References

Home
 (1) Image: PBS Special: Guinea Worm Disease.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carter/sfeature/pop_post_01a.html
 
Introduction
(1) Islamic Relief.  “Providing Safe Drinking Water.” Blue Nile Photo Gallery. <http://www.islamic-relief.com/submenu/Appeal/bluenile/water3.htm>

(2) McNeil, Donald. "Guinea Worm: A Rare and Stubborn Pestilence." The New York Times. 1 May 2006. <http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/03/26/news/worm.php>

(3) Dracunculus Medinensis. University of California, Davis: Department of Nematology.  31 March 2005. <http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/imagemap/nemmap/Ent156html/nemas/dracunculusmedinensis>

(4) Becknell, Steve.  “Expelling the Fiery Serpent.” Public Health. Rollins School of Public Health. Spring 2006.  http://www.whsc.emory.edu/_pubs/ph/spring04/serpent.html

(5) John, David. Petri, William. Markell and Voge’s Medical Parasitology. Ninth Ed. Elsevier Inc, 2006. Pages 302-305.

(6) John, David. Petri, William. Markell and Voge’s Medical Parasitology. Ninth Ed. Elsevier Inc, 2006. Pages 302-305.

(7) Cairncross, Sandy, Ralph Muller and Nevio Zagaria. “Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) and the Eradication Initiative. Clinical  Microbiology Reviews. April 2002, p.  223-246. Vol. 15, no. 2. © 2002.

(8) John, David. Petri, William. Markell and Voge’s Medical Parasitology. Ninth Ed. Elsevier Inc, 2006. Pages 302-305

History of Discovery
(1)World Health Organization. Dracunculiasis. Infectious Diseases. Accessed 2 May 2006. http://www.who.int/ctd/dracun/dates.htm

(2)Cox, F.E.G. “History of Human Parasitology.” Clinical MicroBiology Reviews. October 2002. Vol. 15, No. 4. Department of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London. Page 595-612.

(3) Cox, F.E.G. “History of Human Parasitology.” Clinical MicroBiology Reviews. October 2002. Vol. 15, No. 4. Department of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London. Page 595-612.

(4) Grove, D. I. “A History of Human Helminthology.” CAB International. Wallingford, United Kingdom: 1990.

(5) World Health Organization. Dracunculiasis. Infectious Diseases. Accessed 2 May 2006. http://www.who.int/ctd/dracun/dates.htm

(6) Cox, F.E.G. “History of Human Parasitology.” Clinical MicroBiology Reviews. October 2002. Vol. 15, No. 4. Department of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London. Page 595-612.

(7) Fedchenko, A. P. 1870. Concerning the structure and reproduction of the Guinea worm Filaria medinensis. Translation from the Russian. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 20:511-523 (1971). (As cited by F.E.G. Cox in “History of Human Parasitology.”)

(8) Kean, B. H., K. E. Mott, and A. J. Russell (ed.). Tropical Medicine and Parasitology: Classic Investigations. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.: 1978.

 

Clincical Presentation
(1) World Health Organization. Dracunculiasis. Infectious Diseases. Accessed 2 May 2006. <http://www.who.int/ctd/dracun/disease.htm>

(2) Chris Greenway. “Dracunculiasis.” Canadian Medical Association Journal. February 17, 2004. p. 495 - 500.
http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/170/4/495#R2-29

(3) John, David. Petri, William. Markell and Voge’s Medical Parasitology. Ninth Ed. Elsevier Inc, 2006. Pages 302-305.

(4) Dracunculus Medinensis. University of California, Davis: Department of Nematology.  31 March 2005. <http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/imagemap/nemmap/Ent156html/nemas/dracunculusmedinensis>

(5) Center for Disease Control (CDC). “Dracunculiasis.” Parasitic Disease Information. 1 Oct 2004. http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Dracunculiasis.htm

(6) Center for Disease Control (CDC). “Dracunculiasis.” Parasitic Disease Information. 1 Oct 2004. http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Dracunculiasis.htm

 
Transmission
(1) “Protostomes” State University of New York.
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20Laboratory/Protostomes/protostomes.htm

(2) John, David. Petri, William. Markell and Voge’s Medical Parasitology. Ninth Ed. Elsevier Inc, 2006. Pages 302-305.

 

Reservoir
(1) Cairncross, Sandy, Ralph Muller and Nevio Zagaria. “Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) and the Eradication Initiative. Clinical  Microbiology Reviews. April 2002, p.  223-246. Vol. 15, no. 2. © 2002.

(2) L. Bimi, A.R. Freeman, M.L. Eberhard, E. Ruiz-Tiben and N.J. Pieniazek. “Differentiating Dracunculus medinensis from D. insignis, by the sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA gene.” Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. Vol. 5, No. 99. July 2005. Pages 511-517.

(3) Cairncross, Sandy, Ralph Muller and Nevio Zagaria. “Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) and the Eradication Initiative. Clinical  Microbiology Reviews. April 2002, p.  223-246. Vol. 15, no. 2. © 2002.

