Cheating and Hacking in Video Games
This entry was created by a student in Stanford's Rhetoric of Gaming class. For more about the class and the assignment, click here.
Published by Feross Aboukhadijeh.
For my research, I will be investigating the phenomenon of cheating in video games.
Almost every type of game—online and offline, single player and multiplayer—has cheaters. However, not all cheaters are the same. It’s impossible to fit all cheaters—or gamers, for that matter—into a single stereotype or definition. The variety and differences among gamers in today’s society is simply too great to allow such a blanket categorization. Mia Consalvo, author of Cheating: Gaining Advantage in Videogames (pictured at right), agrees. She argues that identifying cheaters as having a unique subculture does not “adequately explain the broader world of gamers and game players that currently exists.”
Everyone cheats for different reasons. Some players cheat to make games easier during solo play. Cheat codes that generate extra lives, allow players to skip levels, or grant God mode (invulnerability) are common examples of harmless cheats that players use to make the game easier. Cheat codes are typically harmless and are often programmed into the game by the developers as “Easter eggs” for dedicated players to discover. Other players cheat to ruin the game experience for other players. This typically occurs online in the form of aimbots (software that assists the player in aiming), twinking (passing on powerful items to players who would not typically have such items), and the illicit sale of in-game currency. Other players cheat for the technical challenge of “hacking” the game and defeating the anti-cheating mechanisms built into the game.
Part of my job as researcher will be to examine these differing reasons for cheating to discover how each distinct type (and there are any more than the ones I touched on here) affects the game experience for other players and even the cheater himself.
Another interesting argument that Consalvo advances in the opening pages of her book is the notion that successful gameplay is dependent on rules. If these predetermined game rules are broken, she argues, then “the whole play world collapses. The game is over.” I feel that this definition of games is too shallow and fails to take into account the recent trend towards open-ended, sandbox, and emergent gameplay—games largely without rules or objectives. Games like Electroplankton, SimCity, and Little Big Planet are examples of emergent games that stretch the traditional definition of “videogames” by proving players with gameplay free of rules, missions, or clearly defined goals. Are these not games? Similarly, what if a gamer behaves in a way that the developer does not anticipate? Is this “cheating” because the gamer is breaking the implied “rules” of the game?

Simcity was one of the first sandbox games.
Her argument also has implications for “hacking” as a form of gaming. Hacking has no well-defined rules or goals—although it usually involves obtaining items of value or increasing one’s in-game rank—the methods by which to accomplish these goals are up to the hacker to decide. I argue that this can be seen a unique form of metagaming. Contrary to Consalvo’s argument, the game actually begins for a hacker the moment they start to cheat and break the rules.
From my cursory examination of Consalvo’s research in Cheating thus far, I have gained great insight into the wide variety of experiences of players of videogames. I have also seen interesting arguments about what makes a videogame a game. Indeed, the definition of this term is still up for debate. I hope that my research will help to shed some light on this frequently debated topic.
Image sources:
Book cover is © MIT Press, found at their website.
SimCity screenshot is © Electronic Arts Inc., found through Google Image Search.
I believe in good faith that my usage of the above copyrighted images, which are low-resolution, and illustrate the subject of my article, and are used for a scholastic pursuit, qualifies as fair use in the United States.
Comments
i really like this topic and the direction that you are taking it. Your source works perfectly with your topic, but I am wondering if it works too well. What I mean by that is you might have to be careful that you are not basing your argument too much off of hers. I think you are heading in the right direction at this point though. You do a good job of bringing up other issues that are within your topic using your sources argument, such as whether or not games like Sim City can be considered games and the whole issue of breaking the implied rules being a form of cheating.
