Steven Chu's Personal Infomation

Biography

Steven Chu is the Theodore and Frances Geballe Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Stanford University. Professor Chu's research is primarily in atomic physics, quantum electronics, polymer and bio-physics. He became the sixth director of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory on August 1, 2004.

His thesis and postdoctoral work at Berkeley, the observation of parity non-conservation in atomic transitions in 1978, was one of the earliest atomic physics confirmations of the Weinberg-Salam-Glashow theory that unifies the weak and electromagnetic forces.

While at Bell Laboratories he and Allen Mills did the first laser spectroscopy of positronium, the bound state of an electron and positron in 1982. They went on to measure the 1s-2s energy level splitting of that atom to an accuracy of a few parts per billion. They also made the first measurement of the corresponding transition in muonium, an atom consisting of muon+ and an electron. He also worked on exciton energy transfer in solids and picosecond pulse propagation in solids.

In 1985, he led the group that showed how to first cool and then trap atoms with light. The optical trap was also used to trap microscopic particles in water: these so-called "optical tweezers" are widely used in biology. The first optical trapping was followed by the demonstration of the magneto-optic trap, the most commonly used atom trap. After joining the Stanford Physics Department in 1987, Chu (and independently, Dalibard and Cohen-Tannoudji) explained how multi-level atoms can be cooled far below the minimum temperature predicted by the theory of two-level atoms. His group also demonstrated the first atomic fountain and then made the first atomic fountain frequency standard to exceed the short term stability of atomic clocks maintained by standards laboratories. They developed a novel atom interferometer that has already exceeded the accuracy of the most accurate commercial inertial sensors.

Using the optical tweezers, Chu developed methods to simultaneously visualize and manipulate single bio-molecules. Using this new technique, his group have used single DNA molecules to address a number of problems in polymer science. His group is also applying methods such as fluorescence energy transfer, optical tweezers and atomic force microscope methods to study the protein and RNA folding, translation and other enzyme activity at the level of individual bio-molecules.

Chu has been awarded the Herbert Broida Prize for Spectroscopy (American Physical Society, 1987), Richtmyer Memorial Prize Lecturer (APS/AAPT, 1990), co-winner of the King Faisal International Prize for Science (1993), the Arthur Schawlow Prize for Laser Science (APS, 1994), the William Meggers Award for Laser Spectroscopy (Optical Society of America, 1994), the Science for Art Prize (Louis Vitton - Möet Hennesey, 1995), and co-winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1997). Chu received a Humboldt Senior Scientist award (1995) and the Guggenheim Fellowship (1996).

He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Academica Sinica. He is also a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Korean Academy of Science and Engineering.

Academic Career

STEVEN CHU

Theodore and Francis Geballe Professor of Physics and Applied Physics
Physics Department, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305-4060

Education:
    A.B., Mathematics, University of Rochester, 1970
    B.S., Physics, University of Rochester, 1970
    Ph.D., Physics, University of California, Berkeley, 1976

Employment:
    Postdoctoral Research Fellow, University of California at Berkeley, 1976-1978
    Member of Technical Staff, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, 1978-1983
    Head, Quantum Electronics Research Department, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, 1983-1987
    Professor of Physics and Applied Physics, Stanford University, 1987-present
    Theodore and Frances Geballe Professor of Physics and Applied Physics, 1990
    Chair of the Physics Dept., Stanford Univ., 1990-1993, 1999-2000
    Director of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2004

Visiting Lectureships:
    Morris Loeb Lecturer, Harvard University, 1988
    Special Visitor to JILA, 1989, 1999
    Visiting Professor, Collège de France, 1990

Scientific Interests and current areas of research:
    Parity non-conservation in atoms
    Excitons, energy transfer in solids and Anderson localization
    Picosecond spectroscopy
    Positronium and muonium spectroscopy
    Laser cooling and trapping of atoms, atom interferometry
    Polymer physics
    Biophysics

Honors:
    Stoddard Prize in Mathematics, Univ. of Rochester, 1968
    Phi Beta Kappa, 1969
    Stoddard Prize in Physics, Univ. of Rochester, 1970
    Woodrow Wilson Fellow, 1970
    National Science Foundation Predoctoral Fellow, 1970-74
    National Science Postdoctoral Fellow, 1977-78
    Broida Prize for Laser Spectroscopy, (Am. Phys. Soc.) 1987
    Richtmyer Memorial Prize Lecturer (Am. Phys. Soc./Am Assoc. Phys.Teachers) 1990
    Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1992
    King Faisal International Prize for Science, 1993
    Member, National Academy of Sciences, 1993
    Member, Academica Sinica, 1994
    Arthur Schawlow Prize for Laser Science, (Am. Phys. Soc.) 1994
    William F. Meggers Award for Spectroscopy, (Opt. Soc. of Am.) 1994
    Distinguished Traveling Lecturer, Am. Phys. Soc. Division of Laser Science, 1994-96
    Humboldt Senior Scientist Award, 1995
    Science for Art Prize (Sponsored by LVMH), 1995
    Guggenheim Fellowship, 1996
    Nobel Prize in Physics, 1997
    Member of the American Philosophical Society, 1998
    Chinese Academy of Sciences, Foreign Member,1998
    Korean Academy of Sciences and Technology, Foreign member, 1998

Partial List of Professional Service:
    Chair, Am. Phys. Soc. Division of Laser Science, 1989-90
    Associate Editor, Optics Letters, 1989-96
    Member of the NSF Physics Advisory Committee, 1990-93
    Member of the NAS Committee on Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, 1992-94
    Quantum Electronics Representative of the Int. Union of Pure and Applied Scientists, 1993-95
    Member, NAS study on "Free Electron Lasers", 1993-94
    Member, NAS study on "Optical Science and Engineering", 1995-96
    Member, Executive Committee, NAS Board on Physics and Astronomy, 1996-99
    Editorial board member, Biophysical Journal, 1998-present
    Member, NIH Advisory Committee to the Director, 1999-present