(4) L. Bimi, A.R. Freeman, M.L. Eberhard, E. Ruiz-Tiben and N.J. Pieniazek. “Differentiating Dracunculus medinensis from D. insignis, by the sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA gene.” Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. Vol. 5, No. 99. July 2005. Pages 511-517.

 

Morphology
(1) Ohio State University, College of Biological Sciences. “Dracunculus Medinensis.” Parasites and Parasitological Resources. The Filarial Genome Network.  <http://ryoko.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/dracunculus.html>

(2) World Health Organization. Dracunculiasis. Infectious Diseases. Accessed 2 May 2006. <http://www.who.int/ctd/dracun/disease.htm>

(3) World Health Organization. Dracunculiasis. Infectious Diseases. Accessed 2 May 2006. <http://www.who.int/ctd/dracun/disease.htm>

(4) Dracunculus Medinensis. University of California, Davis: Department of Nematology.  31 March 2005. <http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/imagemap/nemmap/Ent156html/nemas/dracunculusmedinensis>

(5) Dracunculus Medinensis. University of California, Davis: Department of Nematology.  31 March 2005. <http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/imagemap/nemmap/Ent156html/nemas/dracunculusmedinensis>

(6) World Health Organization. Dracunculiasis. Infectious Diseases. Accessed 2 May 2006. <http://www.who.int/ctd/dracun/disease.htm>

(7) Dracunculus Medinensis. University of California, Davis: Department of Nematology.  31 March 2005. <http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/imagemap/nemmap/Ent156html/nemas/dracunculusmedinensis>

(8) Cairncross, Sandy, Ralph Muller and Nevio Zagaria. “Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) and the Eradication Initiative. Clinical  Microbiology Reviews. April 2002, p.  223-246. Vol. 15, no. 2. © 2002.

(9) “Committed to International Health Through Guinea Worm Disease Eradication: The Carter Center Guinea Worm Disease Eradication Program.” The Carter Center. April 17, 2006 http://www.cartercenter.org/search/viewindexdoc.asp

 

Life Cycle
(1) “Dracunculiasis” Division of Parasitic Diseases: Center for Disease Control and Prevention. May, 2004.
http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/HTML/Dracunculiasis.asp?body=Frames/A-F/Dracunculiasis/body_Dracunculiasis_page1.htm

(2) Chris Greenway. “Dracunculiasis.” Canadian Medical Association Journal. February 17, 2004. p. 495 - 500.
http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/170/4/495#R2-29

(3) World Health Organization. Dracunculiasis. Infectious Diseases. Accessed 2 May 2006. <http://www.who.int/ctd/dracun/disease.htm>

(4) “Dracunculiasis” Division of Parasitic Diseases: Center for Disease Control and
Prevention. May, 2004. http: //www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/dracunculiasis/factsht_dracunculiasis.htm#how

(5) John, David. Petri, William. Markell and Voge’s Medical Parasitology. Ninth Ed. Elsevier Inc, 2006. Pages 302-305.

Diagnosic Tests
(1) PBS Special: Guinea Worm Disease.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carter/sfeature/pop_post_02a.html

(2) Cairncross, Sandy, Ralph Muller and Nevio Zagaria. “Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm
Disease) and the Eradication Initiative. Clinical  Microbiology Reviews. April 2002, p.  223-246. Vol. 15, no. 2. © 2002.

 

Management & Therapy
(1) World Health Organization. Dracunculiasis. Infectious Diseases. Accessed 2 May 2006. <http://www.who.int/ctd/dracun/disease.htm>

(2) “Committed to International Health through Guinea Worm Disease Eradication: The Carter Center Guinea Worm Disease Eradication Program.” The Carter Center Website. 17 Apr 2006. http://www.cartercenter.org/search/viewindexdoc.asp

(3) Center for Disease Control (CDC). “Dracunculiasis.” Parasitic Disease Information. 1 Oct 2004. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/dracunculiasis/factsht_dracunculiasis.htm#treatment

(4) Dracunculus Medinensis. University of California, Davis: Department of Nematology.  31 March 2005. <http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/imagemap/nemmap/Ent156html/nemas/dracunculusmedinensis>

(5) Center for Disease Control (CDC). “Dracunculiasis.” Parasitic Disease Information. 1 Oct 2004. <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/dracunculiasis/factsht_dracunculiasis.htm#treatment>

 

Epidemiology
(1) Reese, Todd. “Sudan: ADRA Provides Water, Sanitation in Darfur.” Adventist News Network. 26 Oct 2004.  <http://news.adventist.org/data/2004/09/1098825089/index.html.en>

(2) Bloch, Paul. Simonsen, Paul. “ Immunoepidemiology of Dracunculus medinensis infections II. Variation in antibody responses in relation to transmission season and patency.” The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Dec 1998. No. 59, Vol. 6. Pages 985-90.

