Some Notes on the Effects of Residential Segregation, and Spatial Isolation:

Effects of Segregation and Isolation	Reference
* As minority population grows (through immigration, for instance), their spatial isolation from the majority increases even if the level of segregation remains constant	Prof. Rosenfeld simulation of segregation and isolation indices
* Political isolation: a residentially isolated minority cannot make political alliances with other groups- their local political needs do not overlap with anyone else's. Massey and Denton cite the example of the closure of fire stations in the ghettos of New York. Because the fire stations in the Black neighborhoods only served Blacks, it was easier for New York City government to close them.	Massey and Denton
* Lani Guinier pushes the political argument a bit further. In the aftermath of the Voting Rights Act (1965), the decennial process of districting has, under court orders, undertaken a kind of reverse- gerrymandering, which draws districts to maximize the number of 'minority- majority' districts, that is the number of districts that are majority Black. This means that there are more Black elected officials, but even more political isolation between Blacks and Whites.	Lani Guinier
* Physical isolation leads to cultural and linguistic isolation: the urban underclass comes to resent signs and messages of the dominant culture that they see as hypocritical.	Massey and Denton, Kotlowitz
* White flight to the suburbs leaves urban schools with an insufficient tax base, and therefore insufficient resources.	Wilson, Massey and Denton, Kotlowitz
* Racial segregation concentrates poverty and therefore crime. Inner city residents face much higher rates of violent crime than anyone else. Because of the dangers of the neighborhoods, police are much more likely to arrest or even kill unarmed and innocent civilians.	Kotlowitz
* The concentration of poverty means that ghetto residents have too few role models. Without knowing anyone who has succeeded in school and gone on to college and a professional career, children in the ghetto can't imagine how they might succeed.	Kotlowitz

* The concentration of poverty ensures that Black inner city neighborhoods don't have the economic strength to support a sufficient retail sector, so all goods available in the inner city are over priced. The poor pay more for diapers.	Massey and Denton
* Segregation in the housing market limits the supply of housing available to Blacks, and therefore drives up the price of housing available to Blacks.	Hirsch, Massey and Denton
* Segregation was reinforced by a conscious policy of neighborhood 'redlining', by the Federal government, so the lack of loans and investment and credit in the inner city has robbed generations of Blacks of the benefits of home ownership.	Massey and Denton
* Hopelessness is a key part of the psychology of ghetto residence.	Kenneth B. Clark's studies of Harlem youth, Massey and Denton, Kotlowitz
* Ghetto residents are alienated from the large, impersonal bureaucracies that rule their lives (the housing authority, the court system, the welfare office), and these bureaucracies make no effort to teach ghetto residents about their rights. So without financial resources or sufficient education, ghetto residents are treated capriciously and frequently unfairly by these important bureaucracies	Kotlowitz, Piven and Cloward
* Despite crime, alienation and hopelessness, the concentration of Blacks in crowded inner city neighborhoods provides the potential for explosive rebellions and mobilizations	Piven and Cloward