CLINICAL PRESENTATION IN HUMANS:

• Infection is often asymptomatic
  


• Anemia (microcytic hypochromic type) due to intestinal blood loss, if malnourished
  


• “Ground itch,” an allergic skin reaction, upon penetration of skin by filariform (L3) larvae (more common with N. americanus)
  


• Pneumonitis, Eosinophilia possible (during migration of larvae)
  


• Cardiac complications
  


• Gastro-intestinal distress including flatulence, pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
  


• Blood loss and gastrointestinal hemorrhage possible in chronic cases. Blood loss can lead to hypoproteinemia, which manifests as facial and peripheral edema
  
  
• In children, severe cases may stunt growth and mental development