(3) Dracunculus Medinensis. University of California, Davis: Department of Nematology.  31 March 2005. <http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/imagemap/nemmap/Ent156html/nemas/dracunculusmedinensis>

(4) Chris Greenway. “Dracunculiasis.” Canadian Medical Association Journal. February 17, 2004. p. 495 - 500.
http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/170/4/495#R2-29

(5) CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal. 17 Feb 2004. Vol. 4, No. 170.

(6) Center for Disease Control. “Progress Toward Global Eradication of Dracunculiasis: January 2004 – July 2005.” MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 28 Oct 2005. 54 (42). Pages 1075-7.

(7) World Health Organization. Dracunculiasis. Infectious Diseases. Accessed 2 May 2006. http://www.who.int/ctd/dracun/burdens.htm

(8) World Health Organization. Dracunculiasis. Infectious Diseases. Accessed 2 May 2006. http://www.who.int/ctd/dracun/burdens.htm

(9) World Health Organization. Dracunculiasis. Infectious Diseases. Accessed 2 May 2006. <http://www.who.int/ctd/dracun/disease.htm>

 

Country Information

(1) “Guinea Worm Eradication in Africa.” African Red Cross and Red Crescent Health Initiative 2010. 18 May 1998. http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/imagemap/nemmap/Ent156html/nemas/dracunculusmedinensis

(2) Dracunculus Medinensis. University of California, Davis: Department of Nematology.  31 March 2005. <http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/imagemap/nemmap/Ent156html/nemas/dracunculusmedinensis>

(3) “Committed to International Health Through Guinea Worm Disease Eradication: The Carter Center Guinea Worm Disease Eradication Program.” The Carter Center. April 17, 2006 http://www.cartercenter.org/search/viewindexdoc.asp

(4) “Committed to International Health Through Guinea Worm Disease Eradication: The Carter Center Guinea Worm Disease Eradication Program.” The Carter Center. April 17, 2006 http://www.cartercenter.org/search/viewindexdoc.asp

 
Public Health & Prevention
(1) World Health Organization. Dracunculiasis. Infectious Diseases. Accessed 2 May 2006. <http://www.who.int/ctd/dracun/geo.htm>

(2) Chris Greenway. “Dracunculiasis.” Canadian Medical Association Journal. February 17, 2004. p. 495 - 500.
http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/170/4/495#R2-29.

(3) Chris Greenway. “Dracunculiasis.” Canadian Medical Association Journal. February 17, 2004. p. 495 - 500.
http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/170/4/495#R2-29

(4) Center for Disease Control. “Progress Toward Global Eradication of Dracunculiasis: January 2004 – July 2005.” MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 28 Oct 2005. 54 (42). Pages 1075-7.

(5) World Health Organization. Dracunculiasis. Infectious Diseases. Accessed 2 May 2006. <http://www.who.int/ctd/dracun/disease.htm>

(6) Center for Disease Control. “Progress Toward Global Eradication of Dracunculiasis: January 2004 – July 2005.” MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 28 Oct 2005. 54 (42). Pages 1075-7.

(7) Greenaway, Chris. “Dracunculiasis.” CMAJ:Canadian Medical Association Journal. 17 Feb 2004. 170 (4) Pages 495-500.

 

Eradication

(1)  Cairncross, Sandy, Ralph Muller and Nevio Zagaria. “Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) and the Eradication Initiative. Clinical  Microbiology Reviews. April 2002, p.  223-246. Vol. 15, no. 2. © 2002.

(2) Cairncross, Sandy, Ralph Muller and Nevio Zagaria. “Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) and the Eradication Initiative. Clinical  Microbiology Reviews. April 2002, p.  223-246. Vol. 15, no. 2. © 2002.

(3) Chris Greenway. “Dracunculiasis.” Canadian Medical Association Journal. February 17, 2004. p. 495 - 500.
http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/170/4/495#R2-29

(4) PBS Special: Guinea Worm Disease.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carter/sfeature/pop_post_02a.html

(5) Brieger WR, Otusanya S, Adeniyi JD, Tijani J, Banjoko M. "Eradicating guinea worm without wells: unrealized hopes of the Water Decade." Health Policy Plan. 1997 Dec. p. 354-62.

(6) Cairncross, Sandy, Ralph Muller and Nevio Zagaria. “Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease) and the Eradication Initiative. Clinical  Microbiology Reviews. April 2002, p.  223-246. Vol. 15, no. 2. © 2002

(7) PBS Special: Guinea Worm Disease.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carter/sfeature/pop_post_02a.html

(8) Hopkins, Donald. Withers, Craig. "Sudans War and Eradication of Dracunculiasis." The Carter Center. 18 Mar 2003. <http://www.cartercenter.org/search/viewindexdoc.asp>

(9) PBS Special: Guinea Worm Disease.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/carter/sfeature/pop_post_02a.html

(10) “Committed to International Health Through Guinea Worm Disease Eradication: The Carter Center Guinea Worm Disease Eradication Program.” The Carter Center. April 17, 2006 http://www.cartercenter.org/search/viewindexdoc.asp