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Status of Women Academics in the Sciences and
Engineering
Trends in the Awarding of Doctoral Degrees to Women in the
Sciences and Engineering
| Field |
Doctoral Degrees Awarded to women each
year |
|
1994 |
2001 |
Increase |
| Biological Sciences |
40.5% |
44.8% |
4.3% |
| Computer Sciences |
15.2% |
18.8% |
3.6% |
| Earth Sciences |
22.2% |
31.5% |
9.3% |
| Math & Statistics |
21.1% |
27.4% |
3.5% |
| Physical Sciences |
20.8% |
24.6% |
3.8% |
| Engineering |
10.9% |
16.8% |
5.9% |
| Social Sciences |
37% |
42.9% |
5.9% |
| Psychology |
66.2% |
66.9% |
.7% |
- By 2001, females earned 37 percent of Science and Engineering
(S & E) and 57 percent of non S & E doctoral degrees
- In 2001, women received more doctoral degrees than men in
Psychology (66.9%); Linguistics (59.4%); Area and Ethnic Studies
(58.5%); Sociology (58.4%);
- The fields that awarded the lowest number of doctoral degrees
to women in 2001 were mechanical engineering (9.5%); electrical
engineering (12.9%); physics (13%); aerospace engineering (13.8%)
and civil engineering (18.7%)
Women Employed in Any Science and Engineering Field, By Rank,
2001
|
Total |
Professor |
Assoc. Professor |
Asst. Professor |
Not Applicable1,2 |
| Faculty in all Science and Engineering Fields |
245,060 |
86,400 |
52,920 |
47,790 |
43,340 |
| Female |
69,520 |
13,380 |
15,660 |
18,580 |
15,730 |
| % of women who have achieved this rank |
|
19.2% |
22.5% |
26.7% |
22.6% |
| % within rank that are women |
|
15.4% |
29.5% |
38.8% |
36.2% |
All Doctorate Holders Employed By 4 Year Universities and
Colleges By Gender and Discipline, 2001
Computer and Information Sciences
|
|
Professor |
Assoc. Prof |
Asst. Prof |
N/A 1,2 |
Female
|
1030 12.7% |
130 |
430 |
230 |
180 |
Male
|
7060 87.2% |
2,110 |
2,260 |
1,040 |
1,420 |
| % of women who have achieved this rank |
|
12.6% |
41.7% |
22.3% |
17.4% |
| % of men who have achieved this rank |
|
29.8% |
32% |
14.7% |
3.2% |
| % within each rank that are women |
|
5.8% |
15.9% |
18% |
11.2% |
| % within each rank that are men |
|
94.1% |
84.% |
81.8% |
88.7% |
Engineering
|
|
Professor |
Assoc. Prof |
Asst. Prof |
N/A 1,2 |
Female
|
1710 7.7% |
250 |
480 |
560 |
290 |
Male
|
20,2209 92.2% |
8,960 |
4,640 |
3,450 |
2,390 |
| % of women who have achieved this rank |
|
14.6% |
28% |
32.7% |
16.9% |
| % of men who have achieved this rank |
|
44.3% |
22.9% |
17% |
11.8% |
| % within each rank that are women |
|
2.7% |
9.3% |
13.9% |
10.8% |
| % within each rank that are men |
|
97.2% |
90.6% |
86% |
89.1% |
Life Sciences and Related Fields
|
|
Professor |
Assoc. Prof |
Asst. Prof |
N/A 1,2 |
Female
|
20,080 30.7% |
3,110 |
3,750 |
4,510 |
7,110 |
Male
|
45, 320 69.2% |
16,560 |
9,330 |
8,570 |
8,940 |
| % of women who have achieved this rank |
|
15.4% |
18.6% |
22.4% |
35.4% |
| % of men who have achieved this rank |
|
36.5% |
20.5% |
18.9% |
19.7% |
| % within each rank that are women |
|
15.8% |
28.6% |
34.4% |
44.2% |
| % of within each rank that are men |
|
84.1% |
71.3% |
65.5% |
55.7% |
