Network Images

Patent Citation 'Food Web', Biogen's Avonex to 3 Generations

Patent Citation, Pajek, Avonex (Cyan) to three generations

Genentech ego network, aggregate 1988-1999

In Boston, organizational diversity drives innovation networks.

Boston and Bay Area Networks, 1988, 1994, 1999

Figure 3. Network Growth: The Initial Core Unravels, 1992-1993
Node Key: RED - Highest Core GREEN - Middle Cores BLUE - Lowest Cores & Entrants
Size = Degree (prior year in new tie images)
Triangle = New Entrant
Tie Key: RED = Conserving Ties GREEN = Expansive Ties BLUE = Peripheral Ties

Figure 4. Network Growth: A New Core Consolidates, 1997-1998
Node Key: RED - Highest Core GREEN - Middle Cores BLUE - Lowest Cores & Entrants
Size = Degree (prior year in new tie images)
Triangle = New Entrant
Tie Key: RED = Conserving Ties GREEN = Expansive Ties BLUE = Peripheral Ties

Descriptive Figure (Owen-Smith et. al. 2002: 38)

Owen-Smith, J. W.W. Powell, & K.W. Koput (2004) "Pathways to an Open Elite in the Life Sciences" Forthcoming in Padgett, J & W.W. Powell (eds.) Networks, States, and Markets.

Indirect (gray) and Direct Ties among Boston Area DBFs, 1988-1999 Aggregate

Citations among patent classes colored by technological category, 1975-1979
Ties of value <10 excluded Color = Technological category Red = Non-Drug Chemicals Orange = Computers & Communication Yellow = Drugs & Medicines Green = Electrical & Electronic Blue = Mechanical Violet = Other Size = Patents in Class Classes (Total) 415 Classes (Main comp) 306 Patents 322,451 Citations 191,225

Citations among patent classes colored by technological category, 1995-1999
Ties of value <10 excluded Color = Technological category Red = Non-Drug Chemicals Orange = Computers & Communication Yellow = Drugs & Medicines Green = Electrical & Electronic Blue = Mechanical Violet = Other Size = Patents in Class Classes (Total) 411 Classes (Main Comp) 366 Patents 624,052 Citations 810,335

Next ten images are:

Powell, Walter W., Douglas R. White, Kenneth W. Koput & Jason Owen-Smith (2005) "Network Dynamics and Field Evolution: The Growth of Inter-Organizational Collaboration in the Life Sciences" American Journal of Sociology. Forthcoming. Images by Jason Owen-Smith, University of Michigan

Key
Node Color = Type of Organization CYAN = Biotechnology Firm ORANGE = University, Research Institute, Hospital BROWN = Government Agency YELLOW = Multi-National Pharmaceutical Firm GRAY = Venture Capital Firm WHITE = Other Organization
Triangle = New Node in the Network
Circle = Incumbent Node
Node size = standardized network degree, constant within figures
Tie Color = Type of Activity RED = Research and Development Agreement GREEN = Finance/Investment Agreement BLUE = Commercialization Agreement MAGENTA = Licensing Agreement

Starting Point: Formal Inter-Organizational Ties in Biotechnology. 1988 Main Component

1997 Main Component

New Ties Formed in 1998
Triangle = New Organization; Size = 1997 Network Degree

1998 Main Component, New and Continuing Ties

The structural motor of network evolution: The 1997-98 transition as ÔSchumpeterian Innovation PumpÕ. The most cohesive group of organizations are an Ôopen eliteÕ that shepherds newcomers into the network as they search for novelty and diversity. Key Node Color = Highest Level of Network Cohesion RED = Highest Core GREEN = Middle Cores BLUE = Lowest Cores Triangle = New Node in the Network Circle = Incumbent Node Node size = standardized network degree, constant within figures Tie Color = Highest Cohesion Level in Dyad RED = one or both partners in the highest core GREEN = Both partners in the middle or lowest cores BLUE = Both partners in the lowest core

1997 Main Component, All Ties
RED 5 Core GREEN 3-4 Core BLUE 1-2 Core Size = standardized degree

1998 Main Component, New Ties
Size scaled to 1997 Degree
Triangles = New Entrants

Color	Node	Ties Involving
Red	112	634
Green	160	304
Blue	477	136
N	749	1074

1998 New Ties Among Lowest Cores

1998 New Ties Involving Middle Cores

1998 New Ties Involving Highest Core

1998 Main Component, All Ties
Red 5 Core; Green 3-4 Core; Blue 1-2 Core; Size = standardized degree