Partial List of Stanford University Service:
    Appointments and Promotions Committee, School of Humanities and Sciences, 1989-90, 1995-96
    Cabinet Committee on Budget and Strategic Planning, 1990-92
    Presidential Search Committee, 1991-92
    School of Humanities and Sciences Academic Council, 1993-present
    Academic Senate, 1993-94, 1995-98
    Provostial Committee on the Recruitment and Retention of Women, 1992-94
    Member of Committee on Committees, 1993-94, 1997-98
    Executive member of Bio-X planning committee, 1998-present

Other Activities:
    Chair of the Physics Dept. Visiting Committee, Ecole Normale Superieur, 1999
    Chair of the Physics Dept. Visiting Committee, Harvard University, 1999
    Board of Trustees member, University of Rochester
    Member of the Scientific Advisory Board of SEQ, LTD (Biotech company)
    Member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Cell Robotics (Biotech company)
    Visiting Committee, Physics Department, Harvard University, 1992, 1995
    Visiting Committee, Physics Department, Yale University, 1996.

Publications by Steven Chu

1. Al Coated Pyrex Double-Ellipse Laser Cavity (S. Chu and E. Commins), Applied Optics, 16, 2619 (1977).

2. Observation of the 62P1/2-72P1/2 Ml Transition in Atomic Thallium (S. Chu, E. Commins, and R. Conti), Phys. Lett. 60A, 96 (1977).

3. Making Mica Retardation Plates: A Simple Technique (S. Chu, R. Conti, P. Bucksbaum), Applied Optics 18, 1138 (1978).

4. A Megawatt Dye Laser Oscillator-Amp System for High Resolution Spectroscopy (P. Drell and S. Chu), Opt. Communications 28, 343 (1979).

5. A Reliable Thyratron-Switched Flashlamp-Pumped Dye Laser (S. Chu and R.W. Smith), Opt. Communications 28, 221 (1979).

6. Preliminary Observation of Parity Nonconservation in Atomic Thallium (R. Conti, P. Bucksbaum, S. Chu, E. Commins, and L. Hunter), Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 343 (1979).

7. Observation of Picosecond Photon Echoes in GaP:N (P. Hu, S. Chu, and H.M. Gibbs), in Picosecond Phenomena II, R.M. Hochstrasser, W. Kaiser, C.V. Shank, eds.(Springer-Verlag, 1980), p. 308.

8. Energy Transfer and Anderson Localization (S. Chu, H.M. Gibbs, S.L. McCall, and A. Passner), Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 1715 (1980).

9. Thermodynamics of Positronium Thermionic Emission from Surfaces (S. Chu, A.P. Mills, and C.A. Murray), Phys. Rev. B23, 2060 (1981).

10. Single Ion-Pair Fluorescence Ratios in Ruby and Anderson Localization (S. Chu, H.M. Gibbs, and S.L. McCall), Phys. Rev. B24, 7162 (1981).

11. Linear Pulse Propagation in an Absorbing Medium (S. Chu and S. Wong), Phys. Rev. Lett., 48 738 (1982); Also, see Comments, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1293 (1982).

12. Observation of the 13S1-23S1 Two-Photon Doppler-Free Transition in Positronium (S. Chu and A.P. Mills), Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1333 (1982).

13. Excitation of the Positronium 13S1-23S1 Two-Photon Transition (A.P. Mills and S. Chu), in Atomic Physics 8, I. Lindgren, A. Rosen, and S. Svanberg, eds. (Plenum, 1983), p.83-101.

14. Resonant Energy Transfer in Ruby and Anderson Localization (H.M. Gibbs, S. Chu, S.L. McCall, and A. Passner), in Proceedings of the NATO Workshop on Coherence and Energy Transfer, Cambridge, England (1982).

15. Measurement of the Positronium 13S1-23S1 Two-Photon Transition (S. Chu, A.P. Mills, Jr., and J.L. Hall), in Laser Spectroscopy VI, H.P. Weber and W. Luthy, eds., Springer-Verlag (1983), p. 28.

16. Measurement of the Positronium 13S1-23S1 Interval by Doppler-Free Two-Photon Spectroscopy (S. Chu, A.P. Mills, Jr. and J.L. Hall), Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 1689 (1984).

17. Laser Cooling and Viscous Confinement of Sodium Atoms (S. Chu, L. Hollberg, J.E. Bjorkholm, A. Cable, and A. Ashkin), Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 48 (1985).

18. Three Dimensional Viscous Confinement and cooling of Atoms by Resonance Radiation Pressure (S. Chu, L. Hollberg, J.E. Bjorkholm, A. Cable, and A. Ashkin, in Laser Spectroscopy VII, T.W. Hänsch and Y.R.Shen, eds., Springer-Verlag (1985).

19. Proposal for Optically Cooling Atoms to Temperatures of the Order of 10-6K (S. Chu, J.E. Bjorkholm, A. Ashkin, J.P. Gordon, and L.W. Hollberg), Optics Letters 11, 73 (1986).

20. A Proposal for Optically Cooling Atoms to Temperatures of 10-6K (S. Chu, A. Ashkin, J.E. Bjorkholm, J.P. Gordon, and L. Hollberg), in Laser Spectroscopy VII, T.W. Hänsch and Y.R. Shen, eds. (Springer-Verlag, 1985).

21. Cooling and Trapping of Atoms with Laser Light (S. Chu, J.E. Bjorkholm, A. Ashkin, L. Hollberg, and A.E. Cable), in Methods of Spectroscopy, Y. Prior, ed., (Plenum Press, 1986).

22. Subnanosecond Timing Stabilization of a Thyratron Switched Lasers (S. Chu, H.L. Carter, and J.M. Halbout), accepted for publication in Rev. Sci. Instr. (1986).

