Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are bacterial infections of the urinary system, often developing after irritation of the urethra. UTIs are more common in women than in men. Organs which may be affected include the urethra (urethritis), bladder (cystitis), and/or the kidneys (pyelonephritis). Because kidney infections are a serious problem, it is important to receive treatment as soon as possible in order to avoid spread of the infection. Several factors increase the likelihood of developing a , including frequent and vigorous sexual activity after a period of little sexual activity (”honeymoon cystitis”). Failure to urinate frequently enough, drink enough water, and poor hygiene are also causes. Many products, including feminine hygiene sprays, douches, bubble baths, and vaginal deodorants contain chemicals irritating to the urethra that may result in a . In addition, some birth control methods (the diaphragm and cervical caps) may cuase UTIs by putting pressure on the urethra. Recent studies have also found that users of these methods develop abnormally high amounts of bacteria in their vaginas, which may be the cause of the more-frequent UTIs found in these women.

Symptoms:

• Burning during urination
• An urge to urinate frequently, often accompanied by an inability to void any urine at all
• Visible blood and/or cloudiness may be present in the urine
• Aching or cramping in the lower abdomen
• If the infection has progressed to the kidneys, fever and general flu-like symptoms may be present, along with back pain

Testing and Diagnosis: Symptoms are fairly diagnostic of a . Microscopic examination of the urine can also be used to detect the presence of bacteria.

Treatment: A practitioner will prescribe antibiotics to eliminate the infection. It is important to finish this medication, even if symptoms disappear, so that the infection does not return. Drinking copious amounts of fluids will help discomfort by keeping the walls of the bladder from touching each other, which can be uncomfortable. This also dilutes the urine so that the bacteria have less of a chance to cause irritation.

Complications: Kidney infections resulting from untreated UTIs can cause permanent kidney damage.

Prevention: These guidelines can be especially useful for women prone to UTIs

• Drink plenty of water each day (6-8 glasses) and do not put off urinating.
• Avoid irritating the urethra. Use extra lubricant during intercourse if needed.
• Urinate immediately following intercourse.
• Avoid the diaphragm and the cervical cap
• Always wipe from front to back after using the bathroom
• Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and strong spices, all of which are irritating to the urethra