
(GPEF)and then passaged in human diploid cells (WI-31). Two two three
additional passages in MRC-5 cells were carried out to collect the vaccine
pools.
Epstein-Barr
virus
No known vaccine available.
Cytomegalovirus
Two live virus vaccines are available the AD-169 laboratory strain
developed by Elek and Stern and the Towne strain developed by Plotkin and
colleagues. Adults innoculated subcutaneously or intramuscularly the Towne
strain (after passaged in human embryo fibroblast 125 times)
demonstrated 100% seroconversion. There was no virus excretion or virus
recovered from the blood and lymphocyte proliferation assays showed that
cells had been sensitized to CMV antigens. Consequently, the Towne
vaccine induces both humoral and cellular immunity.
A nonliving CMV vaccine is also available. The CMV neutralizing
antibodies from the CMV envelope were induced into guinie pigs. This
innoculation resulted in inducing neutralizing antibody and cellular
sensitization.
Human herpes
virus VI
No known vaccine available.
Human herpes
virus VII
No known vaccine available.
Human herpes
virus VIII
No know vaccine available.