23. Observation of a Single-Beam Gradient Force Trap for Dielectric Particles (A. Ashkin, J.M. Dziedzic, J.E. Bjorkholm, and S. Chu), Optics Lett. 11, 288 (1986).

24. Precision Measurement of the 1S-2S Interval in Positronium (S. Chu), in Positron Studies of Solids, Surfaces and Atoms, A.P. Mills, W.S. Crane, and K.F. Canter, eds., Plenum (1986).

25. Experimental Observation of Optically Trapped Atoms (S. Chu, J.E. Bjorkholm, A. Ashkin, and A. Cable), Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 314 (1986).

26. Demonstration of Laser Cooling and Trapping of Atoms, (S. Chu, J. E. Bjorkholm, A. Ashkin, and A. Cable), Atomic Physics X, H. Narumi and I. Shimamura, eds., (North-Holland, 1986).

27. Laser Cooling and Trapping of Atoms (J.E. Bjorkholm, S. Chu, A. Ashkin, and A. Cable), in Proceedings of International Laser Spectroscopy Conference (ILS), Seattle, WA (1986).

28. Excitation of the 1S-2S Transition in Muonium (S. Chu, A.P. Mills, A.G. Yodh, N. Nagamine, H. Miyake, and T. Kuga), in Laser Spectroscopy VIII, S. Svanberg and W. Person, eds., (Springer-Verlag, 1987).

29. Laser Cooling and trapping of Atoms (S. Chu, M.G. Prentiss, A.E. Cable, and J.E. Bjorkholm, in Laser Spectroscopy VIII, S. Svanberg and W. Person, eds., (Springer-Verlag, 1987).

30. Trapping Sodium with Radiation Pressure (E.L. Raab, M. Prentiss, A.E. Cable, S. Chu, and D.E. Pritchard), Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2631 (1987).

31. Laser Excitation of the 1S-2S Transition in Muonium (S. Chu, A.P. Mills, Jr., A.G. Yodh, K. Nagamine, H. Miyake, and T. Kuga), Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 101 (1988).

32. Atomic Density Dependent Losses in an Optical Trap (M. Prentiss, A. Cable, J.E. Bjorkholm, S. Chu, E.L. Raab and D.E. Pritchard), Optics Letters 13, 452 (1988).

33. American Scientist Interview, (S. Chu), American Scientist 76 ,62 (1988).

34. Scanning Electromagnetic Transmission Line Microscope with Sub-Wave-length Resolution (M. Fee, S. Chu and T.W. Hänsch), Optics Communications 69, 219 (1989).

35. Laser Spectroscopy of Positronium and Muonium (S. Chu), in The Hydrogen Atom; eds. G.F. Bassani, M. Inguscio, and T.W. Hänsch, (Springer-Verlag, 1989), p 144.

36. New Surprises in Laser Cooling (Y. Shevy, D. Weiss and S. Chu), in "Spin Polarized Quantum Systems", ed. S. Stringari, (World Scientific, 1989) p. 287.

37. Laser Cooling Due to Atomic Dipole Orientation (S. Chu, D.S. Weiss, Y. Shevy and P.J. Ungar), Atomic Physics 11 (World Scientific, 1988), p. 636.

38. Bimodal Velocity Distributions in Laser Cooled Atoms (Y. Shevy, D.S. Weiss, P.J. Ungar and S. Chu), Phys. Rev. Lett.,62, 1118, (1988).

39. Particle Traps (S. Chu), contribution to the 7th ed. of the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, submitted 1989.

40. Laser Cooling and Multilevel Atoms: Theory (P.J. Ungar, D.S. Weiss, E. Riis, and S. Chu), J. Opt. Soc. Am. B6, 2058 (1989) in a special issue devoted to "Laser Cooling", eds. S. Chu and C. Wieman.

41. Laser Cooling and Multilevel Atoms: Experiment (D.S. Weiss, E. Riis, Y. Shevy, P.J. Ungar, and S. Chu), J. Opt. Soc. Am. B6, 2072 (1989).

42. Rf Spectroscopy in an Atomic Fountain, (M.A. Kasevich, E. Riis, S. Chu, and R.G. DeVoe), Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 612 (1989).

43. Doppler-free Laser Spectroscopy of Positronium and Muonium: Reanalysis of the 1S-2S Measurements (K. Danzman, M.S. Fee, and S. Chu), Phys. Rev. A 39, 6072, (1989).

44. Optical Molasses with a New Twist (S. Chu, E. Riis, P.J. Ungar, D. Weiss) Laser Spectroscopy IX, ed. M. Feld, J.E. Thomas, A. Mooradian, (Academic Press, 1989) p. 12.

45. Precision Laser Spectroscopy of Positronium: Recent Progress (K. Danzmann, M.S. Fee, and S. Chu) in Laser Spectroscopy IX, eds. M. Feld, J.E. Thomas, and A. Mooradian, (Academic Press, 1989), p. 328.

46. Precision Measurements in Positronium, (S. Chu and A.P. Mills, Jr.) book chapter in Quantum Electrodynamics, ed. T. Kinoshita, (World Scientific, 1990) pp. 774 - 821.

47. Atom Funnel for the Production of a Slow, High Density Atomic Beam, (E. Riis, D.S. Weiss, K.A. Moler, and S. Chu), Phys. Rev. Lett., 64, 1658 (1990).

48. Normal Incidence Reflection of Slow Atoms from an Optical Evanescent Wave, (M.A. Kasevich, D.S. Weiss, and S. Chu), Opt. Lett., 15, 667 (1990).

49. Optical Heterodyne Measurement of Pulsed Lasers: Toward High-Precision Pulsed Spectroscopy, (M.S. Fee, K. Danzmann, and S. Chu), Phys. Rev. A 45, 4911 (1992).

