THE FIRST EMPEROR OF QIN:
BETWEEN LEGEND, SCIENCE, AND NATIONALISM

Bryan K. Miller

DO NOT CITE IN ANY CONTEXT WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE AUTHOR

Bryan K. Miller, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles
No. 43 Ho-chiang Street 6F, 106 Taipei City, TAIWAN, R.O.C


REFERENCES CITED

Bai, S.
1978 The Hoax of the "Confucian-Legalist Struggle." China Reconstructs 27(9):46-49.

Bantly, F. C.
1996 Archetypes of Selves: A Study of the Chinese Mytho-Historical Consciousness. In Myth and Method, edited by L. Patton and W. Doniger, pp. 177-207. University of Virginia, Charlottesville.

Beijing daxue Qinghua daxue pipan zu
1974 Luelu Qin Shihuangdi baoli [A brief discussion on Qin Shihuangdi's violence]. Renmin ribao 21 January.

Birrell, A.
1982 New Songs from a Jade Terrace: An Anthology of Early Chinese Love Poetry, Translated with Annotations and Introductions. George Allen & Unwin, London.

Durrant, S. W.
1995 The Cloudy Mirror: Tension and Conflict in the Writings of Sima Qian. State University of New York Press, New York.

Fisher, L. E.
1986 The Great Wall of China. MacMillan, New York.

Guldin, G. E.
1994 The Sage of Anthropology in China: From Malinowski to Moscow to Mao. Studies on Modern China. East Gate Books, New York.

Guo, M.
1972 The Problem of the Periodization of Chinese History. Kaogu 5.

Hodder, I.
1991 Reading the Past. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Jiegang, G.
1944 Qin Shihuangdi zhuan [Biography of the First Emperor of Qin]. Shengli chubanshe, Chungking.

Kaige, C. (director)
1999 Jing Ke ci Qinwang [The Emperor and the Assassin]. [Motion picture] Sony Pictures Classics.

Li, Y.
1975 Introduction. The First Emperor: The Politics of Historiography. Chinese Studies in History. Fall/Winter:xiii-lxxi.

Luo, Z. and Z. Luo
1986 The Great Wall of China in History and Legend. Traditional Chinese Arts and Culture Series. Foreign Languages Press, Beijing.

National Gallery of Art
1999 The Golden Age of Chinese Archaeology: Teaching Packet. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Nature Company
1998 Ancient China. Nature Company Discovery Series. The Nature Company, New York.

Price, T. D. and G. Feinman (editors)
2001 Images of the Past. 3rd ed. Mayfield, Mountainview, California.

Qian, S.
1993 Records of the Grand Historian: Qin Dynasty. Translated by B. Watson. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.

Shao, H.
1973 Houlai Meng Jiang-nu ku changcheng? [What is the origin of "Meng Jiang-nu crying at the Great Wall"?]. Renmin ribao 25 December.

Silberman, N. A.
1995 Promised Lands and Chosen Peoples: The Politics and Poetics of Archaeological Narrative. In Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, edited by P. L. Kohl and C. Fawcett, pp. 249-262. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Spence, J. D.
1990 The Search for Modern China. W. W. Norton, New York.
1992 "Let the Past Serve the Present": The Ideological Claims of Cultural Relics Works. China Exchange News 20(2):16-19.

Time-Life Books
1993 China's Buried Kingdoms. Lost Civilizations. Time-Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia.

Tong, E.
1995 Thirty Years of Chinese Archaeology (1949-1979). In Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, edited by P. L. Kohl and C. Fawcett, pp. 177-197. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Waldron, A.
1990 The Great Wall of China: From History to Myth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Williams, B.
1996 Ancient China. Viking, Belgium.

Wu, K.
1951 Song of the River Yi. Chungking.
1999 The Golden Age of Chinese Archaeology. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Yates, R. D. S.
1994 The Birth of Imperial China. In China: Ancient Culture, Modern Land (Cradles of Civilization), edited by R. E. Murowchick, pp. 101-111. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

Yue, S. (editor)
1954 Zhongguo lishi gangyao [Outline of Chinese History]. Renmin chubanshe, Beijing.

Zhong, J.
1985 Legends. China Reconstructs 34(3):15.

Zhu, Y.
1985 Fund Raising for Renovations. China Reconstructs 34(3):6-7.

NOTES

  1. This English translation comes from Anne Birrell's New Songs for a Jade Terrace (1982), but these songs can be found in a number of early sources, as far back as the third century A.D. (Waldron 1990).
  2. All of the English translations of Chinese newspaper and periodical articles referred to in this paper, except those from China Reconstructs, appear in The First Emperor of China (1975), Yuning Li, ed.
  3. This phrase seems to best summarize one of the main goals of the increasingly nationalistic aims of the Chinese Communist Party after 1949, and the "multinational" characteristic is especially noteworthy, considering the CCP's desire to accommodate and, at least ostensibly, appease the numerous ethnic minorities living in China.
  4. This myth of seeing the Great Wall from the moon began well before space exploration programs had even begun (see Waldron 1990:212-214).
  5. c.f. Qian 1993:63-64.
  6. Many insights into the events surrounding the discovery of the Qin underground army are indebted to personal conversations with Ye Wa, who was present in the Xi'an area during the early discovery and excavations.