Posted by: Trevor Scheid | April 30, 2009 10:42 AM
More about your blog entry soon -- but thanks for your note about copyright and fair use and your conscientious citing of your image sources :)
Posted by: Christine Alfano, Stanford Instructor | April 30, 2009 04:46 PM
Here is another book that you might want to look at:
Exploiting online games : cheating massively distributed systems
http://searchworks.stanford.edu/vufind/Record/6852353
Posted by: Chris Bourg | April 30, 2009 05:14 PM
You have such a great start on this topic -- and I'm glad that Chris is recommending an additional source here because I think Consalvo has a very powerful voice on this subject and it's good for you to consider the entire conversation.
What really strikes me, though, is the way that you complicate Consalvo's argument to get at the definition of games themselves. Also, what do you make of the assertion that even print gamer's manuals are a form of "cheating"? This is a great topic!
Posted by: Christine Alfano, Stanford Instructor | May 1, 2009 09:31 AM
I think that this is a very interesting topic and that you are off to a really good start with your research. From what you have in your blog post, it looks like you are doing a good job of analyzing your source as well as questioning it. I think that the mentality of the cheater or the reasons why cheaters cheat is a very interesting topic and I would like to learn more about it.
Posted by: Christian Calvo | May 3, 2009 09:45 PM
You may have missed this that some guys are not good enough to play online without cheating. As a former no2 in the world on cases ladder back in the day 1997 we had many guys who thought they were good players but were crap and they used to shout cheat cheat when they lost but they were not used to playing against real people. Now days things have changed with mods and patches and hacking codes it ruins games just for instance take Far Cry2 ruined by guys with every type of hack you can imagine from invis to untold ammo aimbots you covered these guys are just crap players trying to keep up they even pay real money for hacks.
You will never change this its human behaviour I guess shame though
Posted by: ToggsEQ2 | May 8, 2009 11:52 AM
This is a very interesting topic that has never crossed my mind before. I knew that cheat codes existed but i wasn't fully aware of why did they exist, nor the different types of cheating techniques i.e. why do people cheat? I remember i used to play GTA Vice City a couple of years ago and i used to know all the cheats in the game for e.g. i used to go with my car on the water which was really cool :)
Posted by: Galal Fayek | May 11, 2009 02:39 PM
This is a very interesting topic that has never crossed my mind before. I knew that cheat codes existed but i wasn't fully aware of why did they exist, nor the different types of cheating techniques i.e. why do people cheat? I remember i used to play GTA Vice City a couple of years ago and i used to know all the cheats in the game for e.g. i used to go with my car on the water which was really cool :)
Posted by: Galal Fayek | May 11, 2009 02:39 PM
I always use cheat playstation game. Most of cheat Game I get from Cheat site provider
Posted by: Rendi | May 12, 2009 12:27 AM
When I used to play with the PS2 especially Vice City like Galal, I always used cheats. It makes the game interesting, and by the way if I'm playing alone, I'm not harming anybody; some people say that you are ruining the fun, absolutely not; when I get cheats and have more previlages that's more fun for me. It depends upon each one, unless you are playing more than one player or an online one, that's where cheats are unacceptable, especially because some online games involve paying real money.
Posted by: Mohamed Ezzat | May 12, 2009 03:05 PM
I used to play Runescape, a game online with my brothers. I have to admit, the amount of cheats I used were countless. Sometimes to get weapons and sometimes to exceed to the next level. I always cheated to beat my brothers, who are insane about video games and have used every cheat possible in every single game possible. Cheating and hacking in video games was simply to gain more that otherwise wasn’t possible. Upon simply typing “cheats” in Google, 55,800,000 results popped up.
Other players cheat to ruin the game experience for other players? Really, that sounds pretty cynical. Maybe they’re just trying to prove they’re best at the game? Maybe they’re simply trying to win the game. Plus, hacking is exciting! Being able to defeat a program is an ego-boost.
It’s a fascinating issue, maybe if you interview cheaters and ask them their motives, you’ll be able to get first hand reasons for hacking and cheating.
Cheers and good luck,
Winnie
Posted by: Winnie Nadi | May 13, 2009 10:22 AM
This is a very interesting topic. I played very few games but i saw my younger brother play games. I knew that cheat codes existed but i wasn't fully aware of why did they exist, nor the different types of cheating techniques. I saw him to play GTA Vice City some monthes ago and i used to know all the cheats in the game for.