50. Laser Spectroscopy, (S. Chu) 2nd edition of Encyclopedia of Physics, (VCH Publishers, 1990).

51. Laser Cooling of Neutral Atoms, (S. Chu), Optics and Photonics News, 1, 41 (1990).

52. Atom, (S. Chu), in the 1992 Yearbook of Science and Technology, (McGraw-Hill, New York).

53. The Production and Uses of Slow Atomic Beams, (D.S. Weiss, E. Riis, M. Kasevich, K.A. Moler, and S. Chu) in Light Induced Kinetic Effects on Atoms, Molecules, and Molecules, eds. L. Moi, S. Gozzini, C. Gabbanini, E. Arimondo, F. Strumia, (ETS Editrice, 1991) pp. 35-44.

54. Applications of Laser Cooling and Trapping, (M. Kasevich, K. Moler, E. Riis, E. Sunderman, D. Weiss, and S. Chu), Atomic Physics 12, eds. J.C. Zorn and R.R. Lewis, (Am. Inst. of Physics, 1990), pp. 47-57.

55. Atomic Velocity Selection with Stimulated Raman Transitions, (M. Kasevich, D. Weiss, E. Riis, K. Moler, S. Kasapi, and S. Chu), Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 2297, (1991).

56. Laser Manipulation of Atoms and Particles, (S. Chu), Science, 253, 861, (1991).

57. Atomic Interferometry Using Stimulated Raman Transitions, (M. Kasevich and S. Chu), Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 181 (1991).

58. Sensitive Detection of Doppler-Free Two-Photon-Excited 2S Positronium by Spatially Separated Photoinoization, (M.S. Fee, A.P. Mills, E.D. Shaw, R.J. Chichester, D.M. Zuckerman, S. Chu, and K. Danzmann), Phys. Rev. A 44, R5, (1991).

59. Theoretical Analysis of Velocity Selective Raman Transitions, (K. Moler, D.S. Weiss, M. Kasevich, and S. Chu), Phys. Rev. A 45, 342 (1991).

60. An Atomic Fountain Atom Interferometer, (S. Chu and M. Kasevich, in Laser Spectroscopy 10, eds. M. Ducloy, E. Giacobino, and G. Gamy, Font Romeau, France, (World Scientific, 1991) pp 252-257.

61. Measurement of the Acceleration Due to Gravity with an Atom Interferometer, (M. Kasevich and S. Chu), Proc. on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Santa Fe, May, (1991).

62. Laser Trapping of Neutral Particles, (S. Chu), Scientific American, Feb. 1992.

63. Measurement of the Gravitational Acceleration of an Atom with a Light-Pulse atom Interferometer, (M. Kasevich and S. Chu), Applied Physics B 54, 321 (1992).

64. Spectroscopy, (S. Chu) a comprehensive review of spectroscopy to be published in the Macropedia section of Encyclopedia Britannica, (1993 edition).

65. Force on Single Actin Filaments in a Motility Assay measured with an Optical Trap, (R.M. Simmons, J.T. Finer, H.M. Warrick, B. Kralik, S. Chu, and J.A. Spudich), in Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, ed. H. Sugi, (1992).

66. Improved Magneto-optic Trapping in a Vapor Cell, (K.E. Gibble, S. Kasapi, and S. Chu), Optics Letters 17, 526 (1992).

67. Laser Cooling Below a Photon Recoil with Stimulated Raman Transitions, (M. Kasevich and S. Chu), Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1741 (1992).

68. Laser Cooling and Manipulation of Atoms and Selected Applications, (S. Chu), in Laser Manipulations of Atoms and Ions, Proceedings of the International School of Physics “Enrico Fermi”, course CXVIII (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1992) pp 239-288.

69. Future Slow Atom Frequency Standards, (K. Gibble and S. Chu), Metrologia 29, 201, (1992).

70. Measurement of the Positronium 13S1-23S1 Interval by Continuous-wave Two-photon Excitation, (M.S. Fee, A.P. Mills, S. Chu, E.D. Shaw, K. Danzmann, R.J. Chichester, D.M. Zuckerman) Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1397 (1993).

71. Measurement of the Positronium 13S1-23S1 Interval by Continuous- wave Two-photon Excitation, (M.S. Fee, S. Chu, A.P. Mills, E.D. Shaw, K. Danzmann, R.J. Chichester, D.M. Zuckerman) Phys. Rev. A 48, 192 (1993).

72. Atom, (S. Chu), an invited contribution to the McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology for 1992.

73. Atom Interferometry, (D.S. Weiss, M. Kasevich, B. Young, and S. Chu), in Atomic Physics 13, Proc. of the 13th Int. Conf. on Atomic Physics, eds. T.W. Hänsch and H. Walther, (Am. Inst. Phys., New York, 1993), pp. 132-142.

74. A Laser-Cooled Cs Frequency Standard and a Measurement of the Frequency Shift due to Ultra-cold Collisions, (K. Gibble and S. Chu), Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1771 (1993).

75. A Precision Measurement of the Photon Recoil of an Atom using Atomic Interferometry, (D.S. Weiss, B.C. Young, and S. Chu), Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 2706 (1993).

76. Precision Atom Interferometry and an Improved Measurement of the 13S1-23S1 Transition in Positronium, Steven Chu, lectures given and the International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi", Varenna, Italy, June, 1993.

77. In Vitro Methods for Measuring Force and Velocity of the Actin-Myosin Interactions using Purified Proteins, H.M. Warrick, R.M. Simmons, J.F. Finer, T.Q.P. Uyeda, S. Chu, and J.A. Spudich, chapter 1 in Methods in Cell Biology, 39, (1993) pp. 1-21.

78. Precision Measurements with Cold Atoms, D.S. Weiss, K. Gibble, B. Young, A. Peters and S. Chu, in Laser Spectroscopy XI, eds. L. Bloomfield, T. Gallagher and D. Larson, (AIP Press, New York, 1994) pp. 23-28.

79. Cold-collision Properties Derived from Frequency Shifts in a Cesium Fountain, B. Verhaar, K. Gibble and S. Chu, Phys. Rev. 48, R3429 (1993).

