California Foreign Language Project: Research and Publications

Less-Commonly Taught Languages
in Selected Elementary and Secondary Schools in California

School Level	Language	# of Students	1994-95	1995-96	Test of Significance
Elementary	Japanese K-1st 1st-2nd 2nd-3rd 3rd-4th 4th-5th NGM Cantonese	218 42 58 26 27 28 37 3	14.151 7.952 11.603 17.442 18.037 17.429 17.554 17.000	14.667 9.357 13.647 14.731 17.185 18.571 17.459 21.000	t (217) = 2.001, p < .05 t (41) = 3.492, p < .001 t (57) = 4.605, p < .0001 t (25) = 2.484, p < .05 t (26) = -1.172, p = .252, NS t (27) = 2.102, p < .05 t (36) = -0.189, p = .851, NS t (2) = 1.922, p = .195, NS
Middle	Cantonese	7	25.286	22.286	t (6) = -2.696, p < .05
High	Japanese Jp I-II Jp II-III Jp III-IV	196 116 48 29	10.796 8.741 13.010 15.603	15.099 13.711 16.792 18.190	t (195) = 32.037, p < .0001 t (115) = 29.755, p < .0001 t (47) = 19.316, p < .0001 t (28) = 10.578, p < .0001
	Mandarin Mn I-II Mn II-III	25 12 11	12.200 9.250 14.182	15.300 13.083 16.500	t (24) = 8.827, p < .0001 t (11) = 5.877, p < .0001 t (10) = 11.292, p < .0001
	Korean Kr I-II Kr II-III Kr III-IV Kr IV-V	68 12 22 20 14	16.757 12.625 14.318 17.375 23.475	21.250 12.625 17.988 24.375 29.357	t (67) = 9.809, p < .0001 t (11) = 0.000, p = 1.000, NS t (21) = 9.050, p < .0001 t (19) = 7.172, p < .0001 t (14) = 10.498, p < .0001
	Russian Rs I-I Rs I-II Rs II-III	52 8 20 24	7.827 5.250 6.550 9.750	9.058 6.000 8.700 10.375	t (51) = 3.581, p < .001 t (7) = 0.728, p = .470, NS t (19) = 3.755, p < .001 t (23) = 1.457, p = .159, NS