Posted by: Armaan | May 20, 2009 11:30 AM
So they bring out punk buster to catch the crooks and do it work nada just messes the game up for normal players.
Somebody needs to find a program to catch hackers
Posted by: Amazon Coupon | May 21, 2009 04:10 AM
So they bring out punk buster to catch the crooks and do it work nada just messes the game up for normal players.
Somebody needs to find a program to catch hackers
Posted by: Amazon Coupon | May 21, 2009 04:13 AM
So they bring out punk buster to catch the crooks and do it work nada just messes the game up for normal players.
Somebody needs to find a program to catch hackers
Posted by: Amazon Coupon | May 21, 2009 04:14 AM
I play loads of golf games and never camme across any cheats.
Lite it would stick out a guy keep getting hole in 1s :-)
Posted by: King Cobra | May 21, 2009 04:17 AM
when i was younger, i had a device that plugged into the side of my Amiga 500 and let me directly alter hex values in games. it was the only way i could ever get anywhere!
Posted by: rentalsystems | May 21, 2009 03:25 PM
Very good article, very usefull!!
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Posted by: Propecia | June 2, 2009 10:20 PM
I used to be an avid gamer, and although some people call it cheating others think of it as loopholes, like in our tax laws. If a game is programmed to do one thing and I change (re-write) the program, now that is cheating. If I just use a program as the programmer designed it, then it is not cheat.
Posted by: McLaughlin | July 4, 2009 04:24 AM
Its fun to play games but sometimes you need those cheats. I always found those cheat into forum. (Example: if you are looking phone help with cell phone, then you can always google on Cell Phone Forum etc)
Posted by: CPM | July 4, 2009 12:38 PM
I am a gamer and I do cheat sometimes. I must admit that when I do it takes bit of fun out of it, but when game becomes so hard that it is a chor to play it, than cheating codes make it into a game again.
Posted by: Discounts | July 15, 2009 07:30 AM
Gamer's who are cheating only means they are having difficulty with the game or just they finished the game and they would like to explore new and incredible things. I like very hard thrills so i refer not to cheat.
Posted by: Mens Clothing Online | August 3, 2009 01:10 PM
I do not think that cheating and hacking games are good. Anyway, i respect the opinion of other people about this.
Posted by: P | August 5, 2009 07:28 AM
Sometimes if we face harder games, maybe we need some cheat to make it easier to finish. But I don't like much cheat and hacking because it will kill creativity
Posted by: Nayla McHeidy | August 9, 2009 11:00 AM
Good or not, it depend with us. you want to hack or cheat, it's up to you.
All the consequence is yours.
Sometimes I'm cheating if I got stressed, but sometimes I'm not.
It depends with my mood.
Thanks buddy for this information
Posted by: Ernest | August 18, 2009 06:56 PM
As a child I remember cheating at the rubik cube but taking it apart and then putting it back together correctly. Afterwards I found there was no satisfaction in showing it off as I had cheated. Nowadays I find the pleasure in gaming comes from persevering and doing things by my own merits
Posted by: Discount Voucher Codes | August 19, 2009 01:15 PM
Cheating or hacking in a game when playing on your own is no problem, but iv only played a few on line games and you could tell they were using hacks n cheating. Its put me off of online games now.
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Posted by: Steve Wright | August 22, 2009 03:16 PM
Thanks. good
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Posted by: sanalla | August 25, 2009 02:49 PM
I like to play video games,have a hug collection of video games.your article on game is very unique and very interesting in reading.nick work
Cellulite
Posted by: vivianisimpson | August 29, 2009 03:11 AM
well there are cheater in every game i agree with you on that.. however some of the games like GTA and Prince of Persia are the games that people or the players play with complete cheat codes... however the fame of cheating on game can be calculated from the fact that there are sites especially designed for the cheat codes for such games.