80. Raman Cooling of Atoms in 2 and 3 Dimensions, N. Davidson, H.J. Lee, M. Kasevich, and S. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 3158 (1994).

81. Direct Observation of Tube-Like Motion of a Single Polymer Chain, T.T. Perkins, D.E. Smith and S. Chu, Science 264, 819 (1994).

82. Relaxation of a Single DNA Molecule Observed by Optical Microscopy, T.T. Perkins, S.R. Quake, D.E. Smith and S. Chu, Science 264, 822 (1994).

83. A Precision Measurement of h/MCs Based of Photon Recoil Using Laser Cooled Atoms and Atom Interferometry, D.S. Weiss, B.C. Young and S. Chu, Applied Physics B 59, 217-256 (1994).

84. Atomic Manipulation Based on Delayed Laser Pulses in 3 and 4 Level Systems: Light Shifts and Transfer Efficiencies, M. Weitz, B. Young and S. Chu, Phys. Rev. A 50, 2438 (1994).

85. Laser Cooling and Trapping of Atoms, S. Chu, Proc. of the 6th Int. Symp. on Advanced Nuclear Energy Research, Mar. 23-25, 1994, Mito, Japan.

86. Dipole Trapping. Cooling in Traps, and Long Coherence Times, H.J. Lee, C.A. Adams, N. Davidson, B. Young, M. Weitz, M. Kasevich, and S. Chu, in Atomic Physics 14, eds. C. Weiman and D. Wineland (AIP, New York) 1995.

87. An Atomic Interferometer Based on Adiabatic Population Transfer, M. Weitz, B.C. Young, and S. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2563 (1994).

88. Observation and Manipulation of Single DNA Molecules using Optical Tweezers and Fluorescence Microscopy, T.T. Perkins, D.E. Smith, S.R. Quake, and S. Chu, in Frontiers in the Physics of DNA, ed. V. Stephan, as part of a series on Frontiers in Interdisciplinary Physics, (AIP, New York) 1994.

89. Optical manipulation of Single DNA Molecules, Physics News in 1994 (Biological Physics Chapter), (AIP, 1994).

90. Stretching of a Single Tethered Polymer in a Uniform Flow, T.T. Perkins, D.E. Smith, R.G. Larson, and S. Chu, Science 268, 83 (1994).

91. Long Atomic Coherence Times in an Optical Dipole Trap, N. Davidson, H.J. Lee, C.S. Adams, M. Kasevich and S. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 1311 (1995).

92. Evaporative Cooling in a Crossed Dipole Trap, C.S. Adams, H.J. Lee, N. Davidson, M. Kasevich, and S. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3577 (1995).

93. Self-diffusion of an Entangled DNA Molecule by Reptation, D.E. Smith, T.T. Perkins and S. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4146 (1995).

94. Laser Manipulation of Atoms, S. Chu, to be published in the 2nd edition of Modern Physics, by Serway, Moses and Moyer (Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, 1996).

95. Polymer Dynamics with Single Molecules of DNA, S. Chu, S. Quake, T. Perkins and D. Smith, in Laser Spectroscopy 12, eds. M. Inguscio, M. Allegrini, A. Sasso (World Scientific, 1996) pp. 419-422.

96. Optical Traps for Ultracold Atoms, M. Kasevich, H.J. Lee, C.A. Adams and S. Chu, in Laser Spectroscopy 12, eds. M. Inguscio, M. Allegrini, A. Sasso (World Scientific, 1996) pp. 13-16.

97. Applications of laser Cooling and Trapping to Precision Measurements and Polymer Physics, B. Young, M. Weitz, J. Hensley, T. Perkins, D. Smith, S. Quake and S. Chu, in Quantum Coherence and Decoherence, eds. K. Fujikawa and Y.A. Ono, (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1996) pp 47-52.

98. Dynamical Scaling of DNA Diffusion Coefficients, D.E. Smith, T.T. Perkins and S. Chu, Macromolecules 29, 1372 (1996).

99. Quantitative Measurements on Force and Displacement using on Optical Trap, R.M. Simmons, J.T. Finer, S. Chu and J.A. Spudich, Biophysical Journal 70, 1813-1822 (1996).

100. Raman Cooling of Atoms in an Optical Dipole Trap, H.J. Lee, C.S. Adams, M. Kasevich and S. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 2658 (1996).

101. Hydrodynamics of Flow Past a DNA Molecule, R.G. Larson, T.T. Perkins, D.E. Smith and S. Chu, Phys. Rev. E 55, 1794 (1997).

102. The Normal Mode Structure of Extended Single Molecules of DNA, S.R. Quake and S. Chu, Nature, 388, 151-154 (1997).

103. Atom Interferometers and Precision Measurements, B. Young, M. Weitz, J. Hensley and S. Chu, in Proc. of the 5th Symp. on Frequency Stds and Metrology, ed J.C Berquist (World Scientific, Singapore) pp 223-230 (1997).

104. Precision Atom In terfermometry with Light Pulses, B. Young, M. Kasevich and S. Chu, in Atom Interferometry, ed. P. Berman (Academic Press, New York, 1997) pp 363-406.

105. Single Polymer Dynamics in an Elongational Flow, T.T. Perkins, D.E. Smith and S. Chu, Science 276, 2016-2021 (1997).

106. Precision Atom Interferometry, A. Peters, K.Y. Chung, B. Young, J. Hensley and S. Chu, Philos. Trans. of Royal Soc. B, 355, 2223-2234 (1997).

107. Single Polymers in Elongational Flows: dynamic, steady state and population averaged properties, T.T. Perkins, D.E. Smith and S. Chu in “Flexible Chain Dynamics in Elongational Flow”, eds. H.K. Kaucsh and T.Q. Nguyen (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997).

108. R.G. Larson, T.T. Perkins, D.E. Smith, S. Chu, "The Hydrodynamics of a DNA Molecule in Flow Field," eds. H.K. Kaucsh and T.Q. Nguyen (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1997).