Mathematics
|
|
|
Professor |
Assoc. Prof |
Asst. Prof |
N/A 1,2 |
Female
|
2750 19% |
530 |
780 |
940 |
210 |
Male
|
11,660 80.9% |
5300 |
2850 |
1920 |
940 |
| % of women who have achieved this rank |
|
19.2% |
28.3% |
34.1% |
7.6% |
| % of men who have achieved this rank |
|
45.4% |
24.4% |
16.4% |
8% |
| % within each rank that are women |
|
9% |
21.4% |
32.8% |
18.2% |
| % within each rank that are men |
|
90.9% |
78.5% |
67.1% |
81.7% |
Physical Sciences
|
|
Professor |
Assoc. Prof |
Asst. Prof |
N/A 1,2 |
Female
|
5110 15.8% |
980 |
1080 |
1550 |
1000 |
Male
|
27,090 84.1% |
10,880 |
5,130 |
4,180 |
5,510 |
| % of women who have achieved this rank |
|
19.1% |
21.1% |
30.3% |
19.5% |
| % of men who have achieved this rank |
|
40.1% |
18.9% |
15.4% |
20.3% |
| % within each rank that are women |
|
8.2% |
17.3% |
27% |
15.3% |
| % within each rank that are men |
|
91.7% |
82.6% |
72.9% |
84.6% |
Psychology
|
|
Professor |
Assoc. Prof |
Asst. Prof |
N/A 1,2 |
Female
|
11,490 48.8% |
1,990
|
2,320 |
3,460 |
2,420 |
Male
|
12,020 51.1% |
5,220 |
2,520 |
2,430 |
1,170 |
| % of women who have achieved this rank |
|
17.3% |
20.1% |
30.1% |
21% |
| % of men who have achieved this rank |
|
43.4% |
20.9% |
20.2% |
9.7% |
| % within each rank that are women |
|
27.6% |
47.9% |
58.7 |
67.4% |
| % within each rank that are men |
|
72.3% |
52% |
41.2% |
32.5% |
Social Sciences
|
|
Professor |
Assoc. Prof |
Asst. Prof |
N/A 1,2 |
Female
|
10,410 29.8%
|
2500 |
2790 |
3220 |
760 |
Male
|
24,450 70.1% |
11,450 |
5,930 |
4,690 |
1,080 |
| % of women who have achieved this rank |
|
24% |
26.8% |
20.9% |
7.3% |
| % of men who have achieved this rank |
|
46.8% |
24.2% |
19.1% |
4.4% |
| % within each rank that are women |
|
17.9% |
31.9% |
40.7% |
41.3% |
| % within each rank that are men |
|
82% |
68% |
59.2% |
58.6% |
Subscript notes
- Data source: "Women, Minorities, and Persons with
Disabilities in Science and Engineering" http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/wmpd/start.htm
NSF (National Science Foundation) 2004
- Totals do not add up to 100% due to rounding in some cases
and the elimination of the category of "Other". This category includes
research and clinical faculty who are often not part of the
tenure system.
- Category N/A includes adjunct faculty
Percentage of Faculty That Are Women In Selected
Countries
(All Science and Engineering Disciplines)
| Country |
Year of Data |
Professor |
Assoc Professor |
Asst Professor |
| Turkey |
96-97 |
21.5% |
30.7% |
28% |
| France |
97-98 |
13.8% |
34.2% |
|
| US |
98 |
13.8% |
30% |
43.1% |
| Spain |
95-96 |
13.2% |
34.9% |
30.9% |
| Sweden |
97-98 |
11% |
22% |
45% |
| Italy |
1997 |
11% |
27% |
40% |
| U.K |
97 |
8.5% |
18.4% |
33.3% |
| Germany |
98 |
5.9% |
11.3% |
23.8% |
Data source: "Science Policies in the European Union: Promoting
Excellent through mainstreaming gender equality"; A report from
the ETAN Expert Working Group on Women and Science; European
Commission, Research Directorate-General, 2000
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