Posted by: Olivia | September 1, 2009 05:28 AM
Hi Feross,
Do you know that your blog post has the highest number of random but related comments of any post that we've ever had on the CCR blog? Guess it's a good topic!
Thought you might enjoy this (http://imgur.com/RMwAN.png), which I just found on digg.
Christine
Posted by: Christine Alfano, Stanford Instructor | September 2, 2009 02:12 PM
Hi Christine,
I hope you're doing well.
Either I have a good topic, or I know how to write a blog post that attracts spammers! The comments seem to be generally on-topic, but the website URLs of the commenters look like spam to me. :-/
Thanks for the link -- gave me a good laugh! Why does the Internet never cease to entertain?
I'm not sure if you heard, but there's a movie in theaters called Gamer. It's about the ultimate AR game. Players actually get to take control of real life human beings and play military games.
http://gamerthemovie.com/
The concept was interesting, but I thought the movie kept trying to shock everyone with gore and violence. You might be interested to check it out. Definitely don't bring Max along - not a movie for kids!
Feross
Posted by: Feross Aboukhadijeh | September 5, 2009 03:06 AM
Yo are correct. Cheating and hacking is really becoming a problem in the online game community.
Posted by: Aion Forum | September 7, 2009 11:27 PM
Its an interesting subject, something that has been going on since the start. I guess in the early days maybe it was rogue programmers that added the cheat options to game, than the software companies realised is was a good idea and started making it a formal process.
Posted by: Art Smith | September 14, 2009 05:46 AM
Yo are correct. Cheating and hacking is really becoming a problem in the online game community.
Its a shame, but youre right.
Posted by: Wonen in Belgie | September 18, 2009 03:16 AM
I like to play video games,have a hug collection of video games
Posted by: adult | September 22, 2009 04:56 AM
For sure cheating is a problem. But have ever wondered how some bad things like that actually foster (indirectly) innovations? But fighting those vice, innovators stumble on newer better things. free laptops
Posted by: resveratrol ultra | September 26, 2009 09:10 AM
Cheating make me finish the game easily
Posted by: Alone | September 28, 2009 08:39 AM
Never tried cheating and hacking video games. I want to play it fair.
Posted by: buy inlinks | September 28, 2009 05:11 PM
Everything is fair in love and war. Winning the game is never less than a war. So, we can use cheats. That's fair enough according to me.
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Posted by: Arbitrage Conspiracy | September 29, 2009 12:21 AM
Cheating or using hack codes will spoil the fun in playing a game. I suggest you play the entire game to enjoy its benefits.
Posted by: Online Horror Games | September 29, 2009 02:20 AM
Play a full game to enjoy all the features of the game.
Posted by: Play Mario Games | September 29, 2009 02:22 AM
I used to cheat in PSX era, but I found it so boring.. I think the challenge is something we seek truly.. I realize it when I played without any purpose, just for fun :) and it's far better than I ever imagined
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Posted by: krishnaramadia | October 6, 2009 03:10 AM
I always enjoyed playing video games.Its my favourite time pass .But then also i was not having that much knowledge about cheaters.Thanks for telling this.
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Posted by: Cellulite | October 7, 2009 03:09 AM
I would like to think that cheaters have no patience. They wanted to see where the video games end without taking the challenges.
Posted by: las vegas seo | October 12, 2009 03:37 AM
Cheating is also a part of game. Your topic is interesting and I would like to know more about it.
Posted by: Colon Cleanse | October 23, 2009 09:25 PM
cool stuff, I loved that sim city game, my son still plays that.
mike
Posted by: mike | October 28, 2009 06:01 PM
Thanks.
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Posted by: sikiş | November 6, 2009 04:42 PM
cheater's would have no satisfaction while playing because there will be no challenges for them because of the cheat codes.Let us play the games normally.This will bring us challenges and improve improve our skills.
Posted by: Tax Lien | November 8, 2009 09:03 PM