109. Bioreactive self assembled monolyers on hydrogen passivated Si(111) as a new class of atomically flat substrates for biological scanning probe microscopy, P. Wagner, S. Nock, J.A. Spudich, W.D. Volkmuth, S. Chu, R.L. Cicero, C.P. Wade, M.R. Linford, and C.E.D. Chidsey, J. of Struct. Biology, 119, 189-201 (1997).

110. Cavity enhanced cw stimulated Brillouin scattering in a fused silica plate, T. Heupel, M. Weitz, S. Chu and T.W. Hänsch, Opt. Comm. 140, 281-284 (1997).

111. Precsion atom interferometry, A. Peters, K.-Y. Chung, J. Hensley and S. Chu, in Laser Spectroscopy XIII, eds. Z.-J. Wang, Z.-M. Zhang and Y.-Z Wang, (World Scientific, Singapore, 1998), pp. 213-218.

112. Atomic spin polarization by Raman cooling, H.J. Lee and S. Chu, Phys. Rev. A 57, 2905-2908 (1998).

113. Degenerate Raman Sideband cooling of Trapped Cesium Atoms at Very High Densities, V. Vuletic, C. Chin, A.J. Kerman and S. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5768-5771 (1998).

114. 1997 Nobel Lecture in Physics: “The manipulation of neutral particles”, S. Chu, Les Prix Nobel 1997 and Reviews of Modern Physics 70, 685-706 (1998).

115. Biology and its unification with the physical sciences, Paper presented in celebration of 100th anniversary of Peking University, (May, 1998).

116. Response of Flexible Polymers to a Sudden Elongational Flow, D.E. Smith and S. Chu, Science 281, 1335 (1998).

117. Active low frequency vertical vibration isolation, J.M. Hensley, A. Peters, S. Chu, Revs. of Sci. Inst. 70, 2735 (1999).

118. An Measurement of Gravitational Acceleration by Dropping Atoms, A. Peters, K.-Y. Chung and S. Chu, Nature 400, 849-852 (1999).

119. Brownian Dynamics simulations of DNA Molecules in an Extensional Flow Field, R.G. Larson, H. Hu, D.E. Smith and S. Chu, J. Rheol., 43, 267-304 (1999).

120. R.G. Larson, T.T. Perkins, D.E. Smith, S. Chu, "Single-Molecule Hydrodynamics of Tethered and Released DNA Molecules," proceedings of the 215th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Dallas, Texas, March 29 - April 2, 1998: ACS Symposium Series 736, Surpramolecular Structure in Confined Geometries, S. Manne and G.G. Warr, eds, (Am. Chem. Soc. Washington, DC 1999).

121. Observation of Low-Field Feshbach resonaces in Collisions of Cesium Atoms, V. Vuletic, A.J. Kerman, C. Chin and S. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1406-1409, (1999).

122. Single Polymer dynamics in Steady Shear Flow, D.E. Smith, H.P. Babcock and S. Chu, Science 283, 1724 (1999).

123. Ligand-induced conformational changes observed in single molecule RNA molecules, Taekjip Ha, Xiaowei Zhuang, Harold D. Kim, Jeffrey W. Orr, James R. Williamson and Steven Chu, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 9077-9083 (1999).

124. The Study of Individual Biolomecules with Fluorescence Microscopy, Hazen Babcock, Taekjip Ha, Harold D. Kim, Doug Smith, Xiaowei Zhuang, Steven Chu, Jeffrey W. Orr, and James R. Williamson, Proc.of the Int. Conf. on Laser Spectroscopy, World Scientific, (1999).

125. Suppression of Atomic Radiative Collisions by Tuning the Ground State Scattering Length, Vladan Vuletic, Cheng Chin, Andrew Kerman and Steven Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 943-946 (1999).

126. Raman Sideband Cooling in an Optical Lattice, Vladan Vuletic, Andrew J. Kerman, Chen Chin and Steven Chu, Proc.of the Int. Conf. on Laser Spectroscopy, World Scientific (1999).

127. Observing folding and catalysis of a single RNA enzyme molecule, X. Zhuang, L. Bartley, H. Babcock, R. Russell, T. Ha, D. Herschlag, S. Chu, CLEO 2000- Technical Digest, 588 (2000).

128. Single molecule fluorescence study of DNA helicase activity, T. Ha, H.P. Babcock, W. Cheng, T.M. Lohman, S. Chu, CLEO 2000 - Technical Digest, 589 (2000).

129. Observation of three-body narrow resonances in ultra-cold collisions, C. Chin, V. Vuletic, A. Kerman, S. Chu, Conf Quant Electron Laser Sci QELS Tech Dig Ser 2000, 96 (2000).

130. Laser cooling of atoms towards quantum degeneracy or BEC, V. Vuletic, C. Chin, A.J. Kerman, S. Chu, Conf Quant Electron Laser Sci QELS Tech Dig Ser 2000, 179 (2000).

131. Exploring the RNA folding landscape, one molecule at a time, D. Herschlag, R. Russell, X.W. Zhuang, L. Bartley, H.P. Babcock, I.S. Miller, S. Doniach, S. Chu, Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 220, U82 (2000).

132. Beyond Optical Molasses: 3D Raman Sideband Cooling of Atomic Cesium to High Phase Space Density, Andrew J. Kerman, Vladan Vuletic, Cheng Chin, and Steven Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 439 (2000).

133. Laser Cooling of Atoms, Ions or Molecules by Coherent Scattering, Vladan Vulitic and Steven Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 3787 (2000).

134. Enzymatic activity and folding of single RNA molecules, X. Zhuang, L. Bartley, H. Babcock, R. Russell, T. Ha, D. Herschlag, S. Chu, Faseb J. 14, A1587 (2000).

135. A single-molecule study of RNA catalysis and folding, X.W. Zhuang, L.E. Bartley, H.P. Babcock, R. Russell, T.J. Ha, D. Herschlag, S. Chu, Science 288, 2048 (2000).

136. Relating the microscopic and macroscopic response of a polymeric fluid in a shearing flow, H.P. Babcock, D.E. Smith, J.S. Hur, E.S.G. Shaqfeh, S. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2018 (2000).

137. High Resolution Feshbach Spectroscopy of Cesium, Cheng Chin, Vladan Vuletic, Andrew J. Kerman and Steven Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2717 (2000).

138. Fluorescence quenching: A tool for single-molecule protein-folding study, X.W. Zhuang, T. Ha, H.D. Kim, T. Centner, S. Labeit, S. Chu, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 14241 (2000).

139. High-precision gravity measurements using atom interferometry, A. Peters, K.Y. Chung, S. Chu, Metrologia 38, 25 (2001).

140. Progress towards a measurement of h(cross) /M{sub Cs}, J.M. Hensley, A. Wicht, B.C. Young, S. Chu, AIP Conference Proceedings 551, 43 (2001).

141. Laser cooling: Beyond optical molasses and beyond closed transitions. Vuletic, V.; Kerman, AJ; Cheng Chin; Chu, AIP Conference Proceedings 551, 356 (2001).

142. A random walk in science. Chu, AIP Conference Proceedings 596, 21 (2001).

143. Single molecule study of helicase conformational changes and DNA unwinding, T. Ha, H.P. Babcock, W. Cheng, T.M. Lohman, S. Chu, Biophys. J. 80, 155a (2001).

144. A single molecule study of a multiple-step RNA enzymatic reaction, X.W. Zhuang, H. Kim, N. Walter, H. Babcock, S. Chu, Biophys. J. 80, 157a (2001).

145. A single molecule study of the folding dynamics of a large RNA enzyme, H. Babcock, X.W. Zhuang, R. Russell, L. Bartley, D. Herschlag, S. Chu, Biophys. J. 80, 201a (2001).

146. Exploring the ion-facilitated conformational change of a single RNA molecule, H.D. Kim, G.U. Nienhaus, T.J. Ha, J.W. Orr, J.R. Williamson, S. Chu, Biophys. J. 80, 152a (2001).

147. Initial steps of bilayer formation investigated using single vesicle fluorescence, J.M. Johnson, T.J. Ha, S. Chu, S.G. Boxer, Biophys. J. 80, 417a (2001).

148. Dynamics of dilute and semidilute DNA solutions in the start-up of shear flow, J.S. Hur, E.S.G. Shaqfeh, H.P. Babcock, D.E. Smith, S. Chu, J. Rheol. 45, 421 (2001).

149. Measurement of an electron's electric dipole moment using Cs atoms trapped in optical lattices, C. Chin, V. Leiber, V. Vuletic, A.J. Kerman, S. Chu, Phys. Rev. A 63, 033401 (2001).

150. High precision Feshbach spectroscopy of ultracold cesium collisions, C. Chin, V. Vuletic, A.J. Kerman, S. Chu, Nucl. Phys. A 684, 641 (2001).

151. Single molecule fluorescence studies of ribozymes and proteins, S. Chu, Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 221, U239 (2001).

152. Single-molecule studies of the extension of polymers in shear, elongational, and mixed flows, S. Chu, Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 221, U314 (2001).

153. RNA structure - Pulling on hair(pins), J.M. Fernandez, S. Chu, A.F. Oberhauser, Science 292, 653 (2001).

154. High-brightness atom source for atomic fountains, P. Treutlein, K.Y. Chung, S. Chu, Phys. Rev. A 63, 051401 (2001).

155. Determination of Cs-Cs interaction parameters using Feshbach spectroscopy, A.J. Kerman, C. Chin, V. Vuletic, S. Chu, P.J. Leo, C.J. Williams, P.S. Julienne, C.R. Acad. Sci., Ser. IV Phys. Astrophys. 2, 633 (2001).

156. A preliminary measurement of the fine structure constant based on atom interferometry, A. Wicht, J.M. Hensley, E. Sarajlic, S. Chu, Phys. Scr. T102, 82 (2002).

157. A measurement of the fine structure constant, J.M. Hensley, A. Wicht, E. Sarajlic, S. Chu, 15th International Conference on LASER Spectroscopy, 133 (2002).

158. Coherent manipulation of cold atoms in optical lattices for a scalable quantum computation system, C. Chin, V. Vuletic, A.J. Kerman, S. Chu, 15th International Conference on LASER Spectroscopy, 317 (2002).

159. Exploring the folding landscape of a structured RNA, R. Russell, X.W. Zhuang, H.P. Babcock, I.S. Millett, S. Doniach, S. Chu, D. Herschlag, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 155 (2002).

160. Cold atoms and quantum control, S. Chu, Nature 416, 206 (2002).

161. Mg2+-dependent conformational change of RNA studied by fluorescence correlation and FRET on immobilized single molecules, H.D. Kim, G.U. Nienhaus, T. Ha, J.W. Orr, J.R. Williamson, S. Chu, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 4284 (2002).

162. Correlating structural dynamics and function in single ribozyme molecules, X.W. Zhuang, H. Kim, M.J.B. Pereira, H.P. Babcock, N.G. Walter, S. Chu, Science 296, 1473 (2002).

163. Dynamics and configurational fluctuations of single DNA molecules in linear mixed flows, J.S. Hur, E.S.G. Shaqfeh, H.P. Babcock, S. Chu, Phys. Rev. E 66, 011915 (2002).

164. Initiation and re-initiation of DNA unwinding by the Escherichia coli Rep helicase, T. Ha, I. Rasnik, W. Cheng, H.P. Babcock, G.H. Gauss, T.M. Lohman, S. Chu, Nature 419, 638 (2002).

165. Biophysics and cell biology of cadherin-based cell-cell adhesion I, T.D. Perez, S. Sivasankar, Y. Zhang, S. Chu, W.J. Nelson, Mol. Biol. Cell 13, 71a (2002).

166. Early steps of supported bilayer formation probed by single vesicle fluorescence assays, J.M. Johnson, T. Ha, S. Chu, S.G. Boxer, Biophys. J. 83, 3371 (2002).

167. Single molecule studies of biological processes, S. Chu, 18th International Conference on Atomic Physics, 149 (2003).

168. Sensitive detection of cold cesium molecules formed on Feshbach resonances, C. Chin, A.J. Kerman, V. Vuletic, S. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 033201 (2003).

169. Correlating structural dynamics and function in single ribozyme molecules, N.G. Walter, X.W. Zhuang, H. Kim, M.J.B. Pereira, H.P. Babcock, S. Chu, Biophys. J. 84, 183a (2003).

170. Initiation and re-initiation of DNA unwinding by the E. coli Rep helicase. T. Ha, I. Rasnik, W. Cheng, H.P. Babcock, G.H. Gauss, T.M. Lohman, S. Chu, Biophys. J. 84, 301a (2003).

171. Controlled atom-molecule interactions in ultracold gases, C. Chin, A.J. Kerman, V. Vuletic, S. Chu, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 18, 398 (2003).

172. Biology and polymer physics at the single-molecule level, S. Chu, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 361, 689 (2003).

173. Exploration of the transition state for tertiary structure formation between an RNA helix and a large structured RNA, L.E. Bartley, X.W. Zhuang, R. Das, S. Chu, D. Herschlag, J. Mol. Biol. 328, 1011 (2003).

174. Visualization of molecular fluctuations near the critical point of the coil-stretch transition in polymer elongation, H.P. Babcock, R.E. Teixeira, J.S. Hur, E.S.G. Shaqfeh, S. Chu, Macromolecules 36, 4544 (2003).

175. Exploration of the transition state for tertiary structure formation between an RNA helix and a large structured RNA, L.E. Bartley, X.W. Zhuang, R. Das, S. Chu, D. Herschlag, J. Mol. Biol. 328, 1011 (2003).

176. Single molecule studies of complex bio-molecular systems, S. Chu, Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 226, U286 (2003).

177. Exploring Targets of Opportunity in Photonics, M.M.T. Chang, S. Chu, Photonics Spectra 37, 50 (2003).

178. Observation of polymer conformation hysteresis in extensional flow, C.M. Schroeder, H.P. Babcock, E.S.G. Shaqfeh, S. Chu, Science 301, 1515 (2003).

179. Single-molecule studies of SNARE complex assembly reveal parallel and antiparallel configurations, K. Weninger, M.E. Bowen, S. Chu, A.T. Brunger, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 14800 (2003).

180. Single molecule studies of SNARE effector binding, M.E. Bowen, S. Chu, K. Weninger, A.T. Brunger, Biophys. J. 86, 237a (2004).

181. Arthur Schawlow, S. Chu, C.H. Townes, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 148, 243 (2004).

182. Observation of single liposome-bilayer fusion induced by SNARE proteins, K.R. Weninger, M.E. Bowen, A.T. Brunger, S. Chu, Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 228, U207 (2004).

183. tRNA dynamics on the ribosome during translation, S.C. Blanchard, H.D. Kim, R.L. Gonzalez, J.D. Puglisi, S. Chu, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101, 12893 (2004).

184. Precision Feshbach spectroscopy of ultracold Cs-2, C. Chin, V. Vuletic, A.J. Kerman, S. Chu, E. Tiesinga, P.J. Leo, C.J. Williams, Phys. Rev. A 70, 032701 (2004).

185. tRNA selection and kinetic proofreading in translation, S.C. Blanchard, R.L. Gonzalez, H.D. Kim, S. Chu, J.D. Puglisi, Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 11, 1008 (2004).

186. Single molecule observation of liposome-bilayer fusion thermally induced by soluble N-ethyl maleimide sensitive-factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), M.E. Bowen, K. Weninger, A.T. Brunger, S. Chu, Biophys. J. 87, 3569 (2004).

187. Effect of hydrodynamic interactions on DNA dynamics in extensional flow: Simulation and single molecule experiment, C.M. Schroeder, E.S.G. Shaqfeh, S. Chu, Macromolecules 37, 9242 (2004).

188. Site-specific labeling of the ribosome for single-molecule spectroscopy, M. Dorywalska, S.C. Blanchard, R.L. Gonzalez, H.D. Kim, S. Chu, J.D. Puglisi, Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 182 (2005).

189. Neuronal network in a microfluidic device, B.X. Cui, C.B. Wu, W. Mobley, S. Chu, Biophys. J. 88, 519A (2005).

190. Shear thinning and tumbling dynamics of single polymers in the flow-gradient plane, R.E. Teixeira, H.P. Babcock, E.S.G. Shaqfeh, S. Chu, Macromolecules 38, 581 (2005).

191. Dynamics of DNA in the flow-gradient plane of steady shear flow: Observations and simulations, C.M. Schroeder, R.E. Teixeira, E.S.G. Shaqfeh, S. Chu, Macromolecules 38, 1967 (2005).

192. Characteristic periodic motion of polymers in shear flow, C.M. Schroeder, R.E. Teixeira, E.S.G. Shaqfeh, S. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 018301 (2005).

193. Single-molecule studies of synaptotagmin and complexin binding to the SNARE complex, M.E. Bowen, K. Weninger, J. Ernst, S. Chu, A.T. Brunger, Biophys. J. 89, 690 (2005).

194. Dynamics of DNA in the flow-gradient plane of steady shear flow: Observations and simulations, C.M. Schroeder, R.E. Teixeira, E.S.G. Shaqfeh, S. Chu, Macromolecules 38, 1967 (2005).

195. Phase shifts in precision atom interferometry due to the localization of atoms and optical fields, A. Wicht, E. Sarajlic, J.M. Hensley, S. Chu, Phys. Rev. A 72, 023602 (2005).

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